I could never imagine art that's my passion to be invaded by math (which is my weak link).. It's fun to learn new ways to improve my art, but I must admit that this comes with a huge dose of "I'll do it later" mentality that I'm fighting off. Thank you Roxanne for your wonderful explaination, now it's time for me to wrap my head around this and make it my own.
Thank you Roxanne. I went through so many videos looking for something as clear and simple as this method. Hope my boss is impressed with the portraits of her puppy and son you are helping me create ! 💚🥰
Thank you! For explaining in a quick and simple way how to transfer an image that doesn’t have a 1:2 ratio. I can’t tell you how many image transfer videos that are out there that only examples the obvious 1:2 ratio image transfer. In fact I wonder if half of the people who made them actually know how to upscale accurately. I’m now a subscriber. Thanks again!
Thank you so much for packing so much info on the math of this method into this video, and in such a short video too! you just changed my paintings for life!
Thank you :) beautifully clear technique and I love that it’s not totally reliant on technology. Fun and gives an added sense of personal achievement!!
I looked and looked for a tutorial for the math part. This is great! Thank you! I'm doing an outdoor kind of a sign if you will on old barn wood. Designing it on the computer but because it is very symmetrical, I need mathematical accuracy. THANK YOU FOR THE MATH PART!! I did see something about using a chalk box to lay out the large scale lines on another video for mural drawing. That sounds like a time saver. I even checked out getting a projector before this. This is the best Roxanne!
I have noticed 3 newer videos out now using a math equation and I thought this one up by myself. Necessity was the driving force. Wish that I could come up with another really innovative idea. Needless to say, thanks for watching my videos. If there is a subject matter you would like me to address, do not hesitate to contact me. PS: I paint barns but on stretched canvas
this video was very helpful I had to complete a artwork in a span of 3 days and all I had was one printed photo which was even smaller then a A5 paper this made it easier
Something doesn't seem right. You're starting with 1" squares on the original image, then redrawing the image onto a larger canvas using 4.5" x 5" oblong blocks. If the blocks on the source image are square, the blocks on the canvas need to be square. Otherwise your final drawing will be distorted.
This is an approximate enlargement. The best thing to do is, in this case for faces etc, is go to 4.75 inches for the enlarged squares and and take the time to centre your subject. For landscape the variation makes little difference.
Thank you so much Rosanne. Finally someone who actually explained this so it is easy to understand without any confusion. I was so impressed that I just had to subscribe to your channel ❤️🐨🇦🇺
Have moved to a new city to be closer to family. Am working on my studio and when done will get back at more videos to add to the existing 160 . Keep healthy.
@@RoxanneJervisArt that’s fantastic. I hope the move isn’t to hard on you. You keep safe as well and I’ll be working my way through your other videos 🤗❤️
Thank you for simplifying a complicated mess in my head! haha. I'm new at painting and drawing. I have a Cricut and was going to use heat transfer for my picture (tree w/song birds) but thought drawing and painting would look so much better! Now that I can size my picture properly, I know it's going to turn out beautifully. I'm now a fan of yours and am excited to see what else you have to share!!!!
Thanks. You may be a bit busy as there are over 150 short videos. We release a new video every two weeks. If you subscribe a bell will let you know when a new one is out. Thanks again for watching. Have fun painting.
My painting Class is now quorentine so I am teaching remotely and will be showing them your video tomorrow. Thank you for helping me teach during this time!
We have over 150 videos on several subjects. When you go to RUclips Roxanne Jervis scroll down to bottom of page to see the playlists. Some of them are .. pencil drawing .. Painting .. Composition .. Perspective .. Bits and bobs .. to make your job easier have your student subscribe to my page because my students see the videos and when I teach., the message makes more sense to them. Usually certain subjects take several views to make totally understand. Perspective is one of them. Have fun and be well. Roxanne
Enjoy the journey. Get a Robert Bateman sketch book and use it as a journal for sketching, observation notes on colours and good pencil or ink drawings. If you can’t find this excellent sketch book, try Bijan’s art studio in London, Canada. He is my regular “go to guy” for art supplies and good prices. Thanks for contacting me with your comments. We have a new video every two weeks. If you subscribe, a little red bell will let you know “once” when a new video is released. The “super grid” video was released today. Cheers
I reviewed at least twenty grid videos today and u were simple and to the point...thank you so much Now I have to tackle my largest painting so far...now I just need to figure out a bigger easel..lol
I think there is a video of mine mis-titled on using two canvases but it is really how to avoid using two easels for a large canvas. We would change the title but then we would lose the visitor count and start over. Get a large piece of clear plastic and staple or tape to the wall (green painters tape works well on my garage wall). Hang two light chains over the plastic, the width of the canvas, use “D” hooks for wiring the canvas, and then use an “S” hook through “D” hook and the chain to the right level. Otherwise you can get two easels and carefully arrange them to the same height. I have used bricks to prevent the easels from sliding. There is a video on that as well amongst my 160 videos Have just moved to a new city and am slowly setting up shelves etc for a new studio. A bit scattered at the moment. Be well and keep healthy, Roxanne
Wowwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww this was a grand help.. I surely do appreciate your blessed and thoughtful help! Continue to be successful in all that you do!!! Thank You
Rapid Resizer or Lucy also works . Used the grid system for years and always had issues with the grid being left on the canvas . Great method , but tons of work . It does work very well for the purists .
1 day ago For a method not needing intricate maths calculations:- It is always best to arrange your Original Image to the right Composition First, using two L shaped pieces of paper of Card. (preferably with inches marked on the inside edges) When satisfied - decide upon what size will best suit that image. Then purchase your Canvas/Support to the same proportions. Eg. A 10” x 6” could be 40” x 24” - If no standard canvas size is available consider a panel of MDF and cut to size, prime and Gesso and sand. Otherwise try and ‘compose’ your image again to suit using those two L shaped pieces of card with dimensions on them. 1. On an image to be transferred (best of course to use a copy) - draw 2 diagonal lines (corner to corner) 2. Where the diagonals cross, the centre of the image, draw a vertical line through that centre parallel to the sides. 3. Now Draw an Horizontal line through that Centre point parallel to the top and bottom edges. 4. This gives you 4 ‘Quarters with a diagonal line in each. In the top left 'Quarter' - where that first Vertical line touches the top, draw a 'diagonal from there to the left side where the First Horizontal line touches the mid-point of the left side. 5. Repeat that process on the top right quarter by drawing a diagonal line from the top centre to the right centre. Then repeat this process for the other two ‘Quarters’ below. 6. Repeat this process as often as necessary with each Quarter. 7. The Next Essential thing is to Ensure your canvas/paper is the SAME Proportion as your original image. Then on that blank surface, canvas/paper, in light pencil or charcoal REPEAT that process above 1 - 6! This means that ALL those lines/squares and triangles will be representative of the ones in the Original image. Number those individual shapes if necessary or the Grid Lines around the perimeter. 8. If you already have a canvas (for example) and your much smaller image is not quite the same proportion, draw a line box around your image to the SAME proportion of your canvas being careful to compose the effect. Hope this helps.
@@RoxanneJervisArt - This was by no means a criticism of the method you have described, which is perfectly fine, it is just that from what I know the method i described was used centuries ago and quite quick if the image and the canvas are of the same proportions. I have used it for years until buying a projector........:-) I don't make RUclips videos but if what I have described works for you it would be interesting to see it demonstrated. You made a clear and concise video.
It’s always good to have another way of enlarging. The more detailed is very practical. Many of my students are quite scared of my simple method, but will let them know of your more exacting approach for when they feel comfortable. Again, many thanks for your input. I am always learning and believe in sharing my bit of experience. Hope you have some other tips for me to explore.
Thank you so much! I've been doing portraits for years now but I have one that I just don't want to cut the image off but my canvas is 2 inches larger than the photo. In the past I would have worked around this like making the canvas the correct size or just trimming the reference photo to fit but there's no getting around it this time, they want this specific size and if I trim the reference photo I feel that it will take away some of the depth because no matter which way I trim it it will lose some of the important details of the painting. You are amazing!
I should have said, but assumed one would know, that you should use a square canvas for a square picture. Also use rectangle canvas for a rectangular photo. For round or oval canvases, a grid extending outside the canvas shape to correspond with the pictures shape.
So glad that you can use my technique. It took me awhile to figure that out and am happy to share. Hope that you can use some of my other 160 videos. Keep healthy.
Yessss,this is what I've been searching for. I'm a mathematical idiot,but,I'm pretty sure I could do this. I have a precious photo of a pet that is 7 inches by 5 inches,and,would love to do a large oil painting of the photo. This might just be the way to go....without all the technology. A simple,easy method of sizing up a photo to paint. Thank you. A great presentation as well.
Please send me a photo of your finished painting. We try to have a new video on various subjects every two weeks. To get notice please subscribe. Thanks for commenting and watching my channel. Be well and keep healthy. Roxanne
Thank you. If you get a chance I have 160 videos on various aspects of drawing painting and finishing off the work for hanging on the wall. Hope you’re keeping healthy. Be well
Roxanne - I hate to say this but I used to grid up my artwork from photos like that years ago. Now I scan or copy and use a USB stick. I went and bought an 500W LED projector and it takes a few minutes to set up and draw your outline straight onto on the canvas. Works beautifully even in bright-ish light. The question is - am I a philistine for doing so? If it works it must be right. No?
MrsPip.....there is only one solution! The Artograph (500W) LED projector - a wonderfully designed little unit - hugely powerful - and I mean you can work with this in daylight. No gridding up- and transferring of image which takes hours - just point- position on canvas and draw - then paint. I got it from a place in Detroit - I don't use it all the time - but I love it when I do. Have a look on line and see what you think. If you work on large canvases like me - you will love it. I'm in Australia by the way.
I did it the way Roxanne does it for many years- then I discovered this little beauty. It is so quick. No need for lines- just project your image onto the canvas- get it where you want it and draw it off. I then project the actual image onto a white wall in the studio - big so I can see all the detail and paint my little cotton picking heart out. Roxanne is like me - a traditionalist - but technology can now cut hours of work out. I grid no more. I project! And it is wonderful. It also allows you to see how something will look - BIG. I also have an app that turns a photograph into a digital painting- this works beautifully if I want to contemporize something a bit. Make the investment and you will love it. And me for telling you.
There is a glaring flaw in this method as described. Yes, this will help you enlarge your drawing, but it will DISTORT the entire image on the canvas. In this example, you will end up with an image on the canvas that is stretched ≈20% taller in proportion to the width. The may or may not help when drawing or completing the painting. If you use this for a portrait, the head will be 20% taller than it ought to be, creating a tall, thin head. Imagine if the photo-size (one factor in the formula) had proportions that are the reverse of this: the portrait would be fatter and wider. No one wants that. The error is obvious when Roxanne describes the squares draw on her photo as 1" x 1" and the "squares" on the canvas as 4.25" x 5" - right there, we have gone wrong. The canvas will NOT have SQUARES using this method. It will have rectangles - and this is not a picky detail, unless you want distortion. The squares on the photo have a ratio of 1:1. The larger grid on the canvas will have segments that have a ratio of 4.25:5 A true grid scale-up or -down must have squares on the photo/sketch AND squares on the canvas. It is not sufficient (nor accurate) to make the same number of divisions top to bottom and side to side. If her canvas had been 12" x 72" you. can see how this would have gone wrong: 12" (canvas height) ÷ 5.5" (photo height+ = 2.182" or ≈ 2 5/16" and using the new example canvas width (72") divided by Roxanne's photo width (9.5") you have 72÷9.5 = 7.5789" or a little over 7 9/16". That means the rectangles on the example canvas will be ≈ 2 5/16" tall by 7 9/16" wide. And that's not going to help you unless you want an exaggerated distortion. Your 1:1 squares drawn on the photo will be represented by 0.28:1 ratio rectangles on the canvas. Solution? Draw the squares on the photo and matched the same number of squares high and wide on the canvas. You don't have to make them fit exactly but they DO have to be square. what you do with the canvas area that you cannot map squares onto is up to you the artist. But remember, if you are trying to grid-up a perfect circle using 1:1 squares on your source, your result can only be a perfect circle if there are an equal number of 1:1 squares on the canvas, regardless of the canvas' dimensions. That said, obviously, the easiest solution is to have your photo and canvas match in proportion (e.g. 4" x 5" photo to 16" x 20" canvas, or 30" x 37.5" - these all have 4:5 ratios. May as well get over all the haters that put down projecting. Just use a projector. The grid method *IS* projecting - the slow way. And it can go horribly wrong.
I think you did not mention that the canvas and the original can have different aspect ratios. That is the width over height of the canvas can be different from the width over height of the original picture.
Thanks for your comment! I probably should have said to use basically the same shape canvas as the picture, or to adjust the shape of the picture to match the canvas. When painting on an oval canvas, one would take the outer measurements of the oval and square off the corners to match the photo before doing the grid. If you have an easy answer to this, please let me know and I could do another video describing the process.
OK, I understand the ratio, but how do you actually get the image onto the canvas? Are you painting it on? I am refinishing a piece of furniture and I want to enlarged a black and white image onto canvas sheets to adhere to the furniture, without loosing detail. Thanks for any help or advice.
Normally in the painting, I use oil which is my painting medium. You can paint anything you want as long as it will adhere to your fabric. I would suggest you check with a furniture fabric sales person. I would think acrylic paint would work just fine but I’ve never done it. I would not suggest using watercolor. Good luck With your project.
Good day, I am trying to enlarge a picture to fit a canvas. Picture size is 11,5 inch x 11inch, my cancas is 31 inch x 15,5 inch. My squares are 2 inches by 1 inch, is this correct?
Good morning Christian. It doesn’t matter what size squares are on your photo but they have to be square. There should be the same number of squares on your canvas as on your photo. Sometimes I just take a certain portion of my photo and just use that as the base for the measurements and transfer the same number of squares to the centre of my canvas. If you want more detail, there is another video on breaking up the squares on your photo to your canvas. This is not a fail safe method but it’s the closest one I could get easily. Good luck with your work. Do check my other videos as I have over 160 of them.
Love the video but I'm trying to figure out what my numbers are closest to. I have a 48 X 24 canvass and a 10 X 5.5 picture. So that gives me Length:4.8 and width 4.36. so I don't know what 4.8 and 4.36 look like on the ruler... agh help!
One way would be to take a piece of paper 12” by 6”. Place your photo on the page and continue the drawing to the edge of the paper. Move the photo around to get the most pleasing area to complete the drawing Or. 4.8 approximately 4.75 inches 4.36 approximately. 4 3/8 inches You can also consider using a proportional measure. See the video on how to easily make and use one. Hope this helps Merry Christmas 2019
Very helpfull and so clear and short - thank you so much - even if it is possible to buy equipment toddy where you can scale it up with a usb stick this is a very effective way that can be used by anyone without great expenses
Calculate the size of squares for the canvas. Draw a vertical and horizontal centre line. Divide the size of enlarged squares in half and place evenly on each side of the centre lines. This should keep your Photo image centred on the canvas. From there you can make the squares. The squares on the edges may not be complete. You could number the squares starting from the middle.
One way to make your life easier is With acrylic, use a very watered down raw sienna or burnt sienna to sketch out your subject on the canvas. If it isn’t right, just brush it off with water. If using oil, use artists odourless paint solvent to thin down the paint and/or scrub out the lines you don’t want. If there is a bit of colour left on the canvas, let it dry as it makes a good under tone. Good luck. You may want to look at my videos on the vanishing point. There are some for buildings and others for docks or railway lines. Be well and keep healthy Roxanne
@@RoxanneJervisArt Thank you :) I’m using acrylic and it’s going well so far. I’m just dreading trying to do the roof tiles as it’s a Tudor house but I’m powering through!
Here is some homework for you. Hope that you find some of these videos helpful. Happy Easter 🐣 Regarding the roof, look at the video for drawing shingles using a stylus. This should help you get the correct angles for perspective Videos to look at and some terms used when working with visual art How to use a super grid to enlarge an image for painting or drawing How to accurately scale up a building perspective using a long cord or string How to draw shingles using a stylus Hoe to use contrast highlights in painting How to draw a 2 sided building perspective using an eyeliner How to draw a barn with shading. This also doubles up to show contrast on the shaded side of a building Fast way to save paint. Acrylic or oils How to steady you hand to paint details .. maule stick Thoughts on your artist signature Hang the painting right , the first time Paint a peeling iron fence with water based paints How to easily sign your painting
Woodless pencil available from most art supply stores. 9B is the softest lead and easiest to erase. 6B or 8B. Are the only other pencils that I use. See the video on how to sharpen. Do not use a traditionalist pencil sharpener. Good luck and have fun.
Used to do that as kid. But never thought of it on canvas. And never did the math like that, because didnt care of the sizing of finished image. So what i did was when i found picture/illustration i liked put a squate net over it in pencil (for example 2 by 2 cm ) and than made bigger net on paper ( 4 by 4cm for ex.) Thank you for tutorial ☺
If photograph squares are 1 inch tall by 1 inch wide and canvas squares are 4.5 inch tall and 5 inch wide, won't your canvas image be elongated horizontally?
You are right. As it turned out for me, the slight elongation wasn’t a problem. What you can do is use either the 4-1/2 or 5 inch measure on the canvas, and start in the middle if the canvas to number our squares. Use the corresponding squares from your photo. Hope that this helps.
Seems like at 4 1/2 x 5 inches you'd have rectangles, not squares. I would use 1 inch squares on the reference and 2,3,4 etc. inch squares on the canvas
But you have divided the original picture into 1 inch squares and divided the canvas into rectangles (4.5 X 5). So would this not make the proportions incorrect when you try to paint - since the size of the ‘square’ on the canvas will be proportionally bigger than the square on the picture?
Thank you for contacting me. There is another Video on how to break down a square into a more minute detail. There are 160+ videos on other subjects for drawing painting framing etc. Hope you get to use some of them. Be well and God bless.
This is way more complicated than it needs to be. Just number the lines 1, 2, 3, etc. along the top and 1, 2, 3, etc. along the side. Also just multiply the small pictures height and width by the same number, you don't have to create a formula to multiple with.
A far simpler way, NO NEED TO MEASURE! - on a "small image" (photocopy to preserve the original ) draw DIAGONALS from corner to corner. In the centre where the lines cross, draw a Vertical line, parallel to the sides. THEN DRAW a Horizontal line across the Centre parallel to the top and bottom sides. NOW, DRAW a line from the TOP Centre to the Right hand side Centre which forms a cross with the original long Diagonal. Do the same with the Top Left "quarter" and then the remaining two quarters. Repeat this process as many times in EACH QUARTER as necessary for detail. NOW - TAKE YOUR CANVAS AND REPEAT THIS PROCESS STARTING WITH THOSE INITIAL DIAGONALS, CORNER TO CORNER AND THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINES - ALL THE SQUARES AND TRIANGLES WILL NOW MATCH THOSE IN YOUR SMALL (PHOTOCOPIED) DRAWING!!!! EASY-PEASEY! SHOULD HAVE ADDED THAT THE CANVAS MUST BE IN THE SAME PROPORTIONS OF THE DRAWING (THE ONLY MATH INVOLVED) AND LEAVE A QUARTER OF AN INCH ALL ROUND IF IT IS TO BE FRAMED!
Arcturusgold. Thank you, I will try it out. The description in writing is probably more confusing at a glance, but looks as if it may well work. Lots of lines to watch and repeat on the canvas. I have noted on additional videos that it is important to have a square image for a square canvas, etc, or to take a portion of a rectangular picture to match a shape of the canvas as you have described. Thanks for this additional method
I don’t really know how to use a computer for blowing up pictures, but if you go to my RUclips video on how to use the super grid, it may help you sort it out with your computer. Happy new year and good luck with your project.
I have been thinking further about your computer enlargement. If you do the normal grid on the original page and then blow up one of those squares, you could then do the super grid from the larger print. It may be somewhat blurry, but it should help for the finer detail. Hope that helps.
Send me the picture and I will look at it, see if I can find canvas that size and quote you a price. The painting would have to be rolled up with a stretcher built by your carpenter. Hope this helps. I live in Ontario. If you look at any of my 160 videos you will get an idea of my work. This could be painted in oil or acrylic for indoor use. My first name at my last name dot ca. jervis is the spelling of my last name
I hope nobody follows this advice as it is fundamentally flawed. The best thing to do is make sure the intended canvas is the same proportions as the photo. If it is not, get one that is, or look at possibly trimming the photo to make them compatible, but be sure you don’t lose the compositional strength of the image that drew you to paint it in the first place.
The method you give is in error. Your method actually ensures one thing: that no matter what aspect ratio you use in the photo & the canvas, you will be able to take the full photo, & draw it using the full size of any size canvas, due to dividing side lengths of the original into the lengths of the canvas; however, with distortion, if the aspect ratios differ. That is not the goal. The goal is to accurately transfer the original image to a canvas. The ONLY way to have accuracy is to have the same aspect ratio between the original & the canvas. THEN, it will work to do the math, to figure out how big the squares should be on the large canvas, so that both picture & canvas have the same number of squares.
So does pounding a square peg into a round hole... minimal distortion. I don't agree with the choice to defend an error by finding a way to excuse it, for the sake of people who might read this & be even more confused. I believe in being kind to content creators, but also to viewers. Just add a note to the beginning of your video, admitting that you need the same aspect ratio. That is love for viewers. Love wins. Blessings. Peace. @@RoxanneJervisArt
You are welcome. Hope you subscribed as I need to get my Numbers app slowly but surely. Good luck with your enlargement in your finished piece of work. Cheers.
I could never imagine art that's my passion to be invaded by math (which is my weak link).. It's fun to learn new ways to improve my art, but I must admit that this comes with a huge dose of "I'll do it later" mentality that I'm fighting off. Thank you Roxanne for your wonderful explaination, now it's time for me to wrap my head around this and make it my own.
Come to find out math is art.
why are u me
Thank you Roxanne. I went through so many videos looking for something as clear and simple as this method. Hope my boss is impressed with the portraits of her puppy and son you are helping me create ! 💚🥰
Yes Roxanne --this grid works well --been using it for 50 years to enlarge wildlife fotos of mine onto canvas for painting -----
Thank you! For explaining in a quick and simple way how to transfer an image that doesn’t have a 1:2 ratio. I can’t tell you how many image transfer videos that are out there that only examples the obvious 1:2 ratio image transfer. In fact I wonder if half of the people who made them actually know how to upscale accurately. I’m now a subscriber. Thanks again!
Thank you
I just live how she was so lively and sweet! Her explanation was also very simple, it helped me out a ton!
Thank you so much for packing so much info on the math of this method into this video, and in such a short video too! you just changed my paintings for life!
Heather Valentin Great to hear! Keep me posted about your next work!
Thank you :) beautifully clear technique and I love that it’s not totally reliant on technology. Fun and gives an added sense of personal achievement!!
I looked and looked for a tutorial for the math part. This is great! Thank you! I'm doing an outdoor kind of a sign if you will on old barn wood. Designing it on the computer but because it is very symmetrical, I need mathematical accuracy. THANK YOU FOR THE MATH PART!! I did see something about using a chalk box to lay out the large scale lines on another video for mural drawing. That sounds like a time saver. I even checked out getting a projector before this. This is the best Roxanne!
I have noticed 3 newer videos out now using a math equation and I thought this one up by myself. Necessity was the driving force. Wish that I could come up with another really innovative idea.
Needless to say, thanks for watching my videos.
If there is a subject matter you would like me to address, do not hesitate to contact me. PS: I paint barns but on stretched canvas
Just shared with my daughter who is making a huge banner. Thank you!
This is the most simple,most helpful video I've watched so far on this method!!! I'm so thankful I've found this!!🙌🏽😩 🙌🏽
Thank you so much Roxanne. I was wracking my brains how to enlarge a 10”x 6” photo to a 48”x 36” canvas.
Great to hear! Please share the final piece if you think of it when it’s done!
this video was very helpful I had to complete a artwork in a span of 3 days and all I had was one printed photo which was even smaller then a A5 paper this made it easier
Finally, thank you so much for explaining this in a way we can understand! Love, light and blessings!
Something doesn't seem right. You're starting with 1" squares on the original image, then redrawing the image onto a larger canvas using 4.5" x 5" oblong blocks. If the blocks on the source image are square, the blocks on the canvas need to be square. Otherwise your final drawing will be distorted.
This is an approximate enlargement. The best thing to do is, in this case for faces etc, is go to 4.75 inches for the enlarged squares and and take the time to centre your subject. For landscape the variation makes little difference.
I've always wondered how this is done. Thank you RUclips and thank you Roxanne!
Thank you so much Rosanne. Finally someone who actually explained this so it is easy to understand without any confusion. I was so impressed that I just had to subscribe to your channel ❤️🐨🇦🇺
Have moved to a new city to be closer to family. Am working on my studio and when done will get back at more videos to add to the existing 160 . Keep healthy.
@@RoxanneJervisArt that’s fantastic. I hope the move isn’t to hard on you. You keep safe as well and I’ll be working my way through your other videos 🤗❤️
Thank you for simplifying a complicated mess in my head! haha. I'm new at painting and drawing. I have a Cricut and was going to use heat transfer for my picture (tree w/song birds) but thought drawing and painting would look so much better! Now that I can size my picture properly, I know it's going to turn out beautifully. I'm now a fan of yours and am excited to see what else you have to share!!!!
Thanks. You may be a bit busy as there are over 150 short videos. We release a new video every two weeks. If you subscribe a bell will let you know when a new one is out. Thanks again for watching. Have fun painting.
Priceless ! It has made such a difference for my portrait painting !
My painting Class is now quorentine so I am teaching remotely and will be showing them your video tomorrow. Thank you for helping me teach during this time!
We have over 150 videos on several subjects. When you go to RUclips Roxanne Jervis scroll down to bottom of page to see the playlists. Some of them are .. pencil drawing ..
Painting ..
Composition ..
Perspective ..
Bits and bobs .. to make your job easier have your student subscribe to my page because my students see the videos and when I teach., the message makes more sense to them. Usually certain subjects take several views to make totally understand. Perspective is one of them.
Have fun and be well. Roxanne
I remember doing this in my high school art class! Thanks for sharing!
That's the very reason I've came to this video lol I needed to remember what I did in high school.
@@kekefortenberry1927 it’s amazing the things we forget 😂
@@Danielle33384 I know right! 😂
Thanks Roxanne..I watched this video twice. I’m new to art and this really helped me.
Enjoy the journey. Get a Robert Bateman sketch book and use it as a journal for sketching, observation notes on colours and good pencil or ink drawings. If you can’t find this excellent sketch book, try Bijan’s art studio in London, Canada. He is my regular “go to guy” for art supplies and good prices. Thanks for contacting me with your comments. We have a new video every two weeks. If you subscribe, a little red bell will let you know “once” when a new video is released. The “super grid” video was released today. Cheers
I reviewed at least twenty grid videos today and u were simple and to the point...thank you so much
Now I have to tackle my largest painting so far...now I just need to figure out a bigger easel..lol
I think there is a video of mine mis-titled on using two canvases but it is really how to avoid using two easels for a large canvas. We would change the title but then we would lose the visitor count and start over.
Get a large piece of clear plastic and staple or tape to the wall (green painters tape works well on my garage wall). Hang two light chains over the plastic, the width of the canvas, use “D” hooks for wiring the canvas, and then use an “S” hook through “D” hook and the chain to the right level.
Otherwise you can get two easels and carefully arrange them to the same height. I have used bricks to prevent the easels from sliding. There is a video on that as well amongst my 160 videos
Have just moved to a new city and am slowly setting up shelves etc for a new studio. A bit scattered at the moment.
Be well and keep healthy, Roxanne
Wowwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww this was a grand help.. I surely do appreciate your blessed and thoughtful help! Continue to be successful in all that you do!!! Thank You
Rapid Resizer or Lucy also works . Used the grid system for years and always had issues with the grid being left on the canvas . Great method , but tons of work . It does work very well for the purists .
Thank you. For an easy simple explanation of the subject ... very nice of you to share it ... thanks again !
Beautiful explanation just what i was looking for
1 day ago
For a method not needing intricate maths calculations:-
It is always best to arrange your Original Image to the right Composition First, using two L shaped pieces of paper of Card. (preferably with inches marked on the inside edges)
When satisfied - decide upon what size will best suit that image. Then purchase your Canvas/Support to the same proportions. Eg. A 10” x 6” could be 40” x 24” - If no standard canvas size is available consider a panel of MDF and cut to size, prime and Gesso and sand. Otherwise try and ‘compose’ your image again to suit using those two L shaped pieces of card with dimensions on them.
1. On an image to be transferred (best of course to use a copy) - draw 2 diagonal lines (corner to corner)
2. Where the diagonals cross, the centre of the image, draw a vertical line through that centre parallel to the sides.
3. Now Draw an Horizontal line through that Centre point parallel to the top and bottom edges.
4. This gives you 4 ‘Quarters with a diagonal line in each. In the top left 'Quarter' - where that first Vertical line touches the top, draw a 'diagonal from there to the left side where the First Horizontal line touches the mid-point of the left side.
5. Repeat that process on the top right quarter by drawing a diagonal line from the top centre to the right centre.
Then repeat this process for the other two ‘Quarters’ below.
6. Repeat this process as often as necessary with each Quarter.
7. The Next Essential thing is to Ensure your canvas/paper is the SAME Proportion as your original image. Then on that blank surface, canvas/paper, in light pencil or charcoal REPEAT that process above 1 - 6! This means that ALL those lines/squares and triangles will be representative of the ones in the Original image. Number those individual shapes if necessary or the Grid Lines around the perimeter.
8. If you already have a canvas (for example) and your much smaller image is not quite the same proportion, draw a line box around your image to the SAME proportion of your canvas being careful to compose the effect.
Hope this helps.
Thank you for your detailed instructions. Keep healthy
@@RoxanneJervisArt - This was by no means a criticism of the method you have described, which is perfectly fine, it is just that from what I know the method i described was used centuries ago and quite quick if the image and the canvas are of the same proportions. I have used it for years until buying a projector........:-)
I don't make RUclips videos but if what I have described works for you it would be interesting to see it demonstrated. You made a clear and concise video.
It’s always good to have another way of enlarging. The more detailed is very practical. Many of my students are quite scared of my simple method, but will let them know of your more exacting approach for when they feel comfortable. Again, many thanks for your input. I am always learning and believe in sharing my bit of experience. Hope you have some other tips for me to explore.
Thanks so much Roxanne. I couldn’t remember the algorithm. Thx for shareing
You are welcome.
Thank you so much! I've been doing portraits for years now but I have one that I just don't want to cut the image off but my canvas is 2 inches larger than the photo. In the past I would have worked around this like making the canvas the correct size or just trimming the reference photo to fit but there's no getting around it this time, they want this specific size and if I trim the reference photo I feel that it will take away some of the depth because no matter which way I trim it it will lose some of the important details of the painting. You are amazing!
When your work is done, I would be happy to see the finished product. I certainly hope it works out for you. Be well.
Hi Roxanne this has been so helpful. Thank you so much and All the Best
Very enlightening, thank you so much,now it looks way easier to do than the method I used to use.
I should have said, but assumed one would know, that you should use a square canvas for a square picture. Also use rectangle canvas for a rectangular photo.
For round or oval canvases, a grid extending outside the canvas shape to correspond with the pictures shape.
u literally just saved my life thank u so much
So glad that you can use my technique. It took me awhile to figure that out and am happy to share. Hope that you can use some of my other 160 videos. Keep healthy.
Thank God for this! was about to pull my last remaining hair out LOL. Very appreciated.
Thanks for letting me know. just don’t go hippie with the hair. Lol.
Yessss,this is what I've been searching for. I'm a mathematical idiot,but,I'm pretty sure I could do this. I have a precious photo of a pet that is 7 inches by 5 inches,and,would love to do a large oil painting of the photo. This might just be the way to go....without all the technology. A simple,easy method of sizing up a photo to paint. Thank you. A great presentation as well.
Please send me a photo of your finished painting. We try to have a new video on various subjects every two weeks. To get notice please subscribe. Thanks for commenting and watching my channel. Be well and keep healthy. Roxanne
@@RoxanneJervisArt I sure will,as soon as I get relief from fencing repairs,which is taking a lot of my time at present!
oh my goodness Thank you so much Finally makes sense to me I kept getting caught up in ratios etc and my brain is definitely not maths biased
Thank you! This is what I needed!
Best instructions on creating a grid transfer. 👍👍👍👍👍👍👍
Thank you. If you get a chance I have 160 videos on various aspects of drawing painting and finishing off the work for hanging on the wall. Hope you’re keeping healthy. Be well
Thanx for this video, but what about maintaining aspect ratio?
Roxanne - I hate to say this but I used to grid up my artwork from photos like that years ago. Now I scan or copy and use a USB stick. I went and bought an 500W LED projector and it takes a few minutes to set up and draw your outline straight onto on the canvas. Works beautifully even in bright-ish light. The question is - am I a philistine for doing so? If it works it must be right. No?
If it works, use it. For those without the projector, this is another method. Thanks for letting us know of another way.
Could you put a link of the projector you bought? Is the image clear enough? It would be very helpful. Thank you!
MrsPip.....there is only one solution! The Artograph (500W) LED projector - a wonderfully designed little unit - hugely powerful - and I mean you can work with this in daylight. No gridding up- and transferring of image which takes hours - just point- position on canvas and draw - then paint. I got it from a place in Detroit - I don't use it all the time - but I love it when I do. Have a look on line and see what you think. If you work on large canvases like me - you will love it. I'm in Australia by the way.
Thank you Renny!!
I did it the way Roxanne does it for many years- then I discovered this little beauty. It is so quick. No need for lines- just project your image onto the canvas- get it where you want it and draw it off. I then project the actual image onto a white wall in the studio - big so I can see all the detail and paint my little cotton picking heart out. Roxanne is like me - a traditionalist - but technology can now cut hours of work out. I grid no more. I project! And it is wonderful. It also allows you to see how something will look - BIG. I also have an app that turns a photograph into a digital painting- this works beautifully if I want to contemporize something a bit. Make the investment and you will love it. And me for telling you.
There is a glaring flaw in this method as described. Yes, this will help you enlarge your drawing, but it will DISTORT the entire image on the canvas.
In this example, you will end up with an image on the canvas that is stretched ≈20% taller in proportion to the width. The may or may not help when drawing or completing the painting. If you use this for a portrait, the head will be 20% taller than it ought to be, creating a tall, thin head. Imagine if the photo-size (one factor in the formula) had proportions that are the reverse of this: the portrait would be fatter and wider. No one wants that.
The error is obvious when Roxanne describes the squares draw on her photo as 1" x 1" and the "squares" on the canvas as 4.25" x 5" - right there, we have gone wrong. The canvas will NOT have SQUARES using this method. It will have rectangles - and this is not a picky detail, unless you want distortion. The squares on the photo have a ratio of 1:1. The larger grid on the canvas will have segments that have a ratio of 4.25:5
A true grid scale-up or -down must have squares on the photo/sketch AND squares on the canvas. It is not sufficient (nor accurate) to make the same number of divisions top to bottom and side to side.
If her canvas had been 12" x 72" you. can see how this would have gone wrong: 12" (canvas height) ÷ 5.5" (photo height+ = 2.182" or ≈ 2 5/16" and using the new example canvas width (72") divided by Roxanne's photo width (9.5") you have 72÷9.5 = 7.5789" or a little over 7 9/16".
That means the rectangles on the example canvas will be ≈ 2 5/16" tall by 7 9/16" wide. And that's not going to help you unless you want an exaggerated distortion. Your 1:1 squares drawn on the photo will be represented by 0.28:1 ratio rectangles on the canvas.
Solution? Draw the squares on the photo and matched the same number of squares high and wide on the canvas. You don't have to make them fit exactly but they DO have to be square. what you do with the canvas area that you cannot map squares onto is up to you the artist. But remember, if you are trying to grid-up a perfect circle using 1:1 squares on your source, your result can only be a perfect circle if there are an equal number of 1:1 squares on the canvas, regardless of the canvas' dimensions.
That said, obviously, the easiest solution is to have your photo and canvas match in proportion (e.g. 4" x 5" photo to 16" x 20" canvas, or 30" x 37.5" - these all have 4:5 ratios.
May as well get over all the haters that put down projecting. Just use a projector. The grid method *IS* projecting - the slow way. And it can go horribly wrong.
Better to use centimeters. That way, it's easier and more exact, when multiplying and dividing.
@@richardjolley6474 absolutely. I use centimetres.
@David R. Darrow Thank you. I thought I was losing my mind when I saw hardly anyone noticing this very big error.
Thank you. This video is very helpful 👍🏻
I think your method would distort the aspect ratio as it's unlikely your canvas has same proportions as paper.
One has to take into consideration the shape of canvas matches the paper shape. Centering your subject may have to be placed.
@@RoxanneJervisArt Indeed, if it's a match it's fine. If it's not the image could get skewed 😉
What is your easy answer to start this enlargement?
Anyone remember the games in newspapers or children placemats where you did this?
I think you did not mention that the canvas and the original can have different aspect ratios. That is the width over height of the canvas can be different from the width over height of the original picture.
Thanks for your comment! I probably should have said to use basically the same shape canvas as the picture, or to adjust the shape of the picture to match the canvas.
When painting on an oval canvas, one would take the outer measurements of the oval and square off the corners to match the photo before doing the grid.
If you have an easy answer to this, please let me know and I could do another video describing the process.
Thank you so much! You made it so easy! New subscriber here. Good luck with your channel. Keep them coming!
You sure picked a difficult picture as an example! But it you can do a difficult picture you can do an easy picture, right? Excellent video!
Easy method: use an projector. So much faster xxx
oh yasss,the peojector is so cheap now.
Yeah if you've got the money for it... 🙄
I came here because my 300 dollar projector sucks
OK, I understand the ratio, but how do you actually get the image onto the canvas? Are you painting it on? I am refinishing a piece of furniture and I want to enlarged a black and white image onto canvas sheets to adhere to the furniture, without loosing detail. Thanks for any help or advice.
Normally in the painting, I use oil which is my painting medium. You can paint anything you want as long as it will adhere to your fabric. I would suggest you check with a furniture fabric sales person. I would think acrylic paint would work just fine but I’ve never done it. I would not suggest using watercolor. Good luck With your project.
Great advice! Thanks!
Thanks for your video Roxanne. Did you take that picture of the Tundra swans and if so, what kind of lens do you recommend? Thanks.
Thank you so much for making this video. Very helpful and well thought. 👌🏼🔥
Appreciate your comment. Keep safe and healthy.
thank u! You explained that perfectly!
Thank you, thank you-brilliant!
Great way to scale up! Are you using a pencil for your lines? So lines show through?
If you are using oil or acrylic paints, the pale pencil lines will be covered. For watercolours I suggest using pale watercolour pencils. Have fun.
Thanks!!
omg you save my life!!! i love u so much!!!!! ♥
Good day, I am trying to enlarge a picture to fit a canvas. Picture size is 11,5 inch x 11inch, my cancas is 31 inch x 15,5 inch. My squares are 2 inches by 1 inch, is this correct?
Question. Why one inch squares on the drawing? Second question, are there 50 boxes on your canvas like your photo?
Good morning Christian. It doesn’t matter what size squares are on your photo but they have to be square. There should be the same number of squares on your canvas as on your photo. Sometimes I just take a certain portion of my photo and just use that as the base for the measurements and transfer the same number of squares to the centre of my canvas. If you want more detail, there is another video on breaking up the squares on your photo to your canvas. This is not a fail safe method but it’s the closest one I could get easily. Good luck with your work. Do check my other videos as I have over 160 of them.
Simple and effective. Thank you!
Love the video but I'm trying to figure out what my numbers are closest to. I have a 48 X 24 canvass and a 10 X 5.5 picture. So that gives me Length:4.8 and width 4.36. so I don't know what 4.8 and 4.36 look like on the ruler... agh help!
One way would be to take a piece of paper 12” by 6”. Place your photo on the page and continue the drawing to the edge of the paper. Move the photo around to get the most pleasing area to complete the drawing
Or. 4.8 approximately 4.75 inches
4.36 approximately. 4 3/8 inches
You can also consider using a proportional measure. See the video on how to easily make and use one.
Hope this helps
Merry Christmas 2019
Very helpfull and so clear and short - thank you so much - even if it is possible to buy equipment toddy where you can scale it up with a usb stick this is a very effective way that can be used by anyone without great expenses
Lis Engel thanks so much for your comment! Hope you can give it a try!
I actually used to take a ruler and lay out my images but this is much easier with a grid
Hi Roxanne,
How do I avoid my painting being distorted if my canvas squares are not perfect squares like the 1x1 squares on my reference photo?
Calculate the size of squares for the canvas. Draw a vertical and horizontal centre line. Divide the size of enlarged squares in half and place evenly on each side of the centre lines. This should keep your Photo image centred on the canvas. From there you can make the squares. The squares on the edges may not be complete.
You could number the squares starting from the middle.
Thank you!
I’ve done this all my life, long before photo copiers and computers came into vogue . You number the squares on all four sides for easy reference.
So happy to know that people in Budapest are able to view my work, and very appreciative of you taking the time to send a lovely comment
Thank you for this, I'm trying to paint a picture of a building and was losing the will to live!
One way to make your life easier is
With acrylic, use a very watered down raw sienna or burnt sienna to sketch out your subject on the canvas. If it isn’t right, just brush it off with water. If using oil, use artists odourless paint solvent to thin down the paint and/or scrub out the lines you don’t want. If there is a bit of colour left on the canvas, let it dry as it makes a good under tone. Good luck.
You may want to look at my videos on the vanishing point. There are some for buildings and others for docks or railway lines.
Be well and keep healthy
Roxanne
@@RoxanneJervisArt Thank you :) I’m using acrylic and it’s going well so far. I’m just dreading trying to do the roof tiles as it’s a Tudor house but I’m powering through!
Here is some homework for you. Hope that you find some of these videos helpful. Happy Easter 🐣
Regarding the roof, look at the video for drawing shingles using a stylus. This should help you get the correct angles for perspective
Videos to look at and some terms used when working with visual art
How to use a super grid to enlarge an image for painting or drawing
How to accurately scale up a building perspective using a long cord or string
How to draw shingles using a stylus
Hoe to use contrast highlights in painting
How to draw a 2 sided building perspective using an eyeliner
How to draw a barn with shading. This also doubles up to show contrast on the shaded side of a building
Fast way to save paint. Acrylic or oils
How to steady you hand to paint details .. maule stick
Thoughts on your artist signature
Hang the painting right , the first time
Paint a peeling iron fence with water based paints
How to easily sign your painting
What type of pencil do you draw with on your background?
Woodless pencil available from most art supply stores. 9B is the softest lead and easiest to erase. 6B or 8B. Are the only other pencils that I use. See the video on how to sharpen. Do not use a traditionalist pencil sharpener.
Good luck and have fun.
This is fantastic! Thank you for this wonderful video, Roxanne!!! xx
Used to do that as kid. But never thought of it on canvas. And never did the math like that, because didnt care of the sizing of finished image. So what i did was when i found picture/illustration i liked put a squate net over it in pencil (for example 2 by 2 cm ) and than made bigger net on paper ( 4 by 4cm for ex.) Thank you for tutorial ☺
Your method sound more easier my only problem is i dnt hv a printer and i use an app to grid my pictures
Wow awesome tips thank you so much
Thanks for sharing that
Well done! Thanks
You must be a math teacher, too complex for me, but you go girl!
Thanks. 🙂. Always did like numbers.
Very helpfull simple and effektive
thank you from Budapes! Hungary...
you’re a lifesaver
Thank you so much!!!
Thank you so much. This helps
Thank you so much 🌹
Thank you 🙏🏻
If photograph squares are 1 inch tall by 1 inch wide and canvas squares are 4.5 inch tall and 5 inch wide, won't your canvas image be elongated horizontally?
You are right. As it turned out for me, the slight elongation wasn’t a problem. What you can do is use either the 4-1/2 or 5 inch measure on the canvas, and start in the middle if the canvas to number our squares. Use the corresponding squares from your photo. Hope that this helps.
@@RoxanneJervisArt Thanks. This helps a lot!
Seems like at 4 1/2 x 5 inches you'd have rectangles, not squares. I would use 1 inch squares on the reference and 2,3,4 etc. inch squares on the canvas
But you have divided the original picture into 1 inch squares and divided the canvas into rectangles (4.5 X 5).
So would this not make the proportions incorrect when you try to paint - since the size of the ‘square’ on the canvas will be proportionally bigger than the square on the picture?
Helen and Daniel Reynolds I don't think it was exact squares
right....you can only use one side to factor the enlargement........you build in a distortion otherwise.........
Thank you
Thank you for contacting me. There is another Video on how to break down a square into a more minute detail. There are 160+ videos on other subjects for drawing painting framing etc. Hope you get to use some of them. Be well and God bless.
This is way more complicated than it needs to be. Just number the lines 1, 2, 3, etc. along the top and 1, 2, 3, etc. along the side. Also just multiply the small pictures height and width by the same number, you don't have to create a formula to multiple with.
Thaaank you soo much 😢💕💕💕💖
Tifah's Art I hope that it’s helped!
It did help me a lot 💖💖💖💕
Why did you use 4 1/2 by 5 instead of 4 1/4 by 5. I followed everything, I think except for that.
To be quite honest, it’s so long ago when I did the calculations, I can’t remember the reason. Sorry if I confused you at all.
Thanks
A far simpler way, NO NEED TO MEASURE! - on a "small image" (photocopy to preserve the original ) draw DIAGONALS from corner to corner. In the centre where the lines cross, draw a Vertical line, parallel to the sides. THEN DRAW a Horizontal line across the Centre parallel to the top and bottom sides. NOW, DRAW a line from the TOP Centre to the Right hand side Centre which forms a cross with the original long Diagonal. Do the same with the Top Left "quarter" and then the remaining two quarters. Repeat this process as many times in EACH QUARTER as necessary for detail. NOW - TAKE YOUR CANVAS AND REPEAT THIS PROCESS STARTING WITH THOSE INITIAL DIAGONALS, CORNER TO CORNER AND THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINES - ALL THE SQUARES AND TRIANGLES WILL NOW MATCH THOSE IN YOUR SMALL (PHOTOCOPIED) DRAWING!!!! EASY-PEASEY! SHOULD HAVE ADDED THAT THE CANVAS MUST BE IN THE SAME PROPORTIONS OF THE DRAWING (THE ONLY MATH INVOLVED) AND LEAVE A QUARTER OF AN INCH ALL ROUND IF IT IS TO BE FRAMED!
Arcturusgold. Thank you, I will try it out. The description in writing is probably more confusing at a glance, but looks as if it may well work. Lots of lines to watch and repeat on the canvas. I have noted on additional videos that it is important to have a square image for a square canvas, etc, or to take a portion of a rectangular picture to match a shape of the canvas as you have described.
Thanks for this additional method
I have your Tunda swans with me in North Carolina in the winter aren’t they beautiful?!
Yes they are. Thank you for contacting me. Be well.
You are awesome
Dear god that went side ways quickly there has got to be an easier way!
Need to learn how to blow up a portrait with a desk top printe
3:40
I don’t really know how to use a computer for blowing up pictures, but if you go to my RUclips video on how to use the super grid, it may help you sort it out with your computer. Happy new year and good luck with your project.
I have been thinking further about your computer enlargement. If you do the normal grid on the original page and then blow up one of those squares, you could then do the super grid from the larger print. It may be somewhat blurry, but it should help for the finer detail. Hope that helps.
Hi everyone. I am looking for an artist to do the same. Small to large. About 10feet x8 feet canvas. Please help. Thanks
Where do you live? What is the subject? One canvas or two4x5
.
I live in Arizona . It’s a poster with Angels and Jacob saying Surely the Lord is in this place.
Send me the picture and I will look at it, see if I can find canvas that size and quote you a price. The painting would have to be rolled up with a stretcher built by your carpenter. Hope this helps. I live in Ontario. If you look at any of my 160 videos you will get an idea of my work. This could be painted in oil or acrylic for indoor use. My first name at my last name dot ca. jervis is the spelling of my last name
I hope nobody follows this advice as it is fundamentally flawed. The best thing to do is make sure the intended canvas is the same proportions as the photo. If it is not, get one that is, or look at possibly trimming the photo to make them compatible, but be sure you don’t lose the compositional strength of the image that drew you to paint it in the first place.
The method you give is in error. Your method actually ensures one thing: that no matter what aspect ratio you use in the photo & the canvas, you will be able to take the full photo, & draw it using the full size of any size canvas, due to dividing side lengths of the original into the lengths of the canvas; however, with distortion, if the aspect ratios differ. That is not the goal. The goal is to accurately transfer the original image to a canvas. The ONLY way to have accuracy is to have the same aspect ratio between the original & the canvas. THEN, it will work to do the math, to figure out how big the squares should be on the large canvas, so that both picture & canvas have the same number of squares.
You are correct, but if you are basically using the square format it works with minimum distortion. Thank you for letting me know.
So does pounding a square peg into a round hole... minimal distortion. I don't agree with the choice to defend an error by finding a way to excuse it, for the sake of people who might read this & be even more confused. I believe in being kind to content creators, but also to viewers. Just add a note to the beginning of your video, admitting that you need the same aspect ratio. That is love for viewers. Love wins. Blessings. Peace. @@RoxanneJervisArt
Thank you.❤️😊
Thank you thank you❤
Thank you
You are welcome. Hope you subscribed as I need to get my Numbers app slowly but surely. Good luck with your enlargement in your finished piece of work. Cheers.