The Temple Mount--Where it IS. Where it ISN'T. What is it FOR?
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 11 сен 2024
- The Temple Mount has been standing on Jerusalem's holy hill, Mount Moriah, for thousands of years. But exactly what is the Temple Mount? How did it come to be? Do we know if the Jewish temple really stood there in ancient times? Join Joel as he answers all these questions using the Bible and archaeology.
BUY JOEL'S BOOK - Where God Came Down: The Archaeological Evidence
► bit.ly/36Boo7w (Christianbook.com)
► amzn.to/3QHh8Jo (Amazon.com)
DONATE
► expeditionbibl...
SUBSCRIBE
► bit.ly/3DgMdgV
JOIN JOEL'S STUDY TOURS
► expeditionbibl...
(animations in this video © 2023 SourceFlix | Expedition Bible)
I have been a Christian for a little over 3 decades. I'm in tears as once more I'm reminded that by his sacrifice we are saved and allowed beyond the curtain to have an up-close and personal relationship with him. Thank you for your fine work and dedication that is brought to use thru this channel. God bless.
GRACE = God's Riches At Christ's Expense
@@russell311000 Yet here you are 👀.
All fake news by the way. Even Bible scholars are starting to admit how much Christians have been duped and how many lies and changes have been added in and the Bible has been significantly altered all throughout history. 😂
Me to! Brought me to tears.
Oh honey sounds like a bad day take tomorrow off you need time to rest. Where is Mark is he helping you? R u OK sleep now . I love u and feel so bad that I'm a hinder and no help . I'm no good to you I know that . Are you at Greece?. Well John has been knocking. I hope he is not calling you. We need to lay our burdens down at Jesus's feet. And let him lead us guide us and carry us .we have no strength other than him. ❤. No shame no embarrassment. He will bring us through his will. ❤
I was standing on the temple mount in Jerusalem in 2012 when our tour guide casually mentioned that this was Mount Moriah. When he said those words, I felt chills!!! I immediately recognized the significance of that Holy Mountain!
The conversation around minute 11 reminded me of … “And he answered and said unto them, I tell you that, if these should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out.”
My wife gave me your book - Where God Came Down - Absolutely fantastic. Every person of faith should own this book!
I'm one of the recipients from The Wife to receive this book.
Proudly displayed in my library for future generations.
Let’s pray for this beautiful Jewish archeologist who was interviewed that his heart, eyes, and ears would know Jesus is the messiah, died, and rose for him! ❤
I came for the archeology, stayed for the sermon❤❤ was so beautiful that ending brother❤❤❤
Praise be to The Lord for people like you! I'm a pastor and you have enriched my sermons with this wonderful study. I'm also a teacher in High School. This is just helpful. I will totally share this.
Only one Gospel:
Gospel of Reconciliation.
Jesus Christ came into THEIR kingdom
to reconcile fallen angels unto Himself.
We are the fallen angels (ELOHIM) kept in DNA chains of darkness.
If you do not confess being a fallen angel in Lucifer's kingdom, then you are an unbeliever.
Unbeliever = those that claim to be made in the image of ELOHIM (god).
Every time I watch your videos, I learn something. It is strange that anyone would think that isn't the temple site.
Ive been a Christian since childhood. I love prophecy. I've never understood (until this video) the DIFFERENCE between the Temple and the Temple MOUNT. Thank you so much for this information. God bless you and your work.
Hope you and your family are well. Pray for peace in Jerusalem
Watched this a few times and get something new out of it. The fact Rabbi said, It's not that God got his meat, it's that that dead animal should be me. I love that explaination.
Pray the good Lord continues to bless you and your family with protection so you may keep up the teaching of all the great things about Jesus and the Bible
Been watching your videos for about 6 months now and every time I watch one I’m so impressed by your ability to teach and structure this content. Always entertaining and digestible. Keep up the great work man 👊
The thing with your theory…with such a small Antonia fortress, how could they fit an entire legion of 6,000 in such a small fortress? Josephus describes the fort quite well, and such a tiny fort basically connected to what’s believed to be the Temple Mount essentially goes against what he said in his work
Valid point. If you place the Temple north of the steps and Robinson's arch and down hill of the known location of the aqueduct, that would account for the described size and layout of the fortress, the water supply and the issue of a giant rock being an unsuitable place for a threshing floor. Although we do know that a full legion was not stationed full time at the fortress.
you keep waking up my asleep heart , you are opening my eyes.
Jesus is alive , Thank You Sir
I had the pleasure of accompanying you & Sean McDowell with my daughter’s High School group back in 2009 or 10. It was by far the best tour I have ever been on. I was fortunate to go to Israel again in 2017 with my church which was great but not nearly as archeological as your tour was. Your tour made a lasting impression on me I will never forget. I enjoy your videos so much and believe you teach with impactful evidence! Thank you. I am a Bible Study leader and often refer people to your videos.
Praying for all in Israel. God Bless.
Seriously awesome!
Just ordered your book. I think I'll make it available on our website too! I pray the Jewish archeologist will come to Jesus!
That pile of stones next to the temple mount is an incredible witness to the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy. There is no doubt that Jesus saw what was coming and described it perfectly - not one stone will be left upon another but all will be cast down. It's a powerful visual evidence that Jesus was and is the very Son of God.
I agree with you, but there are still Herodian stones in situ. What are your thoughts on that?
@@danielleduffy I've honestly never heard that, but if you would supply the source I'd love to check it out!
Jesus also said he would rebuild the temple in three days
Why do you think you need to do it ?
Seems you think Jesus lied
@Wyndham21044 I never claimed that the temple needs to be rebuilt. And clearly if you read Jesus' words in context you know he was speaking of the temple of his body (see John 2:18-22). This he accomplished in his crucifixion and resurrection.
@@bretwalker2295 the desciples asked Jesus about the temple
Jesus told his desciples to destroy the temple
And that Jesus would rebuild it in three days .
Now you claim Jesus was not talking about the temple .
And Jesus probably hates you for changing the gospel
Wow, I was always a person who believed that the temple was not on the mount. But your evidence and clear explanation have definitely changed my mind. Great video!
My animals even teach me about God. I loved my hunting dog but he loved ro roll in dead animals and until he was bathed he had to stay away from me not because i didnt love him anymore but because i didnt want what he had on him on me or near me. I would bathe him and he would do it again and again until i just left him in his pen longer and longer because I so tired of bathing him. I relaized how God felt everytime I had to bathe him and i tried to be merciful knowing i was like my dog everytime I lied or cussed i was rolling in sin and needed a bath. I wished it didnt take a life to be cleansed from sin but I am so glad Jesus did what had to be done to save us all. We owe him our lives and eternal love and respect.
❤
AND HOW DO YOU ENTER IN??!!....through the blood of JESUS....A Christian feels that to their very core every time we hear it....Thank you GOD!!!!!!
Thank you for always sharing the gospel in your videos. Really ties everything together!
This guy offers some of the best biblical history in detail! I love to watch his videos which brings me closer to Christ!!!! I am so grateful for who I have come to be through all the adversities that I put myself through. And your message lets me know, I am on the one and only path to Salvation. Blessings
I hope you’re okay! There is so much mess going on over there. Im praying for y’all. Stay safe and God bless!
The videos on this channel are VERY well done. It is so easy to see that the history of the BIBLE is accurate. Hopefully, some day I will make it over to view these structures for myself. I also recommend the book featured. It is an excellent read that again shows the true history.
This is from Ethiopia. Thank you, sir, for your great deed. May Jesus have mercy on you.
is that a normal thing to say?
At first I thougth that the jewish archeologist is a christian. Very sad, that he has the evidence before his eyes and still doesn't want to believe... I had tears in my eyes during the last minutes of the video. You always present Jesus's sacrifice so emotionally. Thank you, brother. God bless you. 🙏
I live for new Expedition Bible videos! One of the best channels on RUclips! Praying for your family’s safety
No longer a need to cry at the wall my friends, Jesus Christ is the way, the truth and the life! Praying for the Jewish people to see the truth! 🙏✝️
About 45 years ago I went to that wall and prayed for God to prove to me He is real. I was raised by agnostics if not full blown atheists. About 2 years later He turned my entire world view around. I no longer need faith that God is; I KNOW that God is. So, I’m happy it was there and that I have that experience to return my mind to.
Thank you for finally uploading a video, I've been worried about you since the attack on Israel!! Please stay safe, be well and continue to do the Lord's work in the middle east.
Praying for you!!
Same here, I was worried about him and his family as well! Easily one of my favorite channels.
Your videos are what got me into Christian apologetics. Love how science always ends up confirming what is written in the Bible.
I am so glad I found your channel. I love Jesus Christ and I love that he has blessed you to bring the truths of His Word to ALL of us who are here to learn. AMEN!
Joel, I praise the lord that you and your family have remained safe during this time and I pray that God will continue to watch over you. I appreciate all you do to educate us on the archaeology evidence that continues to show the truth of scripture. I remember you once mentioned that you were working on a 2nd book. I hope that project is going well and I look forward to it. Do you have a time frame of when you might release that book? God bless and stay safe!
As I was watching and listening to you going over the details of Abraham and Isaac, as I have heard many times before. I had to pause it because I was suddenly overwhelmed by the grace and mercy of Almighty God. For at that moment, I truly understood God's love for me. With tear covered cheeks, I thank God for sacrificing His Son Jesus Christ 🙏
No one is worth the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Men have killed Him.
Made me cry. Thank you 🙏. Praise Jesus.
what's amazing is that the 1st temple in Solomon's time was constructed according to the "Golden Geometric Ratio" way long before the Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and Medieval Franks were able to utilize the geometric ratio techniques in their architecture, arts, and construction 500 and 1400 years later.
I absolutely love your videos! They are well produced and easy to follow. I so want to visit the places that Jesus walked on earth and literally cry when I see these videos. I can’t wait to be with Him!!😊
Hello 👋 Pretty Lady 🌹..How are you and the weather condition like?
I love watching you putting the scriptures and archeology together. It is fascinating! I remember a time when I thought archeology and the Bible could not be put together. You do it with research and Biblical knowledge. I appreciate you and your work.
Joel, I love the facts of history that prove that our Bible is, in fact, true! To be able to not only hear about it but to visually see all these places that our Lord lived and walked during His time here on earth is just so amazing. Since I will never be able to walk in His footsteps, every place in Israel that you visit and explore means so much! It enables me to visualize Him and His disciples there in those very locations! Thank you so much for being my eyes and ears in that tiny little piece of land that has so much meaning and importance!! ❤
Jesus is the "Temple" for the believer that has the gift of faith to believe in the imputed righteousness of the Lord Jesus Christ alone."
כל התהילה לאלוהים ולמשיחו ישוע אנו נראה את ברכתו של אברהם מלאה לכל העמים. אמן
Genesis 22 never says it is Mount Moriah, but “a mountain of which I will tell you in the land of Moriah”. There is every possibility that this hill was not the Temple Mount of today, but Golgotha, the Hill of Calvary on which Christ was crucified. But I guess we’ll just have to wait and see - good film, thanks.
You are very right. This is not the sight. But you can't tell folks that.
EXCELLENT as usual. For those who enjoy a great read, The Jewish War by Josephus should be on your list. I would add an abridged copy, as the original has a great deal of filler (speeches & declarations & redundant heroic praise).
The dome of the rock needs to be destroyed. An altar to Satan has no place in such a holy place
I really appreciate your videos. There is always something God speaks through them to me.
The ram who’s head is stuck in the thicket who took the place of Isaac is like us with Christ who’s head was also covered in thorns and took our place on the cross for the sins of mankind! God is good!
I never thought of that before, what an amazing foreshadowing of what was to come :)
You have a strong connection to the Holy Spirit in the way you conduct your investigation I admire it so much! Stay safe out there I honestly believe Jesus is smiling at your efforts. ❤❤❤
What can wash away my sin? Nothing but the blood of Jesus!
What does that mean? Explain it for those outside the faith.
Amen 🙏🏼
What a great comment.. ive often wondered how that works. I Love the story of Jesus and get that he lived and died for us and that his blood, as all innocent blood is precious. When people say ,they have been washed in the blood of Jesus, i would like to know what that means, besides appreciating his sacrifice.. is that it ? Or is it a mystical thing... @@nickma71
ABSOLUTELY - THAT'S WHY THE PLACE WAS GONE 40 YEARS AFTER THE FINAL SACRIFICE -: also the veil was torn meaning that through the blood of Jesus God is no longer hid from men's eyes - FACE TO FACE
Wrong....even Paul admitted animal sacrifices remove sins....
Thank you for your providing this video on Jesus’s incredible sacrifice for us.
Thank you for your amazing ministry! I’ve watched almost every video you’ve created on RUclips, and have been blessed by your work. Many of us may never get to go to Israel to see the history of the Israelite people, and where the Messiah Jesus lived, died, and rose again - conquering sin, death, and the grave, and offering eternal life for those who choose to believe He is the One and only Son of Almighty God! Blessings to you, your family, and all those you love and hold dear!
Eucharisteo 🙏⚓️❤️
Thank you, Joel Kramer, for your extensive work and the wonderful and extremely helpful videos you have produced. Your work has greatly blessed me, and I share your videos with many people.
The LORD bless you and keep you.
Mike in Oregon
I'd so like to give this one two thumbs up!!! Thanks, once again for your perspective. The message of salvation in the Temple Mount archeology.
We’re the Temple now! But I love the history of anything to do with the Bible! I bought your book too❤️
Yes we are, and the third Temple in Jerusalem will be rebuilt according to prophecy
@@indigatorveritatis7343there is no third temple in prophecy
Thats not where the temple was, you are looking at Fort Antonio which perfectly fit the other Roman forts in those time. Where is the Gihon Spring, where is the fresh water for sacrifice that rose up in the temple. Not one stone upon another literally means it was dug to the foundations. History is sometime written to make us believe what certain forces want us to believe but if you follow the bible you cant go wrong.
I'm on the side that believes the last Temple was located in the city of David, as mentioned several times in scripture.
I have been worried about you and your beautiful family! I’ve been checking your channel every day my friend! May God continue to Bless you and your family 🙏🏽🌎
If you think about it the temple was destroyed in 66 the passion of our lord was in the year 33.
The words of Christ would be fulfilled, he said not one stone would be left upon another; The temple stood for another 33 years, just long enough for Christianity to be spread throughout the whole of the world.
Jesus said
I am the way, the truth,
and the life
But jew blieve jesus alraedy die and they not blieve in ressuraction of jesus christ.. That a fact, google it yourself if you not blieve me🤷♂️
Joel, I just purchased your book on Amazon tonight. I can't wait to start reading it tomorrow! Your amazing videos and the reviews of the book had me sold.
Thank you so much for the important work you do in encouraging Christians world wide.
Thoughts and prayers for Israel and for your safety. Another great video. I hope to visit before the Lord calls me home.
My favorite YT Subscription. Bravo, Joel for pointing the way, clearly to Jesus, Israel's One and only Messiah. Soon to return. Isaiah 53.. All our Hope.
I have watched a lot of your videos but this one has truly touched my heart. I’ve been a Christian for a very long time but I’m understanding more and more each day. This video has given me a better understanding of the Temple Mount and the ripping of the curtain. Thank you for teaching this to me, you’ve enhanced my Christian journey. God Bless you
Would love to see you travel to Saudi Arabia to show us the twelve wells of Elim (Where Moses met Zippora), and the site where the wayward Israelites built an altar of the golden calf which Moses destroyed and ground into dust, as well as the12 pillars built by Moses next to an altar where Moses relayed the covenant, and the Split Rock of Moses. And, of course, the real Mount Sibai (Jebel Al-Lawz)
Egypt also has the spot where the Israelites entered the Red Sea when God parted it for them to cross in Yam Suph (Nuweiba beach).
I love when people use science to prove biblical places and events rather than to disprove it for God gave us knowledge of science with out him we would have no way to prove his existence but if you need proof of his existence all you have to do is open your heart to him and he will show you he exist
Exactly. Knowledge belong to God. But he allows humans to know more
Thank You Jesus for The Blood that You gave up for our sins. Praise You Forever!
I cannot thank you enough. I knew these facts but let me tell you: His Story never grows old. HalleluYah.
It changes all the time. Christianity is a cult.
@@Bc232klm You are IGNORANT!
I think having a temple to the god of evil built over the spot where Abraham was going to offer Isaac makes perfect sense. Satan always seeks to desecrate what God has made Holy
You have done an outstanding job helping us to understand the significance of the temple mount.
How you brought in the rabbi and historian to help explain the comment JESUS made about all the bldgs
Blocks being thrown down. Honestly I've always been a little fuzzy on that whole subject. I've always loved the old testament and among Christians now days that really seems rare. I believe in all of the Bible and instead of taking the easy way out and saying don't worry about the old testament thats all fairytales, you only need to focus on the new testament. I just can't believe that's what GOD wants of us. There is a lot of hard to understand situations and alot that SEEMS unrealistic ,but someone that looks at it through the eyes of a Christian and an educated person like you, that does the work that you have, has really done me and I'm sure,ALOT of others a real service. I can't wait to see more of your programs. God bless you . Thank you again.
Awesome commentary. Clear cut understanding, explaination and interpretation of both the old and new Testament linking up to Jesus The Messiah. Thanks and God bless you for preaching the True Gospel of Jesus Christ our Lord and Saviour.
After watching this I'm still convinced Bob Cornuke is right about the true location of the Temple.
Absolutely
This is why I feel sorry for the Jews not believing in Jesus who said this would happen and it did, yet the majority still don’t believe in the Messiah “Jesus” who said this would happen. I look forward to His return when all Israel look on the one they pierced; John 19:37
Always enjoy these informative Expedition Bible videos. Many thanks
No wonder we all should adore Him! Jesus, the name that calms our fears, that bids our sorrows cease….
The temple was not on the later proclaimed ‘Temple Mount’, that’s where a Roman fort stood. That thing that was connected to what people thought was the temple is not the fort, but a gate, it could not fit 6000 soldiers like a account from the time said. Other accounts prove that the fort was there and not the temple. Also Jesus said EVERY stone would fall. Also the hezekiah tunnels and the priest’s springs are below in the City of David. All what is left of THAT supposed temple location is an underground tunnel with a sacrificing stone and a few other things in rock. The crusaders were the dumb ones who started the idea that that hill was where the temple stood, and Jerusalem was slightly larger than people picture in videos.
Thank you for clearing this up! The tunnels & springs are clearly present in the City of David offering the real location of the ancient temples. If you go to Jerusalem, the local merchants & residents will tell you it was in the City of David!
Yes, and they also believed that the western hill was the original Jerusalem! It was 1700 years later, after finding the City of David, that they realized they were completely wrong.
I love learning from your videos, and that you are in this place using the scriptures and trust in God to guide your findings. You help to make things clear and understandable, thank you!
Hello from Kenya! Thanks so much for this content. A few times I have led groups from the US to the holy land tour. It is so enriching and refreshing to go through your teaching. God bless you!
The Jewish people have had a hard existence. I have absolute faith that our Lord will bring you peace someday.
God, YHWH purposefully removed the temple from the Jewish and Christian’s hands. A blessed reminder that the temple is no longer a building, but the temple is inside our bodies. Where we should worship and sacrifice to Him. 🙏❤️💃
The Temple is coming again, it was removed so that the gentiles can have a relationship with Jesus but its coming back, The word of God says Jesus will rule for a 1000 years with a iron fist in the temple, Jerusalem.
I LOVE this video and everything that leads from these conversations. It is 100% clear that Jesus Chris (The Messiah of Israel) is THE Almightly God of Israel and ALSO the God of the gentiles - ONE God to two distinct groups clearly described in the Bible - The Jews and the Gentiles. Prasie Almighty God for his perfect and unadulterated WORD. Amen
The people *closest* to God (the disciples) recorded when the veil of the Holy of Holies opened up. The Jewish rabbis recorded the doors of the temple opening by themselves when our Savior died. Josephus the secular historian recorded the gates of the city of Jerusalem opening by themselves when Y’shua died.
5:45 But this isn’t necessarily true. 2nd chronicles doesn’t tell us that the same spot where Abraham went to sacrifice Isaac is exactly the same place where Solomon later built the Temple. Genesis states that Abraham went to sacrifice Isaac in the “land of Moriah” (also sometimes translated as “mountains” or “region” of Moriah) but doesn’t specify a specific mountaintop. Therefore, all we can 100% conclude is that both Abraham’s altar and Solomon’s temple were located in the land and/or mountains of Moriah. It’s true that they MAY have been located at the same mountaintop, but Scripture doesn’t explicitly say that.
I love that you always share the gospel in your videos. I all these videos. BTW, I first saw you on Sean McDowell's channel.
He failed to properly explain how the 10th Roman legion (10,000 soldiers strong) plus all of their support staff and many soldiers had their families with them fit in that small area they want us to believe was Fort Antonia.
All one has to do is to search for ancient Roman forts that held a legion.
You will see that it is the exact size of the Temple Mount.
The way we know the legion was at full or close to full strength is during the time of the crucifixion was that the Jews were under constant rebellion and many troops were needed to quell revolt.
God just led me to this channel and I am just thrilled! Wonderful & informative video and I can hardly wait to watch more! New subscriber also! 🫶🏼🙏🏻
This content is great, I will be binging this channel! Does anyone else think that this guy has an incredible speaking voice? Someone should commission him to read the Bible for an app or something.
It's astonishing how there could be so much evidence for Jesus as the Son of God - Messiah, and yet most Jews reject Him! I do not advocate that they be mistreated in any way, but they will be totally lost because the only way to get to heaven is through one Door - that door is Jesus. see John 10
Eyes have been blinded... 'scales'... they cannot see obvious truth.
This video shows this very clearly, as the Jewish man just dismisses the obvious message in those 'rocks'.
ONLY God knows how he will ultimately judge those Jews who have never truly been witnessed to.
But, know this.. in the latter days, MANY jewish people will come to know Christ.
Many former Jews and Rabbis are now preaching gospel.
AMEN!
So many miss the message of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son. Abraham proved his faith and God provided His own Son as substitute.
Put GOD FIRST ALWAYS MAY GOD BLESS ISRAEL
Sick man that he would have his own son sacrificed for an imaginary being.
Hitting the “ like” button is minuscule, when what I really feel is like jumping for joy ! Someday the scales will be removed from the eyes of the Hebrew and all will know Christ IS the Lord.
Excellent presentation! God himself destroyed the veil of the Temple. Why? Because it's no longer needed. The Ultimate sacrifice was made. The only sacrifice that could redeem us from the punishment of sin which is death. As the Apostle Paul stated, "Know ye not the ye are the temple of God, and the holy spirit resides within you?"
Therefore those waiting for a third stone Temple to be built are DENYING the sacrifice that Jesus made. The temple Age is over! It is finished!
So if Jesus is the third temple, as a Christian, I should not be encouraged to see a third temple building be built?
The Book of Hebrews tells Christians don’t go back to a physical Temple because Jesus is the real Temple.
I absolutely love your videos and all your work. Thank you for taking the time to flesh out all of these sites and verses so that more people may believe!
See The Temple, by Bob Cornuke. So many unaddressed issues by Expedition Bible here. ..
Do you think the underground cisterns on the Temple Mount, would have been built by King Solomon too?
During the dedication of the Temple, 1000s of sacrifices were made.
The water supply there had no pressure.
The Gihon Spring has been noted, that it had pressure to go up 3 stories, and was used by the priests. We also have Melchizedek the High Priest, and a location in the City of David, where sacrifices were made in a priestly order.
JESUS SON OF GOD Please 🙏 have mercy on us. All Praise, Honor & GLORY be unto YOU!
Father, I pray that you will soften this Rabbi's heart and open his eyes so that he may know Jesus and be saved.
I pray the spirit of God, will convict him of sin, righteousness, and judgment, so that he might turn to Christ
I believe also that what Jesus meant about in 3 days He will build up the temple, is because Jesus rose from the dead in the third day after His crucifixion. He actually rose after 3 days and so restored the temple which was His body.
The temple ceased to be relevant or required after the death and resurrection of Christ. That’s why it was destroyed and completely levelled in AD70, the sacrifices ended. The way back to God was open again but only through Christ.
Thank You Lord Jesus. I love You with all the fullness of my heart. I can't wait to spend eternity with You.
May I ask please, have You been born of water and the Spirit? Jn.3:5, Acts 2:38, Mk.16:16, Mt.28;19 (KJV version)
Regards.
@@tpv59 of course! Have you?
@@OliveCandy38
Yes I have.
May I ask please, are You a trinitarian, or a Christian? (Serious question)
(Obviously there is NO God the Son, and there is NO God the Holy Ghost in the word of God. KJV version. NO trinity of Roman gods.)
Thank You and regards.
Beautiful. Thank you for this awesome presentation of this biblical truth and the practical application of your archeological study.