Mr. Anderson refers to an "A protein" however the A, B, and O antigens are definitely carbohydrates, not protein. Some people in the comments are saying "it is a glycoprotein" however I checked my molecular biology and biochemistry textbooks and they say that the oligosaccharide can be attached to a lipid or a protein. The gene involved in ABO blood types codes for an enzyme (glycosyltransferase) which can add a monosaccharide to the O antigen. If you have the A allele you have the transferase that adds N-acetylgalactosamine to the O antigen. If you have a B allele you have a transferase that adds galactose to the O antigen. People with AB blood type have both transferases and therefore both A antigen and B antigen.
Again, Bozeman Science saving me in biology.. As a guy studying Pscyhology, and whom has no experience with biology what so ever I simply could not have done without you! And, also, I learn much better watching your videos than listening to lectures. Thank you, Mr. Andersen!
This was extremely helpful. Im studying for my PBMT (Perioperative blood management technologist) test and this was so confusing for me to understand when I saw it in my book. This video made it very simple. Thank you! Is there any other videos you would recommend that would be helpful to my studies?
Your high school teaches should be thankful for having you, Paul. I learned more in ten minutes than I did in an entire lecture from my biology professor
At 8:43 you said during the 1st pregnancy nothing really happened because we're only sending antibodies in one direction from the mother to the baby. Not sure you actually said what you meant to say there, because if the mom were sending antibodies to the baby that would cause problems. But the mother doesn't have any antibodies to send to that first baby yet (if she's never been exposed to Rh previously). It isn't until her blood mixes with that first baby's Rh positive blood, (mainly during birth and through the placenta etc), that any anti-RH antibodies will even start to develop. And they take some time do so. So, as you say, there most likely won't be any problems with the first pregnancy. But then it's during the second pregnancy that the problems could arise if that baby is also Rh positive because by then she already has anti-Rh antibodies fully developed in her blood plasma. That's why they give the RhoAM injection to Rh negative mothers during the first pregnancy to prevent the antibodies from being produced.
Could you please explain what if mother has O blood and baby has A (or B) blood type. Shouldn't mothers antibodies be attacking baby blood cells? This also applies to mother A and baby B. No?
So, if I may ask, have you heard of the blood type diet? If so, what is your opinion about a diet for a specific blood type? There have been several different people promoting this diet-not just one-so it seems to make sense that food would affect each type differently-but I am not a medically knowledgeable person.
The A, B, and O antigens are oligosaccharides, not proteins (and no, they are not glycoproteins because the oligosaccharide can possibly be attached to a lipid, making a sphingolipid). Also, note that the O antigen exists (well they call it H antigen), but practically no one reacts to it, so for simplicity we draw the O blood cells as if it had no antigen. The O antigen differs from the B antigen and A antigen by one sugar residue. Rh antigen is indeed a protein.
At time frame 8:13, the captions say, "If they're both heterozygous," which is the correct description of the parents. Paul Anderson misspeaks and states, "if they're both homozygous." I'm just pointing that out as a speaking error, so people don't get confused.
@smita more,yeah it is possible...if one of your parent is A+ that is RH+(+-) and the other B+ that is RH+(+-)....only in this can u have AB+ and 0- offsprings
You don't necessarily mix a lot of blood during pregnancy, it is a possibility but doesn't always happen, unless there's tearing or some kind of rupture. Therefore, the chemical doesn't necessarily have to be injected during pregnancy, as you can test the baby's blood from the cord after birth, then you can see if you need the chemical in the first place. You can still receive it up until 72 hours after birth.
Could the blood type have to do with some kind of density in the blood also? 'A 0 B' like the 'A 0 V' spectral density of stars for example? Also in language the B developed from V.
Peter D'Adamo also compiled the "Genotype Diet" There are six so far, The hunter/gather usually blood type O, hunters can only O. The Explorer and teahcer, explorers can be universal so any blood type but almost always RH negative. Teachers are usually Ab+ or A+ sometimes B+, then theres the warrior,usally Ab+,A+ and sometimes B+, finally the omnivorous nomad, usually B+ and sometimes AB+.
so you are telling me that there are 3 major proteins that are on blood cells that we use for typing blood, but that there are actually many others that exist. what are those? what do they do? how do they interact? with any and all of these proteins on the blood cells, what do they do throughout the body?
All these questions you're asking are not that much necessary in case of Blood transfusions, that is why the other 30 types of theories of classifying blood groups are not taken into account during studies for exams... But if you would like to know about them it would be of help to you if you read some research papers regarding these.
Thank you for such an easy to follow explanation. It would be great if you can do an expansion of this topic on the 33 blood types and potentially one on the evolution of blood types...
If a person whose blood type is Rh- automatically develops Rh+ antibodies like you said, why do complications only occur with an Rh+ baby after subsequent births and not on the first? I don't understand the logic there? Also, wouldn't that also be the case for the ABO system. If a mother was type O blood, but the baby was born type A or type B, the A and B antibodies in the mothers type O blood would cause complications with the birth, right? And if not the first birth than with subsequent births?
+Meshari AA you should be checking the antibodies in the recipient not the donor (you give away the antigen...not the antibody...Antibodies are in the plasma). A+ has B antibodies....its ok to give them O+. there is no O antibody.
O is a root.. Two negs make a positive. chances are two 0's are related. Yet if open its sugessted neg or positive. O could be B or A always open. I am a O. O is universal has more worries of sex if O is offspring.
I have the same type of eating habits as my mother. same blood type O. my daugthers called unusual neg blue not B open. anytime is a good time for good blood types are fun. My daughter has my daughter. Perfected iq.
When I was born I was typed A+. I had an appendectomy 7 years later and was typed again at A+. I have never had any blood transfusions. 15 years later I had my first child and was told my blood type was O+. I argued this with the doctor and they retyped me and it again come back as O+. I have had 4 more children since then and I always type O+. Blood type is not suppose to change.....so why did mine?? I could understand possible being typed wrong at birth, but then again 7 years later. That doesn't seem right. Anyone else ever had this issue? I also know of another person that has been a family friend for a long time. He's in his late 60s. His blood type has done the same thing. He went into the military when he was young and was typed then. Since he has had a lot of surgeries and always typed the same. Until 2005, when he went in for his last surgery and the blood type was different. He told the doctor it couldn't be right. The doctor looked at his files and his last surgeries through the years and agreed with him that it had to have been typed wrong. So they had him typed again. It come back still saying a new blood type. The doctor had it sent off to another lab just to make sure of error. Well, there was no error, his blood type had changed, and it left the doctor scratching his head. I'm confused on how this could happen. Please tell me someone out there has a explanation.
Occam's razor: it was a mistake on determining your bloodtype, and it is not as uncommon as you may think. Many years before, blood exams were done by hand, and nowadays they are just done "as a dayle basis" and nobody in a lab worries too much, the computer sends the results and that's it, happy doctor. In both your case and your friends, I would bet my money that the tests were no false positives, and you did not change blood. What changed is that determining the blood type is done by ditching the blood types by an inmune reaction. We now know that there are a ton of antigens on blood cells, lots of blood types beyond ABO and Rh, and that there is a chance for it to be a problem with your antibodies. Determining that requeries a specializing query, but for the record, don't worry, you should be O+ from now on.
Very good explanation, but I have one question. If for example O blood gets transferred to someone with A blood, why won't the A antibodies in O blood have a negative reaction with A proteins on the recipient's blood cells? Or doesn't it work that way? And basically the same question for other similar conflicts with B and AB recipients. Thanks!
Please note: Packed cells are used in a transfusion or else the Antibodies in the transfused blood will react with the Antigens in the receiver's blood
How could AB be a universal recipient if for example, you add A blood to someone who is AB, you will now have B-antibodies in the AB persons blood, resulting in coagulation. Is it always assumed that the antibodies of the donor are seperated??
Grain/fish/fowl eaters more likely tolerate and digest the more gluteness grains, they metabolize carbs the most of any of the metabolic types. usually 60-70 carbs, 15-20% protein and 10-15% fat, would be the meal macronutrient ratios.
If your AB+ your probably the Teacher, warior or nomad, myself I havn't been able to finish all the testing, but I so far seem to be an Explorer. Do you know your RH factor?
But I have one great doubt. Put it simply- If A cant give to O, how can O give to A? In both the cases blood is going to be mixed anyways!! I mean if A and O are not to be mixed, how can they be mixed in Type A body but not in Type B body? Another way to view my problem is:- According to your explanation, you showed why A blood type wont attack O, but wont O CARRY ITS OWN ANTIBODIES during transfusion and attack the antigens of A? Please answer anybody, and wont same apply to Rh factor?
I have a query Why is there a need for O blood type to have both antibodies A and B in the plasma? What will happen if there are no antibodies in it? The only problem will be that it won't be able to be the universal donor and can donate blood only to people with blood type O... But then there's no problem with that... Why is it so then?
Simply speaking, antibodies just naturally form to attack anything that is not already part of its blood or that is not supposed to be in the blood..So, if type O blood doesn't have A & B antigens, then naturally it's formed antibodies to protect against A & B antigens from being in the blood. Because they are foreign to its own blood. Why there are different types of blood, nobody really knows that I've heard. Evolution I suppose.
you taught me more in this 10 minute video than my teacher did in 2 weeks
True!!!
YEP
Literally.... Same
Wtf lol
I swear this exact comment exists on every youtube lesson ever
Mr. Anderson refers to an "A protein" however the A, B, and O antigens are definitely carbohydrates, not protein.
Some people in the comments are saying "it is a glycoprotein" however I checked my molecular biology and biochemistry textbooks and they say that the oligosaccharide can be attached to a lipid or a protein. The gene involved in ABO blood types codes for an enzyme (glycosyltransferase) which can add a monosaccharide to the O antigen. If you have the A allele you have the transferase that adds N-acetylgalactosamine to the O antigen. If you have a B allele you have a transferase that adds galactose to the O antigen. People with AB blood type have both transferases and therefore both A antigen and B antigen.
You taught me this stuff in 10 minutes and i fully understand when my teacher taught it in a week and i had no clue what was going on thank you savior
Again, Bozeman Science saving me in biology.. As a guy studying Pscyhology, and whom has no experience with biology what so ever I simply could not have done without you! And, also, I learn much better watching your videos than listening to lectures. Thank you, Mr. Andersen!
I love this guy. Mr. Andersen...please be my college professor! Or at least show my current instructors how to teach students better!
Watched this video in AP Bio, now i'm back to watch it during Pharmacy School
i always get here when im lost in medical biology.. thank you so much!!
This was extremely helpful. Im studying for my PBMT (Perioperative blood management technologist) test and this was so confusing for me to understand when I saw it in my book. This video made it very simple. Thank you! Is there any other videos you would recommend that would be helpful to my studies?
Your high school teaches should be thankful for having you, Paul. I learned more in ten minutes than I did in an entire lecture from my biology professor
*students
Thanks, what a legend this man just made my day
Check out the AP Biology Lab playlist. It is near the bottom. Hope this helps.
nice video sir....but can you also explain Bombay blood group. It would be of great help
😅thank you
I couldn't do my assignments without your videos!
Kindly check ABO system antigens are not proteins but oligosaccharides ( carbohydrates) while Rh antigens are proteins.
Thank you for making these videos and being a better teacher than my actual biology teacher. I learn more from your videos than a week of class
Please also explain , which blood group can receive what type RBC or what type of plasma (rather saying blood alone , there is huge difference)
Thank you!!! That clears the whole antibody vs antigen thing right up!
This helped me understand the punnet square more which I have a hard time understanding some aspects of
Mr Anderson, You are doing a wonderful work....i am sure it is helping many people like it is helping me........
Why would it be beneficial to have b or a blood antibodies? Why did we decide to have antibodies for other blood types?
At 8:43 you said during the 1st pregnancy nothing really happened because we're only sending antibodies in one direction from the mother to the baby. Not sure you actually said what you meant to say there, because if the mom were sending antibodies to the baby that would cause problems. But the mother doesn't have any antibodies to send to that first baby yet (if she's never been exposed to Rh previously). It isn't until her blood mixes with that first baby's Rh positive blood, (mainly during birth and through the placenta etc), that any anti-RH antibodies will even start to develop. And they take some time do so. So, as you say, there most likely won't be any problems with the first pregnancy. But then it's during the second pregnancy that the problems could arise if that baby is also Rh positive because by then she already has anti-Rh antibodies fully developed in her blood plasma. That's why they give the RhoAM injection to Rh negative mothers during the first pregnancy to prevent the antibodies from being produced.
Could you please explain what if mother has O blood and baby has A (or B) blood type. Shouldn't mothers antibodies be attacking baby blood cells? This also applies to mother A and baby B. No?
Thank you! I am doing a blood typing lab today in class and I wanted to explain this better to my kids.
So, if I may ask, have you heard of the blood type diet? If so, what is your opinion about a diet for a specific blood type? There have been several different people promoting this diet-not just one-so it seems to make sense that food would affect each type differently-but I am not a medically knowledgeable person.
I am A+ which means I have A antigens and I have rh antigens. I can receive any blood type except B and AB.
Yes. I am A+ either.
Jasper I am 0-
@@markocoric9233 COOL you can donate to anyone
The A, B, and O antigens are oligosaccharides, not proteins (and no, they are not glycoproteins because the oligosaccharide can possibly be attached to a lipid, making a sphingolipid).
Also, note that the O antigen exists (well they call it H antigen), but practically no one reacts to it, so for simplicity we draw the O blood cells as if it had no antigen. The O antigen differs from the B antigen and A antigen by one sugar residue.
Rh antigen is indeed a protein.
Thanks! I have a quiz tomorrow. The chapter is literally named after Mendell, but it goes way deeper than that. So this was a great review. :)
Better than my teacher could ever teach it. Thank you
At time frame 8:13, the captions say, "If they're both heterozygous," which is the correct description of the parents. Paul Anderson misspeaks and states, "if they're both homozygous." I'm just pointing that out as a speaking error, so people don't get confused.
So nicely explained for people from non-biology background......My 8 yr. old could grasp it clearly. Thanks....
@smita more,yeah it is possible...if one of your parent is A+ that is RH+(+-) and the other B+ that is RH+(+-)....only in this can u have AB+ and 0- offsprings
You don't necessarily mix a lot of blood during pregnancy, it is a possibility but doesn't always happen, unless there's tearing or some kind of rupture. Therefore, the chemical doesn't necessarily have to be injected during pregnancy, as you can test the baby's blood from the cord after birth, then you can see if you need the chemical in the first place. You can still receive it up until 72 hours after birth.
THAANK YOU MR.ANDERSON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! YOU HELP THE WORLD
Thanks. I have a test tomorrow. Now I am ready for it.
it's also very helpful if you really wanna make sure a fictional character can't get a blood transfusion.
I love this haha
I use these videos for teaching basic genetics at the university! Great explanations! Thanks so much...
Probably my favourite of all your great videos. Thank you very much for making such a brilliant series of videos.
im ahead of my class by two weeks by watching this 10-minute video
Awesome explanation!!
Glad I made someone smile.
What a wonderful explanation! Great recap. Thanks Mr Anderson
Could the blood type have to do with some kind of density in the blood also?
'A 0 B' like the 'A 0 V' spectral density of stars for example? Also in language the B developed from V.
Peter D'Adamo also compiled the "Genotype Diet" There are six so far, The hunter/gather usually blood type O, hunters can only O. The Explorer and teahcer, explorers can be universal so any blood type but almost always RH negative. Teachers are usually Ab+ or A+ sometimes B+, then theres the warrior,usally Ab+,A+ and sometimes B+, finally the omnivorous nomad, usually B+ and sometimes AB+.
so you are telling me that there are 3 major proteins that are on blood cells that we use for typing blood, but that there are actually many others that exist. what are those? what do they do? how do they interact?
with any and all of these proteins on the blood cells, what do they do throughout the body?
All these questions you're asking are not that much necessary in case of Blood transfusions, that is why the other 30 types of theories of classifying blood groups are not taken into account during studies for exams... But if you would like to know about them it would be of help to you if you read some research papers regarding these.
Awesome dude my teacher only showed part of this in school so I came to watch this
You have been so much help this semester, thank you dearly. You make bio fun and especially with the colored images you use
Aren't the A and B antigen "proteins" found on the erythrocytes actually sugars? I thought only the Rh antigen was a protein.
you and mr khan are god sent !!!! thank you for ur work!!
Yes.According to the definition only the antigen can trigger an immune respond,not antibody.
Thank you! This clarified everything, your videos are very rewarding
Thank you for such an easy to follow explanation.
It would be great if you can do an expansion of this topic on the 33 blood types and potentially one on the evolution of blood types...
Thanks so much for every complicated information you get it simple👍🏻
I like your videos Mr. Anderson, you have an incredible talent to teach.
I WAS TYPED IN THE DOCTOR'S OFFICE AND HE TOLD ME THAT I BETTER KEEP MY BLOOD TYPE A SECRET !!
If a person whose blood type is Rh- automatically develops Rh+ antibodies like you said, why do complications only occur with an Rh+ baby after subsequent births and not on the first? I don't understand the logic there? Also, wouldn't that also be the case for the ABO system. If a mother was type O blood, but the baby was born type A or type B, the A and B antibodies in the mothers type O blood would cause complications with the birth, right? And if not the first birth than with subsequent births?
Started learning this in human anatomy. So interesting
They are really great medical information or even public!
It was amazing and helpful. Thank u..
If you can choose which blood type you can be which one is the best?
Bozeman you rule, I never understood my bloodtype til now ,thanks
I love all the visuals, helps me learn much faster
So these proteins don't really have a function(any more), they are just there? So given enough time everyone will be O+ ?
My mother was O RH negative. How is it possible that I am AB RH negative.?
I ADORE YOU!! I SERIOUSLY GET THE FULL MARKS CAUSE OF U!!!wow!! ThX from egypt👌✌️
Got*
*wow* XD *RAWR*
Sat biology book was really vague, this cleared it out very well. Thank you. Already subscribed.
thankyou so much.... i didnt understand anything from the textbooks but this video helped it all!!!!
this is so clearly explained and helpful. thank you! this helped me on the mcat.
Since O+ have all antibodies, how come he can donate to A+ or B+ ? wouldn't the antibodies react with the antigen ?
+Meshari AA you should be checking the antibodies in the recipient not the donor (you give away the antigen...not the antibody...Antibodies are in the plasma). A+ has B antibodies....its ok to give them O+. there is no O antibody.
O is a root.. Two negs make a positive. chances are two 0's are related. Yet if open its sugessted neg or positive. O could be B or A always open. I am a O. O is universal has more worries of sex if O is offspring.
I have the same type of eating habits as my mother. same blood type O. my daugthers called unusual neg blue not B open. anytime is a good time for good blood types are fun. My daughter has my daughter. Perfected iq.
Shout to my flocks with O +
0-
0+
O +💁🏻♀️
When I was born I was typed A+. I had an appendectomy 7 years later and was typed again at A+. I have never had any blood transfusions. 15 years later I had my first child and was told my blood type was O+. I argued this with the doctor and they retyped me and it again come back as O+. I have had 4 more children since then and I always type O+. Blood type is not suppose to change.....so why did mine?? I could understand possible being typed wrong at birth, but then again 7 years later. That doesn't seem right. Anyone else ever had this issue? I also know of another person that has been a family friend for a long time. He's in his late 60s. His blood type has done the same thing. He went into the military when he was young and was typed then. Since he has had a lot of surgeries and always typed the same. Until 2005, when he went in for his last surgery and the blood type was different. He told the doctor it couldn't be right. The doctor looked at his files and his last surgeries through the years and agreed with him that it had to have been typed wrong. So they had him typed again. It come back still saying a new blood type. The doctor had it sent off to another lab just to make sure of error. Well, there was no error, his blood type had changed, and it left the doctor scratching his head. I'm confused on how this could happen. Please tell me someone out there has a explanation.
Occam's razor: it was a mistake on determining your bloodtype, and it is not as uncommon as you may think. Many years before, blood exams were done by hand, and nowadays they are just done "as a dayle basis" and nobody in a lab worries too much, the computer sends the results and that's it, happy doctor. In both your case and your friends, I would bet my money that the tests were no false positives, and you did not change blood. What changed is that determining the blood type is done by ditching the blood types by an inmune reaction. We now know that there are a ton of antigens on blood cells, lots of blood types beyond ABO and Rh, and that there is a chance for it to be a problem with your antibodies. Determining that requeries a specializing query, but for the record, don't worry, you should be O+ from now on.
Very clear and educational, thanks, especially the last chart.
So, we do transfer antibodies, but they are not functional in the reciever?
I love ur teaching style.and aslo i lv u😅
Thank you for making videos like this. They are a great help for my biology studies :)
Really sir understood in short very clear 😁👍🙌🙌🙌
I really like the way you explain !! You are helping me a lot with my courses. Thanks
If you look at the geographical distribution. Trends arise. (even though there is mixing everywhere).
well this video make me really understand about blood type and rhesus.
You just made my day. Gotta get that bio grade cookin
Very good explanation, but I have one question. If for example O blood gets transferred to someone with A blood, why won't the A antibodies in O blood have a negative reaction with A proteins on the recipient's blood cells? Or doesn't it work that way? And basically the same question for other similar conflicts with B and AB recipients. Thanks!
I have the same question!!
Wow ! Would have loved to have had you as a teacher , thank you , very interesting
what's the difference between an anti-body and an anti-gen
Is there a podcast of this please? TIA!
Please note: Packed cells are used in a transfusion or else the Antibodies in the transfused blood will react with the Antigens in the receiver's blood
Great way to explain this topic. Thanks for sharing
Your videos are extremely informative and well done. Thank you very much! Bozeman Science
Wait, but then how can type O blood be a universal donor if they would attack anything that came in contact with it that had A and/or B antigens?
Man, that’s really amazing. Superb explanation.
That was very helpful. I loved this topic. You make our all the way more interesting. I wish I was in your class.
How could AB be a universal recipient if for example, you add A blood to someone who is AB, you will now have B-antibodies in the AB persons blood, resulting in coagulation. Is it always assumed that the antibodies of the donor are seperated??
Grain/fish/fowl eaters more likely tolerate and digest the more gluteness grains, they metabolize carbs the most of any of the metabolic types. usually 60-70 carbs, 15-20% protein and 10-15% fat, would be the meal macronutrient ratios.
you are truly a blessing!!!! thanks so much your videos are FANTASTIC!!!!!!
If your AB+ your probably the Teacher, warior or nomad, myself I havn't been able to finish all the testing, but I so far seem to be an Explorer. Do you know your RH factor?
Considering the fact that Rh + is dominant, will there come a time that there would be no longer Rh - people?
If I remember correctly the recessive genes eventually show up, you can look up Gregor Mendel's research.
same with blue eyes
Jeus Benitez I am 0-
But I have one great doubt. Put it simply- If A cant give to O, how can O give to A? In both the cases blood is going to be mixed anyways!!
I mean if A and O are not to be mixed, how can they be mixed in Type A body but not in Type B body?
Another way to view my problem is:-
According to your explanation, you showed why A blood type wont attack O, but wont O CARRY ITS OWN ANTIBODIES during transfusion and attack the antigens of A?
Please answer anybody, and wont same apply to Rh factor?
what is the possibility of type O and type B outcome? thank you
when you say O+, does that mean O and Rh+ together? what does that plus and minus stand for?
Your videos are becoming addictive
finally i understood these!! had these 4 tomorows exam !!!
best video on blood types. very helpful
antibodies on the surface of rbc and antigen in the plasm
I have a query
Why is there a need for O blood type to have both antibodies A and B in the plasma? What will happen if there are no antibodies in it? The only problem will be that it won't be able to be the universal donor and can donate blood only to people with blood type O... But then there's no problem with that... Why is it so then?
Simply speaking, antibodies just naturally form to attack anything that is not already part of its blood or that is not supposed to be in the blood..So, if type O blood doesn't have A & B antigens, then naturally it's formed antibodies to protect against A & B antigens from being in the blood. Because they are foreign to its own blood. Why there are different types of blood, nobody really knows that I've heard. Evolution I suppose.
ok, the ab type is a bit confuseing to me.
what about a and ab , would that equal a?
so, ab and o would equal ab ?