The Columbia River Flood Basalts are truly impressive. However, they are the smallest of the many flood basalts which have been discovered throughout earth's geologic history. While the Columbia River Flood basalts output 210,000 km^3 of rock, the Deccan Traps output 3 million km^3. The Siberian traps, which caused the planet's worst mass extinction output 4 million km^3 of lava in a short timespan.
In principle I agree wholeheartedly. However, both they and the audience wold benefit hugely if they both received intensive public speaking coaching. This is not meant as a personal attack, simply a helpful critique.
As was showcased here, flood basalt eruptions typically occur during the formation of a hotspot, when the mushroom shaped mantle plume first reaches the crust. At this stage, the hotspot is at its most active, more active than anything beyond the flood basalt period. I don't really know which hotspot was responsible for the Siberian Trapps, but the one responsible for the Deccan Trapps is now the reason for the activity in Mauritius and Réunion Islands.
With regards to the Yellowstone hotspot, it is often thought that the first manifistation was not the Columbia River Basalts but rather the Large Igneous Province called Siletzia. Siletzia formed 55-49MYA in a process similar to the formation of Iceland but was accreted onto North America pretty much as it formed. The problem lies in that the hot spot track we have for the Yellowstone hotspot does not extend back further than about 16MYA and thus corresponds almost perfectly with the initiation of the Columbia River Basalts. There are hovever at least one very large Caldera (Crooked River Caldera, 29.5MYA) that, if we reverse the crustal rotation we see today in Oregon and Washington, would line up with the Yellowstone hotspot track.
Not always, No Siberian hotspot found in the Siberian Trapps. It is possible that it is a mantle plume like the one over Africa today as well. This is a type of event that humanity has never seen, I believe it is the extreme in terms of volcanism. Who knows, it may be the hotspot of present-day Hawaii.
@@anwalborn Yes, I’ve read the same thing. It’s possible the Siberian Traps hot spot ended up beneath the Arctic Ocean during the age of the dinosaurs, contributing to eruptions there, before continental drift resulted in it being beneath the mid-Atlantic ridge, where the now-diminished hot spot found it easy to punch thru the thin oceanic crust and erupt. There’s also a theory the Siberian Traps were created at the antipode of a massive asteroid impact event that took place at their antipode in Antarctica, but the evidence for that is mixed. Keep in mind tho, the Deccan Traps were at the antipode of the Chicxulub impact that ended the non-avian dinosaurs. If the Antarctic impact is ever confirmed that would be an important piece of evidence regarding the formation of these mantle plumes. (It’s also possible impacts just accelerate or enhance the eruptive abilities of existing plumes either near the impact site or at the antipode.)
@@gamarus0kragh Isn't there also geochemical signatures along the corrected track something to do with adakite lavas from slab induced melting or something which has been suggested to be caused by the Yellowstone hotspot melting into the Farallon plate? It was in the presentation Nick Zentner linked to regarding a long lived Yellowstone hot spot. The low amount of activity prior to the Columbia River Flood Basalts and timing of the basin and range province also work out pretty neatly if the plume material was piling up beneath the Farallon slab for tens of millions of years before it burst through and inducing the now ruptured Farallon slab to fall away from North America to the south which in combination with upwelling material from the East Pacific Rise Siletzia had been situated on prior to North America's arrival could have then drove the Basin and Range extension. Plus there is the whole timing of slab rollback which seems to work well with this model alongside the measurements of seismic tomography to support the model particularly the big hole in the Juan de Fuca/Farallon slab.
Driving through eastern Washington and Oregon, its amazing how much basalt there. Just endless rolling plains of the stuff. In the Columbia river gorge and some roadcuts and steep hillsides you can see excellent columns of it, its particularly visible in areas where the Missoula floods took away a lot of the topsoil (again, Columbia river is an excellent spot to view 'em). Its also interesting to look at how strange of a flood basalt it was too. I've seen some descriptions which ascribe it to back-arc rifting and other effects of the docking of the western cascades microcontinent and Laramide orogeny. I honestly don't know how to feel about that one and the Yellowstone hotspot, as I tend to gravitate more towards the theories where true deep hotspots are confined to the LLSVP's and plate theory dominates most others (except Iceland which is a bit of a weird one). Either way its worth looking into the Laramide orogeny and its effects on the region... I should probably go watch some Nick Zentner videos lol.
I've enjoyed 4 decades of exploring Eastern Oregon and Idaho. So much ancient geology on the surface to observe. Come check it out. Bring some geology books with you! You won't be disappointed.
Enjoyed it immensely. Very informative. Just one quibble--Palouse, as in Palouse River, is pronounced "Pahloose" with emphasis on the second syllable. Second the comment complimenting Nick Zentner's videos. Those are longer and go into greater depth and detail about many aspects of Pacific Northwest geology.
Impressive! This week, searching for the geological history of the place where I live, I discovered what is a flood basalt and that the south and southeast regions of Brazil were the location of one (or more, I'm not sure) of this events around 130 million years ago. Perfect timing with your videos about this topic. Thank you!
Yes, it was also a flood basalt and one of the great ones in the world speaking the name is Paraná-Etendeka flood basalt. At this time, South America was still joined to Africa, which means that the same type of volcanic rock exists on these two continents. This event lasted millions of years and there were violent eruptions as well.
The Paraná and Etendeka traps! So, if you look around and see a very tall volcanic cliff, that is likely from those flood basalts. The province erupted 1,500,000 km^3 of lava
so there ARE volcanic formations in Brazil! I know we don't have volcanos anymore but I always wanted to know if we had any leftover formations from the time we did (or were joined to places that did lol). Always hoped this channel would cover them if so!
@@akiriith I'm going to assume you're brazilian so I'll use portuguese, if you're not brazilian tell me. Sim, tem formações vulcânicas pra todo lado no Brasil. Pra vc ter uma noção toda a Serra do Mar e a Serra da Mantiqueira são remanescentes vulcânicos, a origem delas é muito semelhante à da Sierra Nevada na Califórnia. Olha que bacana, quando o Pangea estava se formando, há 550 milhões de anos, o que é hoje São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná e Santa Catarina eram pequenos continentes e placas tectônicas, que se chocaram com o que é hoje a América do Sul, formando uma cadeia de montanhas e vulcões, parecido com o que acontece hoje nas Cascades nos estados de Oregon e Washington nos EUA. Com o passar de milhões de anos, a subducção na região terminou e toda a cadeia de montanhas e vulcões foi completamente, totalmente erodida, não sobrou absolutamente nada. Mas lembra que tinham vulcões? Pois é, como fonte de magma secou, esses vulcões se extinguiram, e a câmara de magma deles foi secando lentamente, num processo que forma rochas intrusivas, como granito ou dioritos. Esses blocos de rocha intrusiva que foram câmaras de magma de vulcões no passado são chamados de batólitos. Pois bem, depois que tudo que foi erodido, esses batólitos começaram a ser expostos. Só que pra onde foi todo esse material que constituía as montanhas e vulcões? Virou a bacia sedimentar que existe no interior do sul e sudeste do Brasil, inclusive o basalto Etendeka também foi derramado em cima desses sedimentos. Todo esse sedimentos e esse basalto no interior do continente tem um peso muito grande, o que afunda a crosta, arqueando a crosta. Se no meio afunda, nas bordas sobe. E foi exatamente isso que aconteceu, a região que hoje é o litoral do Brasil sofreu soerguimento, expondo os batólitos. Outro processo que ajudou a expor esses batólitos foi a separação da América do Sul da África, porque o falhamento graben e a formação de rift valley cria uma escarpa, e essa escarpa expõe os batólitos. Ou seja, o granito, rocha vulcânica intrusiva, as câmaras de magma de vulcões ancestrais, que estavam a 30km de profundidade há milhões de anos hoje está a 2000 metros de altitude formando os belíssimos pães de açúcar. O Brasil pode não ter vulcanismo atualmente, mas a paisagem é toda formada por processos tectônicos e vulcânicos relativamente recentes, tem geólogos que dizem que até 50 milhões de anos ainda havia soerguimento das Serras do Mar e da Mantiqueira. É muito interessante. Isso sem contar o vulcanismo recente no nordeste, como o Pico do Cabuji no Rio Grande do Norte e os proprios batólitos no norte de Minas Gerais e sul da Bahia.
It's hard to comprehend the scale in person. I once rode a motorcycle around the perimeter of a flood basalt from Eastern Oregon to Western Idaho! Hundreds of miles. Difficult to wrap your mind around.
Nick Zentner geologist is your man...if he can't teach you no one can. If you don't know about the lava fissures you might not know about "glacial lake missoula" which is more fascinating. I live in the middle of where the water was more than 700 feet deep, running 50-60 mph and carrying every iceberg, tree, animal, and mountain it encountered from western Montana, through Idaho, through my land, and on to the Pacific. It was so intense it gouged out Eastern Washington....created so many things to see.
@@stuartkeithguitars4251 Nick's done a great job of exposing the geology of Washington State to the public. The shear volume of water from the Missoula Floods is incomprehensible! Way over here, in the Willamette Valley, the floods were hundreds of feet deep! Sometimes I'll be driving on I-5, and envision the entire valley flooded. The tallest buildings in Portland, under water!
@@outlawbillionairez9780 Yeah I know....I've watched everything he's produced. Untold hours. I have five acres of pure, flat flood deposit. ALL rounded river rock.
If I recall the thickest portion of the basalt layers are around 3 miles thick in Central Washington and actually depress the crust beneath the weight hardened basalt.
I live 15 minutes from.the Columbia River Gorge, and you can see layer upon layer of the flood basalts on the hillsides as you drive through. It's really beautiful and one of my favorite geological features on that drive.
YAY! I am SO happy you finally covered the CRFB. I grew up in central WA, so seeing these lava cliffs was an everyday thing for me. It was learning about these flood basalts when I was younger that got me interested in geology, especially volcanology, in the first place. Pictures do NOT do these cliffs and flows justice either. They are truly massive...and a lot of the flows are not even visible/are buried or have been eroded away. It is a geology playground out there, as so many semi-precious stones and various types of ashes and lava flows can be observed (from the CRFB and later eruptions of other volcanoes). Even pillow lavas where the CRFB lavas flowed into the Pacific Ocean (now above land/the shore but was once underwater) can be found, if you know where to look/what to look for. Anyway! Thank you for covering this awesome series of eruptions!
Very well done. This subject I know very well since I live in Washington state. It is truly a mind blowing event. I have many grab samples of basalt from there
I had known about the history of flood basalt eruptions in my state, but hadn't realized just how large they were. A very informative video, would love to hear more about the geology of the Pacific Northwest in the future.
If you're looking for the geology of the Pacific Northwest, then you should look up Nick Zentner on youtube. He's a geology professor at Central Washington University. He has videos on his own channel, and on the university's channel. He's an excellent teacher, and he mostly focuses on the Pacific Northwest.
"It took millions of years for water to carve canyons into the Columbia River flood basalts." Glacial Lake Missoula: "What am I, chopped liver?" This whole attitude that water is too weak to do damage in a short time period is 100% of the reason that flash flooding is the deadliest weather phenomenon to people under 60.
Missoula flood cannot carve down the whole canyon instantly from the flat basalt bed. There must have been canyons already. Missoula flood did the final job but it cannot be the last.
If you go to Central Washington University's youtube they post geology lectures about the pacific north west, including lots of eastern Oregon and Washington as they are in eastern Washington and the geology lecture has several youtube channels with info, check out I90 Rocks. Same guy
When you're there, try to imagine the gumption it would take to build a scaffold over the precipice and by rope lower your oxen, belongings and your wagon itself all the way to the bottom to then continue on the Oregon Trail. I think they were all insane myself. My first inkling was driving over the bridge as a truck driver, I quickly developed tunnel vision for only the road ahead, not daring to glance at how deep that chasm really was. It was once full of raging water. Mind blown again.
Once, in Spokane, water came through here. The amount was ten times the flow of every river of the whole world. Where I live it was 700 feet deep, 50-60 mph. The water was stored in "Glacial Lake Missoula"....volume of Lake Erie. That volume was released through the Clark Fork River area when the massive ice dam that made Lake Missoula...broke. ALL the water, rock, trees, animals....from western Montana through Idaho and Washington, Oregon, and into the Pacific.
@@stuartkeithguitars4251 We have evidence for the ones I mentioned i know for sure. But yes there is "some" evidence or at the very least speculation about A LOT more.
GREAT VIDEO! I didn’t know about the NINETY THREE mile long fissure, that’s absolutely astounding and difficult to even imagine what that would be like. I really enjoyed this video.
The thickness of these formations and the fact that these flood basalts made it to the ocean from Eastern OR/WA blows my mind. Almost, equally impressive is how the Coulees were carved during the glacial lake Missoula outbursts . . . may be a good episode.
Wow! Fascinating historical information about WA and OR being under lava flow. Thank you for describing how volcanoes have formed and created or taken away land masses; I have learned so much watching your videos!
Thanks for doing this video. I love to think about flood basalts. The scale of them are mind blowing. I wonder what it would look like during their peak.
The Palouse river canyon where the Palouse Falls are located, were formed not over millions of years but a series of events about 13,000 years ago lasting a few days each due to the periodic release of the waters of Glacial Lake Missoula. Palouse Falls are the remnants of a recessional cataract, they weren't formed by normal river erosion.
The Columbia River Flood Basalt event was one of the smallest flood basalt events we know of, but is also the most recent event. Two other famous such events were the Siberian Traps, which caused the Permian extinction event, and the Deccan Traps, which may have played just as big a part in the extinction of the dinosaurs as the Chicxulub meteor.
@@ejej6934 Yes. Apparently it's comes from the Swedish word for stairs. This word has been used for hundreds of years to describe rock formations that look like giant stairs, which flood basalts do.
Another great place to see the flood basault is the Columbia River Gorge. Basault columns are so common that people like to use them as decoration around here.
Great video! I'd love to see your take on the Parana-Etendeka traps! I am still not sure if they were purely flood basalts or had explosive eruptions as well, what do you think?
There must still be something going on down there. I've been to hot springs in the area shown, and I looked at a map showing there's hot springs all throughout that area in Washington and Oregon. About 10 years ago I went to visit that area and visited extinct lava tubes, and still very active hot springs. In some areas there's fields of rock that almost nothing grows in, which you can actually see on your satellite image in your video, and when I saw it I couldn't tell if it was millions of years old or days old because, most areas like that have plants growing and so do the surrounding areas.
If you travel west out of Sisters, Or, on hwy 242, you will see some recent, exposed lava flows in the Cascades. There's even a path through a lava flow, accessible from your car. We welcome everyone to this underrated amazing State.
@@outlawbillionairez9780 Cool, I've been in that area and I am pretty sure that town, that's right by Bend, right? I drove through there in my RV like around 2003 and 2004 several times, and I would park to camp at national parks and BLM land. I didn't spend as much time exploring as I should have because I was driving somewhere all of the times, and I had a cat in my RV.
@@outlawbillionairez9780 Bend was the place where I saw a city employee filling up a bucket with a hose, asked him where I could fill up my RV water tank, and he said he'd fill it for me and filed it with the hose, while he was filling it I saw the side of the bucket he'd been filling up. it was some powdered pesticide you mix with water, that he was gonna spray on the city's trees. Luckily the hose hadn't been IN the bucket. I think I got in my RV and drove straight out of that town right after that. Anyway I posted a link to a video of lava flows in 2013, in the main comments of this video! I want to do that kind of stuff again after not traveling for years due to Covid.
@@adriennefloreen hahaha! That's some story! Really need to stay on your guard while traveling! Sisters is about 20 miles north of Bend. And north on 97, there's Smith Rock, where you can view a shear cliff, exposing some ancient geology. All from your vehicle. In the area of the Blue Mountains, in the northeast corner of Oregon, there's really stunning and really old geology, including the only granite mass in our state. Unfortunately, it's covered by magnificent forests. The whole area around the city of Enterprise is beautiful. Hwy 3 takes you to Livingston, Idaho. 🙂👍☮️
There was a part of me that really hoped when the volcano at Geldingadalir started opening up new vents that we would see something something akin to a miniature (but still massive by modern eruption standards) flood basalt, flooding much of the interior of iceland with lava and vents all over the place. I know, kind of morbid in some ways, but what a sight it would be, too!
Will you be including Taal in Weekly Volcano news? it produced 8 phreatomagmatic Burst today (Jan 30) I actually saw one the burst is so small you can only see the Smoke (Mainly just steam) Rising
I lived in Spokane Washington for 17 years. I know ALL about the flood basalt. Plus the ice age mega floods that helped created by ice dams failing….. Helped create our water tables………..
We live in the Grande Ronde Valley a large graven or rift valley where the 2000 to 4000 ft escarpment is made up almost exclusively of the basal flows and completely encloses the valley.
Have you covered the immense Siberian and Deccan traps yet? What I remember is that they were so massive they dwarved the eruption covered in this video. These trapps got me interested in vulcans in the first place.
Hi. I like your videos. I only wish they were marked with the date of eruption, not the day of upload. This fantastic picture of lava and your description had me thinking a volcano burst in Oregon today. Please put wording and dates that show on first glance the year of the event. Thank you.
very well dune thank you! one thing gets missed. The sea level at that time may be a lot lower then today. Have the basalt been mapped out in the ocean! stay safe
Could you look into the layers of ash and lava covering the area of the Cerbats in Northwestern Arizona? I'm there, and it's confusingb the heck out of me.
Geothermal activities fascinate me. Do you have any videos that cover the western side of Nevada, including Fallon and Reno, and other areas that I'm not aware of? I ❤SCIENCE! And Thanks much!!
I live near one of the Cascade arms of the CFB's- Molalla River Corridor @200 miles East of the basalt rifts; here, the visible depth is hundreds of feet thick, but there are still many layers below the surface. The CFB's are also obscuring or even hiding the paleo-geology of Central and Eastern Oregon and Washington under its deep, dense layers; so, understanding the geology before the CFB's in these areas is anyone's guess without the buried evidence.
Just curious about geologists’ terminological choices. Researchers have named flood basalt provinces - in present-day Russia, India, and China - the Siberian Traps, the Deccan Traps, and the Emeishan Traps. Is there any particular reason geologists did not (as best I can tell) use the term “traps” in naming the Columbia River Basalt Group, or some portion of it?
I have some concerns about the origin of the columbia flood basalts being the Yellowstone Hotspot. There are some articles about supereruptions calderas to the west all the way to California, that could be of the Yellowstone Hotspot, there are even a caldera north in Oregon that some scientists say is from the Yellowstone Hotspot, but was transported northwards due to the clockwise tectonic rotation of the northwestern United States. But of course, the flood basalts surely can have originated from the Yellowstone Hotspot, and it makes sense, since the source of the eruption apparently moved southwards, because the that section of crust where it erupted has moved northwards in a clockwise manner. Well at the end there are a lot of theories, from at least what I know, it is not a very clear subject. What do you think?
Slight correction - Palouse is pronounced "puh·loos" and the Palouse river gorge (like many of the regions most dramatic features) was eroded very quickly (by geological standards) during the ice age floods.
The Columbia River Flood Basalts are truly impressive. However, they are the smallest of the many flood basalts which have been discovered throughout earth's geologic history. While the Columbia River Flood basalts output 210,000 km^3 of rock, the Deccan Traps output 3 million km^3. The Siberian traps, which caused the planet's worst mass extinction output 4 million km^3 of lava in a short timespan.
What is the biggest flood basalt in terms of output then?
@@glauberglousger6643 Siberian Traps, North Atlantic Igneous Province, or the Otong-Java plateau are all contenders for the largest
it is "pa-loose"
Have you done a video on the different flood basalts??
@@StephenMortimer I was about to say that
Central Washington University has a great series of videos/lectures on this area. Nick Zetner does an amazing job. You two should collaborate.
Nick Zentner geologist is your man...if he can't teach you no one can.
ruclips.net/video/VQhjkemEyUo/видео.html
The RUclips crossover we need
Nick is the man!!!! I've seen everything he's put on yt. I watch his live events also.
In principle I agree wholeheartedly. However, both they and the audience wold benefit hugely if they both received intensive public speaking coaching. This is not meant as a personal attack, simply a helpful critique.
As was showcased here, flood basalt eruptions typically occur during the formation of a hotspot, when the mushroom shaped mantle plume first reaches the crust. At this stage, the hotspot is at its most active, more active than anything beyond the flood basalt period.
I don't really know which hotspot was responsible for the Siberian Trapps, but the one responsible for the Deccan Trapps is now the reason for the activity in Mauritius and Réunion Islands.
With regards to the Yellowstone hotspot, it is often thought that the first manifistation was not the Columbia River Basalts but rather the Large Igneous Province called Siletzia. Siletzia formed 55-49MYA in a process similar to the formation of Iceland but was accreted onto North America pretty much as it formed.
The problem lies in that the hot spot track we have for the Yellowstone hotspot does not extend back further than about 16MYA and thus corresponds almost perfectly with the initiation of the Columbia River Basalts. There are hovever at least one very large Caldera (Crooked River Caldera, 29.5MYA) that, if we reverse the crustal rotation we see today in Oregon and Washington, would line up with the Yellowstone hotspot track.
Not always, No Siberian hotspot found in the Siberian Trapps. It is possible that it is a mantle plume like the one over Africa today as well. This is a type of event that humanity has never seen, I believe it is the extreme in terms of volcanism.
Who knows, it may be the hotspot of present-day Hawaii.
I’ve read that the Siberian Trapps may have been caused by the Icelandic Hotspot
@@anwalborn Yes, I’ve read the same thing. It’s possible the Siberian Traps hot spot ended up beneath the Arctic Ocean during the age of the dinosaurs, contributing to eruptions there, before continental drift resulted in it being beneath the mid-Atlantic ridge, where the now-diminished hot spot found it easy to punch thru the thin oceanic crust and erupt.
There’s also a theory the Siberian Traps were created at the antipode of a massive asteroid impact event that took place at their antipode in Antarctica, but the evidence for that is mixed. Keep in mind tho, the Deccan Traps were at the antipode of the Chicxulub impact that ended the non-avian dinosaurs. If the Antarctic impact is ever confirmed that would be an important piece of evidence regarding the formation of these mantle plumes. (It’s also possible impacts just accelerate or enhance the eruptive abilities of existing plumes either near the impact site or at the antipode.)
@@gamarus0kragh Isn't there also geochemical signatures along the corrected track something to do with adakite lavas from slab induced melting or something which has been suggested to be caused by the Yellowstone hotspot melting into the Farallon plate? It was in the presentation Nick Zentner linked to regarding a long lived Yellowstone hot spot.
The low amount of activity prior to the Columbia River Flood Basalts and timing of the basin and range province also work out pretty neatly if the plume material was piling up beneath the Farallon slab for tens of millions of years before it burst through and inducing the now ruptured Farallon slab to fall away from North America to the south which in combination with upwelling material from the East Pacific Rise Siletzia had been situated on prior to North America's arrival could have then drove the Basin and Range extension.
Plus there is the whole timing of slab rollback which seems to work well with this model alongside the measurements of seismic tomography to support the model particularly the big hole in the Juan de Fuca/Farallon slab.
Driving through eastern Washington and Oregon, its amazing how much basalt there. Just endless rolling plains of the stuff. In the Columbia river gorge and some roadcuts and steep hillsides you can see excellent columns of it, its particularly visible in areas where the Missoula floods took away a lot of the topsoil (again, Columbia river is an excellent spot to view 'em).
Its also interesting to look at how strange of a flood basalt it was too. I've seen some descriptions which ascribe it to back-arc rifting and other effects of the docking of the western cascades microcontinent and Laramide orogeny. I honestly don't know how to feel about that one and the Yellowstone hotspot, as I tend to gravitate more towards the theories where true deep hotspots are confined to the LLSVP's and plate theory dominates most others (except Iceland which is a bit of a weird one). Either way its worth looking into the Laramide orogeny and its effects on the region... I should probably go watch some Nick Zentner videos lol.
I've enjoyed 4 decades of exploring Eastern Oregon and Idaho. So much ancient geology on the surface to observe. Come check it out. Bring some geology books with you! You won't be disappointed.
Enjoyed it immensely. Very informative. Just one quibble--Palouse, as in Palouse River, is pronounced "Pahloose" with emphasis on the second syllable. Second the comment complimenting Nick Zentner's videos. Those are longer and go into greater depth and detail about many aspects of Pacific Northwest geology.
Nick zentner is cool
You beat me to the pronunciation lol.
Impressive! This week, searching for the geological history of the place where I live, I discovered what is a flood basalt and that the south and southeast regions of Brazil were the location of one (or more, I'm not sure) of this events around 130 million years ago. Perfect timing with your videos about this topic. Thank you!
Yes, it was also a flood basalt and one of the great ones in the world speaking the name is Paraná-Etendeka flood basalt.
At this time, South America was still joined to Africa, which means that the same type of volcanic rock exists on these two continents.
This event lasted millions of years and there were violent eruptions as well.
É o que criou a famosa terra roxa, muito fértil. Pelo o que eu sei, é relacionado com o início da separação da América do Sul da África
The Paraná and Etendeka traps! So, if you look around and see a very tall volcanic cliff, that is likely from those flood basalts. The province erupted 1,500,000 km^3 of lava
so there ARE volcanic formations in Brazil! I know we don't have volcanos anymore but I always wanted to know if we had any leftover formations from the time we did (or were joined to places that did lol). Always hoped this channel would cover them if so!
@@akiriith I'm going to assume you're brazilian so I'll use portuguese, if you're not brazilian tell me.
Sim, tem formações vulcânicas pra todo lado no Brasil. Pra vc ter uma noção toda a Serra do Mar e a Serra da Mantiqueira são remanescentes vulcânicos, a origem delas é muito semelhante à da Sierra Nevada na Califórnia. Olha que bacana, quando o Pangea estava se formando, há 550 milhões de anos, o que é hoje São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná e Santa Catarina eram pequenos continentes e placas tectônicas, que se chocaram com o que é hoje a América do Sul, formando uma cadeia de montanhas e vulcões, parecido com o que acontece hoje nas Cascades nos estados de Oregon e Washington nos EUA. Com o passar de milhões de anos, a subducção na região terminou e toda a cadeia de montanhas e vulcões foi completamente, totalmente erodida, não sobrou absolutamente nada. Mas lembra que tinham vulcões? Pois é, como fonte de magma secou, esses vulcões se extinguiram, e a câmara de magma deles foi secando lentamente, num processo que forma rochas intrusivas, como granito ou dioritos. Esses blocos de rocha intrusiva que foram câmaras de magma de vulcões no passado são chamados de batólitos. Pois bem, depois que tudo que foi erodido, esses batólitos começaram a ser expostos. Só que pra onde foi todo esse material que constituía as montanhas e vulcões? Virou a bacia sedimentar que existe no interior do sul e sudeste do Brasil, inclusive o basalto Etendeka também foi derramado em cima desses sedimentos. Todo esse sedimentos e esse basalto no interior do continente tem um peso muito grande, o que afunda a crosta, arqueando a crosta. Se no meio afunda, nas bordas sobe. E foi exatamente isso que aconteceu, a região que hoje é o litoral do Brasil sofreu soerguimento, expondo os batólitos. Outro processo que ajudou a expor esses batólitos foi a separação da América do Sul da África, porque o falhamento graben e a formação de rift valley cria uma escarpa, e essa escarpa expõe os batólitos. Ou seja, o granito, rocha vulcânica intrusiva, as câmaras de magma de vulcões ancestrais, que estavam a 30km de profundidade há milhões de anos hoje está a 2000 metros de altitude formando os belíssimos pães de açúcar.
O Brasil pode não ter vulcanismo atualmente, mas a paisagem é toda formada por processos tectônicos e vulcânicos relativamente recentes, tem geólogos que dizem que até 50 milhões de anos ainda havia soerguimento das Serras do Mar e da Mantiqueira. É muito interessante. Isso sem contar o vulcanismo recente no nordeste, como o Pico do Cabuji no Rio Grande do Norte e os proprios batólitos no norte de Minas Gerais e sul da Bahia.
When visiting Eastern Oregon for the solar eclipse I learned about this. Amazing. There’s an excellent geology lecture about this on RUclips.
Same to me. Was an awe-inspiring eclipse, also.
Flood basalts are such a fascinating and terrifying eruption type.
Never knew anything about flood basalts in Oregon. Very interesting information.
It's hard to comprehend the scale in person. I once rode a motorcycle around the perimeter of a flood basalt from Eastern Oregon to Western Idaho! Hundreds of miles. Difficult to wrap your mind around.
Nick Zentner geologist is your man...if he can't teach you no one can. If you don't know about the lava fissures you might not know about "glacial lake missoula" which is more fascinating. I live in the middle of where the water was more than 700 feet deep, running 50-60 mph and carrying every iceberg, tree, animal, and mountain it encountered from western Montana, through Idaho, through my land, and on to the Pacific. It was so intense it gouged out Eastern Washington....created so many things to see.
ruclips.net/video/VQhjkemEyUo/видео.html
@@stuartkeithguitars4251 Nick's done a great job of exposing the geology of Washington State to the public. The shear volume of water from the Missoula Floods is incomprehensible!
Way over here, in the Willamette Valley, the floods were hundreds of feet deep! Sometimes I'll be driving on I-5, and envision the entire valley flooded. The tallest buildings in Portland, under water!
@@outlawbillionairez9780 Yeah I know....I've watched everything he's produced. Untold hours. I have five acres of pure, flat flood deposit. ALL rounded river rock.
If I recall the thickest portion of the basalt layers are around 3 miles thick in Central Washington and actually depress the crust beneath the weight hardened basalt.
I live 15 minutes from.the Columbia River Gorge, and you can see layer upon layer of the flood basalts on the hillsides as you drive through. It's really beautiful and one of my favorite geological features on that drive.
YES!! I have been waiting for this! I live 5 min from the Columbia river George and absolutely love the geologic history of it and Oregon!!!
I remember when I was obsessed with learning about these. Great video!
YES I LOVE GEOLOGY ABOUT MY HOME STATE!!!!!
Thank you so much!
YAY! I am SO happy you finally covered the CRFB. I grew up in central WA, so seeing these lava cliffs was an everyday thing for me. It was learning about these flood basalts when I was younger that got me interested in geology, especially volcanology, in the first place. Pictures do NOT do these cliffs and flows justice either. They are truly massive...and a lot of the flows are not even visible/are buried or have been eroded away. It is a geology playground out there, as so many semi-precious stones and various types of ashes and lava flows can be observed (from the CRFB and later eruptions of other volcanoes). Even pillow lavas where the CRFB lavas flowed into the Pacific Ocean (now above land/the shore but was once underwater) can be found, if you know where to look/what to look for. Anyway! Thank you for covering this awesome series of eruptions!
Very well done. This subject I know very well since I live in Washington state. It is truly a mind blowing event. I have many grab samples of basalt from there
Thank you, I was one of your viewers that requested this topic. Great video
Cool! I didn't know there were "Columbian Traps" in Oregon.
Thank you! That was exactly the content I was looking for. Eastern Washington has some of the coolest lava formations.
I love your channel. Could you talk more about South America and Brazil? The old volcanoes or inactive volcanoes in Brazil would be a great video. 🥰
I had known about the history of flood basalt eruptions in my state, but hadn't realized just how large they were. A very informative video, would love to hear more about the geology of the Pacific Northwest in the future.
If you're looking for the geology of the Pacific Northwest, then you should look up Nick Zentner on youtube. He's a geology professor at Central Washington University. He has videos on his own channel, and on the university's channel. He's an excellent teacher, and he mostly focuses on the Pacific Northwest.
@@operator0 Thanks, I definitely will do that.
"It took millions of years for water to carve canyons into the Columbia River flood basalts."
Glacial Lake Missoula: "What am I, chopped liver?"
This whole attitude that water is too weak to do damage in a short time period is 100% of the reason that flash flooding is the deadliest weather phenomenon to people under 60.
Oh yeah forgot about that lake.
Maybe he should do a video on that.
Missoula flood cannot carve down the whole canyon instantly from the flat basalt bed. There must have been canyons already. Missoula flood did the final job but it cannot be the last.
@@teddybear-g4k there were multiple missoula floods.
And also an existing river system.
@@teddybear-g4k Or the canyon was carved by multiple flood runoffs. Which is how it happened.
Gorges are not carved gradually. Ever.
Excellent video. Very much enjoyed.
I didn't know there's a mini grand canyon here in Oregon. Now I need to add eastern Oregon to my bucket list. Thank you for the video. 🤗🖖💕
If you go to Central Washington University's youtube they post geology lectures about the pacific north west, including lots of eastern Oregon and Washington as they are in eastern Washington and the geology lecture has several youtube channels with info, check out I90 Rocks. Same guy
When you're there, try to imagine the gumption it would take to build a scaffold over the precipice and by rope lower your oxen, belongings and your wagon itself all the way to the bottom to then continue on the Oregon Trail. I think they were all insane myself. My first inkling was driving over the bridge as a truck driver, I quickly developed tunnel vision for only the road ahead, not daring to glance at how deep that chasm really was. It was once full of raging water. Mind blown again.
Once, in Spokane, water came through here. The amount was ten times the flow of every river of the whole world. Where I live it was 700 feet deep, 50-60 mph. The water was stored in "Glacial Lake Missoula"....volume of Lake Erie. That volume was released through the Clark Fork River area when the massive ice dam that made Lake Missoula...broke. ALL the water, rock, trees, animals....from western Montana through Idaho and Washington, Oregon, and into the Pacific.
It has happened multiple times btw. Several times in North America and also a few times around the dead sea area and out to the atlantic ocean
@@dralord1307 Potentially 100 times. Probably 40 or more.
@@stuartkeithguitars4251 We have evidence for the ones I mentioned i know for sure. But yes there is "some" evidence or at the very least speculation about A LOT more.
if you haven't already, check out the videos on this channel about those floods. ruclips.net/user/hugefloodsvideos
GREAT VIDEO! I didn’t know about the NINETY THREE mile long fissure, that’s absolutely astounding and difficult to even imagine what that would be like. I really enjoyed this video.
Great video. I also really enjoyed the pictures
Any chance of covering the Missoula Floods, since they heavily eroded these Flood Basalts?
A veritable inland ocean of lava. Just imagine how long it took to cool after the effusive flows ended.
Probably very long =)
Thanks for the video, I've always been curious about this type of volcanism at this particular location.
The thickness of these formations and the fact that these flood basalts made it to the ocean from Eastern OR/WA blows my mind. Almost, equally impressive is how the Coulees were carved during the glacial lake Missoula outbursts . . . may be a good episode.
Wow! Fascinating historical information about WA and OR being under lava flow. Thank you for describing how volcanoes have formed and created or taken away land masses; I have learned so much watching your videos!
Flood Basalts make, in my opinion, the most impressive looking structures
Excellent video
Great video thank you!
I would like you to go over the Colorado Flattops 😁 I love your channel and it inspires me to learn more about geology everyday!
Great video!
Thanks for doing this video. I love to think about flood basalts. The scale of them are mind blowing. I wonder what it would look like during their peak.
Please follow up with the Missoula - Okanagan ice age floods.
that was a fantastic video
The Palouse river canyon where the Palouse Falls are located, were formed not over millions of years but a series of events about 13,000 years ago lasting a few days each due to the periodic release of the waters of Glacial Lake Missoula. Palouse Falls are the remnants of a recessional cataract, they weren't formed by normal river erosion.
Yes, the basalt layers were laid down like the video shows, then the Ice Age Floods created the falls in a catastrophic manner.
The Columbia River Flood Basalt event was one of the smallest flood basalt events we know of, but is also the most recent event. Two other famous such events were the Siberian Traps, which caused the Permian extinction event, and the Deccan Traps, which may have played just as big a part in the extinction of the dinosaurs as the Chicxulub meteor.
Interesting. Is there a reason they call them "traps?"
@@ejej6934 Yes. Apparently it's comes from the Swedish word for stairs. This word has been used for hundreds of years to describe rock formations that look like giant stairs, which flood basalts do.
Another great place to see the flood basault is the Columbia River Gorge. Basault columns are so common that people like to use them as decoration around here.
Great video! I'd love to see your take on the Parana-Etendeka traps! I am still not sure if they were purely flood basalts or had explosive eruptions as well, what do you think?
Ignimbrite says explosive eruption.
Paraná y Etendeka muy probablemente sean el escenario de las mayores erupciones supervolcánicas de la Tierra!
There is a very small area in Southern Nevada (Red Rock area, 36.1159, -115.4328) that has similar features as those in this video at the 4:07 mark.
It's what makes our States so Beautiful!
I lived by the Columbia River in Trail BC for over 2 years. Interesting times.
Flood basalts are one of my favorite things earth has done, I'd love similar videos relating to other famous flood basalts
If you ever run out of ideas, a series on the geologic history of each state would be amazing.
There must still be something going on down there. I've been to hot springs in the area shown, and I looked at a map showing there's hot springs all throughout that area in Washington and Oregon. About 10 years ago I went to visit that area and visited extinct lava tubes, and still very active hot springs. In some areas there's fields of rock that almost nothing grows in, which you can actually see on your satellite image in your video, and when I saw it I couldn't tell if it was millions of years old or days old because, most areas like that have plants growing and so do the surrounding areas.
If you travel west out of Sisters, Or, on hwy 242, you will see some recent, exposed lava flows in the Cascades. There's even a path through a lava flow, accessible from your car. We welcome everyone to this underrated amazing State.
ruclips.net/video/VQhjkemEyUo/видео.html
@@outlawbillionairez9780 Cool, I've been in that area and I am pretty sure that town, that's right by Bend, right? I drove through there in my RV like around 2003 and 2004 several times, and I would park to camp at national parks and BLM land. I didn't spend as much time exploring as I should have because I was driving somewhere all of the times, and I had a cat in my RV.
@@outlawbillionairez9780 Bend was the place where I saw a city employee filling up a bucket with a hose, asked him where I could fill up my RV water tank, and he said he'd fill it for me and filed it with the hose, while he was filling it I saw the side of the bucket he'd been filling up. it was some powdered pesticide you mix with water, that he was gonna spray on the city's trees. Luckily the hose hadn't been IN the bucket. I think I got in my RV and drove straight out of that town right after that. Anyway I posted a link to a video of lava flows in 2013, in the main comments of this video! I want to do that kind of stuff again after not traveling for years due to Covid.
@@adriennefloreen hahaha! That's some story! Really need to stay on your guard while traveling!
Sisters is about 20 miles north of Bend. And north on 97, there's Smith Rock, where you can view a shear cliff, exposing some ancient geology. All from your vehicle.
In the area of the Blue Mountains, in the northeast corner of Oregon, there's really stunning and really old geology, including the only granite mass in our state. Unfortunately, it's covered by magnificent forests. The whole area around the city of Enterprise is beautiful. Hwy 3 takes you to Livingston, Idaho. 🙂👍☮️
Yay, love Oregon videos. Have you done McLoughlin? I know a guy who has climbed it 200 times.
There was a part of me that really hoped when the volcano at Geldingadalir started opening up new vents that we would see something something akin to a miniature (but still massive by modern eruption standards) flood basalt, flooding much of the interior of iceland with lava and vents all over the place.
I know, kind of morbid in some ways, but what a sight it would be, too!
I like how they break up into hexagonal shapes years later. Nature loves it hexagons!
Will you be including Taal in Weekly Volcano news? it produced 8 phreatomagmatic Burst today (Jan 30)
I actually saw one the burst is so small you can only see the Smoke (Mainly just steam) Rising
I love your videos!! What about old (dormant or not) volcanoes in western Europe? (like Eiffel region, etc!)
Check his older video's. He's done one about Maria Laach in the Eiffel.
I used to hunt for geodes, obsidian, and pumice with my grandfather in Oregon's lava fields. It was like the surface of another planet.
I lived in Spokane Washington for 17 years.
I know ALL about the flood basalt.
Plus the ice age mega floods that helped created by ice dams failing…..
Helped create our water tables………..
Interestingly enough the taal volcano had a phreatomagmatic burst today!
We live in the Grande Ronde Valley a large graven or rift valley where the 2000 to 4000 ft escarpment is made up almost exclusively of the basal flows and completely encloses the valley.
Have you covered the immense Siberian and Deccan traps yet? What I remember is that they were so massive they dwarved the eruption covered in this video. These trapps got me interested in vulcans in the first place.
He's covered the Siberian Traps, but hasn't gotten to the Deccan Traps yet.
He has covered them
Surprising accuracy of dating, volumes and durations. How are these obtained?
Hi. I like your videos. I only wish they were marked with the date of eruption, not the day of upload. This fantastic picture of lava and your description had me thinking a volcano burst in Oregon today. Please put wording and dates that show on first glance the year of the event. Thank you.
Would you like to make a video about german volcanoes? I would be interested about location and history about these.
I would be very interested in the volcanic history around 100 mile house in BC Canada. Especially the oddity atChasm …and the full Kamloops flow area
Could you do a video in the extinct volcanoes under Lake Superior and Michigans Upper Peninsula?
Maybe do a video about Studlagil Canyon in iceland? It has amazingly crooked pillars of basalt. Looks quite otherworldly.
#617👍Great flood basalt video!!
Impressive manifestations of mother earth. We live on a restless planet, thank you for this again very interesting video.
Flood basalts are amazing, and people only know or think about the one in Siberia. Good for more knowledge on different floods!
Thank you
Yay, more flood basalts.
Topic Request: Carlsbad Caverns, NM
Can you cover ore deposits like Bushveld or Skaergaard IP? They sound geologically way too cool
very well dune thank you! one thing gets missed. The sea level at that time may be a lot lower then today. Have the basalt been mapped out in the ocean! stay safe
Could you look into the layers of ash and lava covering the area of the Cerbats in Northwestern Arizona? I'm there, and it's confusingb the heck out of me.
Could you please explain news from Sakurajima?
Geothermal activities fascinate me. Do you have any videos that cover the western side of Nevada, including Fallon and Reno, and other areas that I'm not aware of?
I ❤SCIENCE! And Thanks much!!
Can you also make a video on Deccan flood basalt?
Oh! The Yellowstone hot spot! Can you tell us a bit more about the hot spots travel across the northwest United States?
Any Zentnerds here today?
We're everywhere. Just finished watching the live.
Yes sir! You got to love it!!
Sorry, Patrick!
Spladam!
Wait, I know. "German chocolate cake."
Now please do the Tieton Andicite 😊
Nice !
I am in the gorge as we call it here in the gorge.
That's an insane amount of lava in such short period.
Is this the same a the Deccan trap in India and the Siberian trap in Siberia? Thanks for the videos, very informative.
Can you do a history of Slieve Gullion please?
vid on Mailaka flood basalts of madagascar please!
I live near one of the Cascade arms of the CFB's- Molalla River Corridor @200 miles East of the basalt rifts; here, the visible depth is hundreds of feet thick, but there are still many layers below the surface.
The CFB's are also obscuring or even hiding the paleo-geology of Central and Eastern Oregon and Washington under its deep, dense layers; so, understanding the geology before the CFB's in these areas is anyone's guess without the buried evidence.
How about some comments on the Missoula Floods, why and how they accrued and how they have helped to expose some of the flood basalts.
Do not worry, I have a video upcoming on the Missoula mega floods in the next 2 weeks.
can you do a video on the great dying.
I'm glad it decided to stop. I like living in eastern WA.
Just curious about geologists’ terminological choices. Researchers have named flood basalt provinces - in present-day Russia, India, and China - the Siberian Traps, the Deccan Traps, and the Emeishan Traps. Is there any particular reason geologists did not (as best I can tell) use the term “traps” in naming the Columbia River Basalt Group, or some portion of it?
I have some concerns about the origin of the columbia flood basalts being the Yellowstone Hotspot. There are some articles about supereruptions calderas to the west all the way to California, that could be of the Yellowstone Hotspot, there are even a caldera north in Oregon that some scientists say is from the Yellowstone Hotspot, but was transported northwards due to the clockwise tectonic rotation of the northwestern United States. But of course, the flood basalts surely can have originated from the Yellowstone Hotspot, and it makes sense, since the source of the eruption apparently moved southwards, because the that section of crust where it erupted has moved northwards in a clockwise manner. Well at the end there are a lot of theories, from at least what I know, it is not a very clear subject. What do you think?
Slight correction - Palouse is pronounced "puh·loos" and the Palouse river gorge (like many of the regions most dramatic features) was eroded very quickly (by geological standards) during the ice age floods.
Yes they are!
Is the Craters of the Moon Formation part of this activity?
And the large swaths of lava flows across Idaho
No. It formed afterwards
What would it do if it blows up to day
Thank you. That was very informative. ☝ For future reference, Washingtonians pronounce 'Palouse' to rhyme with 'goose', not 'grouse'.