Nuclear Fusion: Reacting To Commercialization
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- Опубликовано: 7 июл 2024
- www.vlab.org/events/nuclear-f...
NOVEMBER 14, 2017, 6:00 PM - 8:30 PM PST
LOCATION:
William R. Hewlett Teaching Center, Room 200
370 Serra Mall, Stanford University
Stanford, CA
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In Partnership with US ASIA TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT CENTER
*Moderator:
Rachel Slaybaugh, APRA-E Program Director and Assistant Professor of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
*Panelists:
Michel Laberge, Founder and Chief Scientist, General Fusion
Matthew Thompson, Director of Physics, Tri Alpha Energy
Tom McGuire, Research Engineer and Scientist, Lockheed Martin
Ray Rothrock, Former General Partner, Venrock, Chair of NVCA, and CEO of Redseal
*Event Team:
Chairs: Walter Mok, Ed Abramczyk, Jerry Fuqua, Glen Speckert, Michelle Tsing
Team Members:
Dan Brehmer, Briana Burrows, Avid Farhoodfar, David Hamm, Giulia Lanza, Edmond Macaluso, KY Narasimhan, Alessandro Ratti, Elle Rustique, Tony San, John Silvestro
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Successful entrepreneurs including Peter Thiel, Paul Allen, and Jeff Bezos are investing in innovative nuclear fusion startup companies, such as Helion Energy, Tri-Alpha, and General Fusion. Lockheed Martin is building a compact fusion reactor prototype, looking at future markets. These approaches are leaner and evolve faster than large government or international fusion projects.
Startups may now apply AI to accelerate nuclear fusion. Innovative physics and AI technology provide nuclear fusion moon shots an opportunity to change the world, disrupting future markets with cost-effective abundant energy.
The race to commercialization is accelerating, as investors make socially responsible long-term commitments. While each machine is modest compared to government or international efforts, their results point to multiple paths for commercialization of nuclear fusion.
Come listen to a panel drawn from the frontier of commercialization of nuclear fusion.
Learn innovative commercial approaches to Nuclear Fusion
Understand Socially Responsible Investing Options
Ask your questions of the Pioneers!
Join the conversation on social media. Use hashtag #NuclearFusion 
Наука
great collection of ppl :)
Stan Sandu
A short autobiography, to give you the confidence that in this life, up to 77 years old, in 2019, I have managed to accumulate a good general culture, to know and understand things in the seen and unseen world. I was born on October 10, 1943, in a family of peasants, neither rich nor poor, that is, with a house, with birds and animals in the yard, with a garden, with trees and a few hectares of field work. I did the primary school classes 1 ... 4 in the village Lacu-Sarat near Braila, grades 5 ... 7 in the commune of Chiscani, then the professional school for 3 years as a laminator worker in the city of Braila. The 4 high school classes 8 ... 11 I did in the evening, I did a year and a half army.
I started working at the factory at 18 years and worked until I was 60 years. I did 6 years faculty in the evening at the specialty of the Technology Construction of Machines , and in the last 30 years until retirement in 2002 I worked as a technological engineer. Since 1967, I have been pursuing scientific research and scientific research in the world regarding the construction possibilities of a controlled thermonuclear reactor and I understood things as a participant in the research activities.
So what I'm telling you are things that almost 100 percent have been proven and researched. Because of this I have been drafting a project for the controlled thermonuclear reactor since the 1970s, I even submitted it as an invention in 1969, and in 1971 it was rejected. But over time I have improved it as a project, but after 2010, after taking a 3-year Theology course, I discovered that the scheme of the controlled thermonuclear reactor project corresponds to the description of Patriarch Enoch in the "Book of Enoch" ”Chapter 68. And the device for producing and propagating a strong electromagnetic flux, indispensable for the creation and operation of the magnetic trap in the reactor, coincides with the diagram on the tombstone of Pacal from Palenque-Mexico.
I understand that the projects of controlled thermonuclear reactor proposed and realized in the world during the last 60 years of type: tokamak, stelerator, laser and many other types, have nothing to do with the working model of the Sun, and analyzing their constructive problems. and of the operating technology, we understand that these so-called controlled fusion reactors are worse than nuclear fission reactors, and let's see some very difficult problems.
1). The internal surface of the nuclear combustion chamber in a Tokamak or a stelator is directly exposed to millions of degrees plasma, that is to the flux of radiation and heat that melts and erodes the internal surface of the combustion chamber, which must be replaced by more. many times during the life of the reactor. But this internal surface of the combustion chamber is also linked to the lithium blanket (tritium breeder), which, though, must be irradiated with neutrons from the plasma. This results in the irradiation of all components, their deterioration, and their maintenance and replacement must be done with robots by manipulating them from a distance.
2). Tritium is radioactive, the half-life is 12.3 years, and the lithium blanket must be one meter thick. Tritium is difficult to maintain, can penetrate concrete, rubber and some types of steel. It turns out that deuterium-tritium technology is not good, and the power plant would work INTERMITENTLY, and it is difficult to protect against radiation: coils that produce the magnetic field, diagnostic and control equipment, humans and the environment. So far, the technology of tritium production has been made only by computer modeling without experimental data.
3) .The superconducting magnets are INEFFICIENT allowing the fusion plasma instability. The superconducting coils produce a magnetic field only around the coil, and the distance to the thermonuclear plasma area is about 1.5 meters, due to the thickness of the vacuum vessel, due to the lithium blanket of one meter thick (lithium blanket) and plus the coil housing that produces the magnetic field. The only reasonable RECIPIENT for a plasma with millions of degrees is an electromagnetic field in continuous circulation stratified and interwoven as a rigid and mobile wall. Let us not forget that the Sun has a strong electromagnetic trap, that otherwise the solar radiation from the nuclear fusion of the Sun would have spread throughout the solar system and the Sun would have gone out.
4). Plasma neutrons degrade the structures, and molten lithium is at risk of fire and explosion. Bombardment with fusion neutrons removes atoms from their structural positions, making them radioactive and weakening the structure that must be replaced periodically and "buried" for several decades. Biological screening is also required when the reactor is not running. Remote handling equipment and robots are required. There will be extended downtime for repairs, even minor repairs.
5). At the fission reactors 500 people are hired in four weekly shifts (permanently), and at a fusion reactor 1000 people should be employed. The harsh realities of thermonuclear fusion with such installations and technologies: tokamak, stellerator and laser deny the praise of fusion supporters with: unlimited, clean, safe and cheap energy!
6). Plasma fusion combines three parameters: temperature, particle density and time, which at certain values start the reaction and self-maintain, and in the case of the tokamak or the stellerator, respectively, the particle density is extremely low. If we don't have particle density, we don't have a magnetic trap, then we don't have nuclear fusion. We must not forget that even in a hydrogen bomb, there is first a fission reaction produced by a small atomic bomb to heat the hydrogen bomb's contents to the temperature required for fusion and at the same time provide the required particle density. So in our controlled fusion, we must ensure the strictly necessary: temperature, concentration and duration.
There are many SCIENTIFIC and TECHNICAL OBSTACLES! The sun works easily because it has good technology and a powerful electromagnetic trap. All studies show that the stars are composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium (92% hydrogen and 7.8% helium). And the surface temperatures of the observed stars decrease with the decrease of the solar mass, some reaching 2900 Kelvin degrees. Which shows that at a smaller fusion reactor with a spherical combustion chamber the fusion temperature will be lower.
There are too many orders and many coincidences in the workings of the stars, that we must believe that the stars are created and overseen as artificial bodies of God with His angels and His extraterrestrial people, as the Patriarch Enoch tells us in his book. Current fusion facilities are just projects that cannot be connected to the mains to provide electricity. These installations have only worked for a second or a little longer, while a fusion power station must operate continuously all the time!
In order to make it less difficult to make a compatible fusion reactor, we must really understand what MATERIAL and ENERGY is, what is the MAGNETIC FIELD and the ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD, so that we can re-engineer an appropriate magnetic trap, without modeling on the computer with data. theoretical. We must understand that nuclear fusion is not just a source of heat, but that it TRANSFORMS a part of the mass into a certain form of energy, according to the relation in which the Energy (E) equals the mass (m) multiplied by the speed of light at square.
But be careful! Missing mass as a result of fusion, we say that it is transformed into energy, which is in fact the ELECTRIC ETER, also a material mass with other characteristics, with energy particles many thousands times smaller than electrons. We collect these particles of electric ether with the electric generators and they hand us the domestic and industrial electrical equipment.
These particles of electric ether, if they bond to one another, can form a portion of a magnetic field, respectively a bond between certain particles. And with this electric and magnetic ether, certain actions can be performed. Because of this, magnetic fields can be transformed into electromagnetic fields that can move in space, and which in between can space thermonuclear plasma, which is not yet a completely decomposed matter.
The condensed ether particles form the seen matter: protons, neutrons and electrons, which in turn when they form a visible body no longer manifest their electric field or magnetic field as in the component ether particles. The path to a fusion power plant is through the reaction of the proton-proton and deuterium-deuterium respectively.
I left my comments below. Thanks for the upload, very interesting.. I like the Canadian project. The others seem like failed expensive and impractical projects.
On the issue of efficiency, even though that old reactor project in Norway (Haldren IFE) should be replaced, the idea that 40 countries should pool their resources for safety and innovation without VF pressure for corporate secrecy/proctecton is a good one! having dozens of different projects with insular investment pressures is not as good as the idea of IFE Halden (though the project need more transparency, radiation monitors and a new reactor (possibly replaced with a fusion project).. Also, socio political developments have huge impacts on these smaller projects (ie BREXIT etc) ..
We have not demonstrated ignition yet. The amount of energy in is higher than amount of energy out. Fusion does not work yet.
I'd love to ask this panel what they think about the new kid on the Nuclear Block ie Thorium Molten Salt reactors. Looking at how easy those reactors are to develop, do they think that they've actually backed the wrong horse?
thats fission . . . . this is fusion. MSR's aren't actually new either they have been around since the late sixties or seventies i believe, and they are a better fission reactor. My thoughts are they will be the next generation fission reactor to get us to fusion . . . whenever that comes. Its coming but its a ways off.
glassdave - MSRs go back to the highly successful experiment at the Oak Ridge National Lab which first went critical in 1965. The experiment was abandoned for political reasons and the documents almost lost as a result. The technical challenge to make these commercially viable is orders of magnitude easier than trying to make fusion reactors. This is why there are currently several companies developing the technology and China have a large team doing the same. It seems highly likely that this is going to beat fusion to the finishing line and at a cost that will make fusion uneconomic. Frankly, I can't see fusion ever being viable against such competition.
i totally agree, I'm actually surprised they are not the dominant technology in fission or that they were not the main focus from its inception. I really do think we will get fusion some day . . . . some day lol. Its my wishful thinking that i will still see it in my lifetime and probably what drives my optimism. If nothing else its fun to watch the technology unfold. I think NOVA or someone did a great doc on MSR's not to long ago.
glassdave - Personally I think it's a tragedy that Pressurised Water Reactors became the reactors of choice. The developers knew it was inherently dangerous and inferior to Molten Salt reactors, but they were already a proven technology. Pressurised water reactors were being built in the place where they wanted the jobs and they could produce materials for the military. In that climate, Molten Salt reactors didn't stand a chance and we ended up with incidents at Chernoble and Fukushima as a result. None of these kinds of accidents are possible with Molten Salt reactors. The efficiency of Uranium reactors is truly dire, releasing barely 4% of the available energy from the fuel. Molten Salt reactors have the possibility of achieving over 90% efficiency and the fuel is virtually limitless.
I too am fascinated by Fusion and I sincerely hope they do manage to do it. I think the odds are stacked against them though, the difficulty is likely to be too great to make it viable.
I grew up in the shadow of Davis Besse in NW Ohio (literally within a mile). . . . we've had our share of scares lol. Its amazing how politics mires up the field i suspect the same is happening in Fusion, not sure if you are aware but ITER is merely a proof of concept experiment. It will be run for just a short time to prove its capable, only then will an actual reactor be built. Essentially a twenty billion dollar sales tool. The fusion "race" is actually to simplify it before ITER is run, if at all possible.
two very good talks if this interest you
MIT's pathway to fusion energy with Zach Hartwig
Why I changed my mind about nuclear power - Michael Shellenberger (another great TedX talk and a bit of an eye opener for me on some levels)
Stan Sandu
About the UNIFIED LAW! Part 2/2.
The electrical ether - for example- proceed from magnetic field from atoms, eliminated in following combination of the deuterium with tritium in helium. The eliminated magnetic field it decompose in particles of electrical ether in chamber of thermonuclear reaction. Any chemical combination eliminate this electrical ether. But at the chemical combination the chemical elements which participate at reaction can not to be magnetic isolated because they it combine before to be ionized.
As following of the thermonuclear reaction from Sun, the Sun is a giant powerstation of electromagnetic energy, a powerfull source of electricity which keep up the life of every where from his planetary system. This electrical ether which come from Sun, we gather him with our electrical generators and drive our industry.
D.I.Mendeleev had shown that we can not conceive without motion even the smallest matter particle. It says about radiations , but about atoms and molecules that they have a vibration frequency of approximate 10 at 13...10 at 15 what means that these are turning arround theirs self axes with 10 at 13...10 at 15 rotations on second proofing the existence of a continuous inertial motion in matter.
How the solidification begins from external it would resultated that in the central zone at any underatomic particles would remained continuously a primary matter mass, more viscous, aproximately magnetic mass, so that to the shown rotations the free underatomics particles, or in the atom*s frame, to take out in space matter from the central zone, but on which to it recover continuously for maintaining the them integrity.
The external*s particle by friction with the medium became a spherical surface, and in the inner share continous the crystallisation it will obtain a uniformly waved surface, with helicoidal channels disposed around his axis. Thus the approximately magnetic matter from the central zone can get out only a certain extremity, evolving around the particle or farther away in space from where it turns by the other extremity of the particle.
The inertial movement working of the underatomic particles and the atoms as whole permits them to compare with the powerful ASPIRATORS which absorbs, but its emits too matter under the form of field*s particle. Thus, two interaction bodies it creates between them a magnetic depresion what constitute the attraction force between bodies. The permanent existence of the materials fieldes make us sure of the fact of the matter is outside from the bodies too, giving the interaction between them.
About the ethereal physics and ethereal chemistry we spoke a little, for to argue the unified law to him Newton, I shal cite directly from the communuications of the spatial men, from the work : ”From the life*s mysteries and of the Universe”, to the profesor Scarlat Demetrescu, published first time in 1939.
”An electrical current circulate forever through the internal matter of the particle from Infinte. Grace of this inner electrical current, the particle is living, has life through self herself. Because the motion of inertial rotation of the particle, it born in the her interior electromagnetism. The electromagnetic circuit can be at interior or can be and outside. He can be positive or negative. The internal motion will give birth to an electromagnetic field emited in outside. This emission constitute the matter of the electromagnetic field which circulate among particles”.
”The living particle from the zone of the Infinte overtake in the zone of the Cosmos and of the universes. Thus the universal ether is a mass of living particles, of small living bodies, that can enter in one microbe of your with handreds of thousands. These living particles are in a continuously motion through them nature - being electrical - produces electrical energy. That is why it named electrogenic particles.
In the zone collisions and explosion starry, from the primary matter - matter under electrical field, magnetic field and radiations form, it begins to form the underatomic particles; first the electron which remain as crystallisation nucleus definitized on him the neutron, which at that time when becomes free is transformed in proton and electron, respective in atoms of hydrogen, giving immenses hydrogen clouds what finds on the stary cataclysms place.
Gravity: born, inseparable and essential the matter, is produced by a cause which acts constantly in the matter particles. All three principles of Dynamics: !). the principle of inertia; 2). the principle of proportionality acceleration with force; and 3). the principle of the action and reaction; all are the essential elements of the universal attraction law, law which in essence is a law of the inertial masses in movement.
The INERTIAL MOVE from matter produce the gravitational field, and the gravity with her particles ties the macrocosmos with microcosmos and influenced all what exists siting thus at the general existence basis. The UNIFIED LAW of matter*s forces I can say with certainty that it exists from some hundred years and is Newton*s universal attraction law.
The UNIVERSAL ATTRACTION LAW it applay identicallly to the movement the atoms of the ethereal matters, identically to the movement the atoms of the chemical elements, identically to the movement the planets and stars of one galaxy, because any body of any dimension possess a mass and thus is subdued the newtonian forces of interaction.
The UNIFIED LAW is the LAW of the UNIVERSAL ATTRACTION FORCES = of the GRAVITATIONAL INTERACTION FORCES = of the ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FORCES produced by the inner movement of the inertial rotation of the ethereal matter from bodies and substances. This, because, the ethereal particles are continuous movement through the them nature, being electrical - produce electrical energy, being named and electrogenic particles.
The universal attraction law of the Newton is the UNIFIED LAW because all those three fundamental interactions: the nuclear interaction, the electromagnetic (electron-proton) interaction and the gravitational interaction are interactions produced through the ethereal matter, what bind the clasical physics with the good part of the modern physics, but it bind and the ETHEREAL PHYSICS.
Isaac Newton establishes the basic notion of classical mechanics, proved the universal attraction law and put base of the celestial mechanics. Newton had affirmed THAT IT HASN*T EXIST NATURAL PROCESS who HASN*T produced BY ATTRACTION and REPULSION ACTIVE FORCES which REGULATES the CELESTIAL BODIES MOVEMENT and the BODIES FALING down, that LEEDS the CHEMICAL and MECHANICAL PROCESSES, fact which makes that the universal attraction law acts in macrocosmos and as in microcosmos.
Thus, all the physics*s laws, chemistry*s laws and biology*s laws it can include and explain through this unified law of the electromagnetic field produced of inner movement of iunertial rotation of the matter from bodies and substances. The spacial brethren say us about Newton that: ”Newton is great saint with us in Sky!”
Now, were collided particles in LHC and you seen that is nothing: none Higgs boson, none Big Bang, neither black holes, but only thousands of shards of ethereal particles.Therefore now, return you physicists from your distraction, at Isaac Newton with his universal attraction law = THE UNIFIED LAW of the MATTERS and FORCES, at the eliminated ETHER by Einstein, at unseen world of ethereal and spiritual matters which fill up the Cosmos, and return you at the Lord- at God!
Stan Sandu
About the UNIFIED LAW! Part 1/2
To manage the construction and operation of the controlled thermonuclear reactor, we must revise our knowledge ETER*s removed from current science. The Eter is a material reality which represent 96% from the material mass of the Cosmos. All we see is just a state of concentrated eters ways. Electric current is an electrical eter and is not itself electrons. The electrons in an electrical conductor have only an intermediary role in electrical conduction. For magnetic trap, we the people need to work with the Ethereal matter of electromagnetic field; which withstands at millions of degrees!
A magnetic trap to dress and spatialized a thermonuclear plasma with millions of degrees has not been done on contemporary Earth humanity. In the case of the thermonuclear plasma, magnetic trap must have an ELECTROMAGNETIC field to evolve further into space from the source that creates, in order to surround a rigid wall and unpenetrable plasma globe with millions of degrees Celsius.
Broadcasting and movement in space of a powerful electromagnetic field flux is predicted theoretically, but there is manifested with all power in nature. For example, the Sun unfold temperatures of millions of degrees, and that noted specifically that there is a strong magnetosphere solar who dress tight the solar mass incandescent, goes into space billions of kilometers and returns and the top, and dressing again the solar incandescent mass.
From a theoretical stand-point, since 1860 J.C.Maxwell physicist says, as a electromagnetic radiation result not by varying fields, but and at the constant field, when varies the electrical permitivity, or magnetic permeability, or both. Surprisingly, the bottom of the scheme printed on the tombal stone of the King Pacal from Palenque- Mexico, is an electromagnetic reactiv motor, yet is a device that can produce and emit a strong electromagnetic field flux, the best for insulation and spatialized of the plasma, face of the walls of thermonuclear combustion chamber.
The texture of toroidal, poloidal or stellarator magnetic field is too rare for to a magnetic trap. The magnetic trap must let be one electromagnetic stratified wall with weaved at entrance and with disweaved at emergence. The electromagnetic wall of the magnetic trap is a wall with formation and continuous displacement.
Feeding a superconductive coil with an electrical current it obtain in the her round only a magnetic field. But disposing in the round of the superconductive coil a certain magnetic and dielectric pieces, it obtain the variation of the electrical permitivity and of the magnetic permeability, which will transform the magnetic field of the superconductive coil in electromagnetic field, which can evolve (go) more far away in space, without to close immediately the curl.
The model of thermonuclear controlled reactor proposed of myself - reproduces entirely the conditions from Sun. Viz: 1). Produce a globe of plasma and turned it with 800 m/s; 2).Ensure a magnetic trap with two electromagnetic crossed fields which dress and turn the globe of plasma; 3). Supply continuously with hydrogen in state of plasma and ensure the its confination. Moreover, makes possibly to direct gathering of the electrical current.
But in 1905, A.Einstein conclude that the ether hasn*t a correspondent in the reality. By excluding the ether Einstein*s Relativity deal prior with the geometrization of space and not with matter which fills this space.
The science has and history. In the Fundamental Principle of Democrit (470...380 BC) it show: ”From nothing nothing*s born; nothing that exist can not be destroyed and any transformation consists from a reunion and a separation. Nothing is hazardous, all it*s happening has a cause and a necessity. Out of atoms and ETHER, all rest is otherwise than rationament and do not exist. The SPIRIT as well as the ETHER consist of small and sferical atoms, very mobile, atoms that their movement form the phenomenon of LIFE”.
Today, on measure that the theory advances from clasic mechanics to the quantum mechanics the particle and wave are gradual dematerialize. The modern physics is blocked by enounciation of some laws and mistaken principles as: relativity theory; Hubble*s law; postulation that the atom can*t emit and absorb radiations continuously; admiting the postulate what claims the photons without mass a.s.o. These guide us at supernatural, and at the technical and technological blockage.
D.I.Mendeleev had shown through 1860: ”Studying the ether which penetrate in all the bodies and asking myself the question: from what is formed this ether*s mass, I had admitted the idea that theirs atoms, or his matter represent the primary matter, from which are formed all atoms. The existece to the one light mass, to the one light substance and less of chemical forces, is possibly but is even necessary”.
After Mendeleev*s opinion is possible and necessary the extension of periodical system for other size*s order - more small- of the ethereal matter particles. About the absolute vacuum space, M.Faraday had the certitude that it doesn*t exist, and exist only an incomplete vacuum whose spatial magnetic state is of the most importance for the natures phenomenons.
But the ETHER is a physical reality constituted from a very small matter, invisible for human eye, and is formed from atoms more small with 7...8 order of dimension than the atoms of the chemical elements. The matter of the ether penetrate in all the bodies and is the physical matter which fills both the interplanetary space and the interatomic space. The ether is a matter with mass and weigth, being subdued and she the action of the universal attraction law.
The REAL ELECTRIC LOAD is a particle of electrical ether more, more small than the electron, has and she a personal and rapid rotation, producing a personal magnetic field, which it gear with the magnetic field from the round of one electrical conductor. The ELECTRICAL FIELD is a field of particles of electrical ether, free and it move approximate in right line. The MAGNETIC FIELD from the round of one conductor is constituted forever from particles of the electrical ether, but magnetic coupled head at head and it move on a curve forming concentric circles in round to one conductor. The ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD is a combination of particles of electrical field and of curls of magnetic field, having property of the evolve in space.
The ELECTRICAL CURRENT consist in circulation in the round and in l engtways to one electrical conductor to the particles of electrical ether guided on the magnetic field from the round the electrical conductor. The gathering and the condensation of the particles of electrical ether it make with the help of the induction magnetic field when the electrical generator work. Here has place and the transformation a one part of particles of electrical ether in particles of the magnetic field from the round of the conductor.
The ACTUAL ELECTRICAL GENERATORS: galvanic elements and electrical accumulators; dynamos and alternators, thermoelements and photoelectric cell - transform NOTHING, but they only gather the electrical energy = the particle of the electrical ether which exist in metals, in the environing medium, in the thermic radiation or in the ray of light!
dreaming its free
Pandoras Promise :) One of the least watched films .. Vulture funds .. Well at least you did cover some technical and practical information.. " nuclear is a blooming field"after Fukushima?? Tax payers will be left holding the bills after the VF`s have done their "investing" ask the big UK insurance companies and the Norwegian investors who lost or divested their money post Fukushima 2011 .. Medical isotope manufacture using lasers is a great idea, saves all the pollution from the Budapest medical isotope institute (ref CRIIRAD), you should have discussed this practical and intelligent use of some of this technology imo
AI "microsoft is looking at it"" meanwhile China has said it has a working AI machine (in this years new year address) .. AI means that hacking is going to be a big business.. Good tech will have to be less technical to be safe.. "Water is a commodity"??.. Only in the USA, water is a human right.. Desalination on a large scale will cause coastal regions to increase the saline content, not a good idea..
On the issue of recruitment of students.. Most of the brighter student go to the finance VF etc sectors.. Nuclear has the problem od secrecy and non transparency with a reliance on PR companies. The brighter students know this by doing a simple google and because of responses to fukushima etc. I was going to go to Fukushima to do clean up but as i saw the manipulation of the reporting on the disaster, I quickly changed my mind, I dont mind taking a risk but it would be nice if the industry actually told the workers of the risk. Compartmentalisation of the nuclear industry breeds distrust and the targeting of whistleblowers/critical voices was the final straw for me.. The more I research this topic the deeper the rabbit hole goes.. China spends much more on wind, solar and hydro than the pittance on nuclear, that says something.. They keep enough nuclear for their weapons..