How Microchips Are Made - Manufacturing of a Semiconductor
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- Опубликовано: 14 май 2024
- #chipmanufacturing
How are microchips made - from sand to semiconductor: Microelectronics usually is hidden to society - however, it is a constant companion in our daily lives. It tremendously contributes to the ongoing development and digitization of our world. But what is actually behind this technology?
Read more about microchip manufacturing and the importance of wafers or semiconductor chips here:
www.infineon.com/cms/en/produ...
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after 20 years, i finaly understand what was drawn in that intel "how a chip is made" book...
Up to 20 layers in a modern chip, connected by so-called vias, or conductors between layers.
@@raylopez99 you mean in PCB or in chip?
@@goodwill7643 You're right. A chip doesn't have 20 layers of interconnect, PC boards can.
Glad to see someone sponsored this channel! I finally learned how the manufacturing processes fit together to make a chip!
So the shirt is not sponsored. Actually it is my own one due to the fact that I am working at Infineon since 10 years. 😉
@@CPUGalaxy No wonder youre a silicon collector. Working in youre own silicon themed amusement park pretty much.
yeah. But i collected those stuff long time before I joined at Infineon. Now I am surrounded by silicon at work and at home 😍
@@CPUGalaxy Yes
@@CPUGalaxy Greeting from IFKM.. :)
Great to find your channel, courtesy of EEVBlog. Subscribed.
That is a really good video, better than many others. To people interested, in modern high end chips, there is about 500 individual steps and processes involved to make it from silicon wafer to the end chip. It can take a month or two to make one complex chip, like CPU, GPU or FPGA, often with 50 layers, and 20 metal layers. Precision of alignment between each step requires most sophisticated temperature control, optical alignment, laser interferometry, vibration free environment, and dimensional stability (often made of granit, or active water based circulation in major mechanical components to control temperatures within fractions of a degree), and smoothness (often air or magnetic bearings), to ensure repeatability and accuracy, often to just tens of nanometers.
sala indian gandu
Thank you!🤩
where can i learn more about this ?
So cool to see wafer processing on an industrial scale. Back at uni it was mostly manual work for me, so seeing an automated photoresist dispenser is super neat :D
I just got a new laptop with an AMD processor. The CPU has 4.15 billion transistors in an 81 mm^2 area. That's more than 51 million transistors per squre millimeter, ignoring all the capacitors and resisters that are also packed in there. And I'm proud of myself when I make an LED blink.
Not sure they integrate all that many caps/resistors. CPUs don't have many analog circuits. It's virtually all transistors.
Very good overview. Heck the holes vs electron explanation was better than my circuits class in college. Did gloss over a lot of topics. Transistor/diode types, equations, layout traits, reductions, operations, etc. Simulation, layout, design, etc. Forgot testing and verification of IC, binning, etc. However still a very good overview.
Thank you!!! I have been asking and searching for a video like this for years! Awesome job! Very thorough but easy to understand
If anyone is wondering what the process of plasma sputtering is, applied science on RUclips made a video where he makes the machine to do it. Super interesting watch.
I worked in a Quartz fabrication shop.
We made quartz carriers, tools, pedestals and furnace tubes.
All used in the manufacturing of chips.
Very interesting
One of my customers manufactures these chips. Years ago, I worked for a company that sold very accurate vision assisted routing machines for processing the chip carriers. I was required to write a CNC program that cut out the internal pockets where the chip will be inserted. The camera would confirm the location of the alignment marks (fiducials) on the chip carrier and then a small (.032") router bit would cut the pocket out. Tolerances were in the microns. (One micron = 0.000039"). In order to maintain the extreme tolerances, the wear of the carbide router bit had to be factored into the routing algorithm.
thats crazy
IC's are so amazing, the size we are able to make transistors is mind boggling and every year it just gets better even though the die sizes nowadays are not shrinking as fast as they did in the past.
Frankly, his law is dead yes.
Some chips especially for power and analog electronics applications seem to be designed by hand in terms of component placement, but I wonder at what point do chips get designed purely with HDL? Since you work at Infineon, I wonder if it's possible to get a basic walkthrough of the process of creating a custom chip for a customer. Assuming that they have the HDL working on an FPGA let's say, what would be the process of turning that into an ASIC? Are there challenges associated with that? (I can imagine that you'd have to license all IP correctly and some other elements would have to be made differently such as transceiver blocks etc..). I work with FPGAs but I'm very unfamiliar with the ASIC world. Thanks in advance! Very cool video.
Surprised more people haven't subbed from the EEVBlog video - great content!!! This channel is well under subscribed!
Wonderful Content!!
I work in microelectronics and such videos makes me proud
Cheers ✨✌
What's even more amazing, considering the modern miracles of science which goes into creating these microchips, is that one microchip doesn't cost as much as a house. If you were to travel back 100 years, you wouldn't even be able to explain the concept of a microchip to another person. It would have been far beyond what even science fiction was capable of imagining. To the untrained brain, mine for example, just one microchip is as mind-boggling as the depths of the universe.
I was an IC Layout Design Engineer (Mask Designer) in Silicon Valley for 33 years... now retired. Your video is excellent!
Great Great video. The coolest part for me was that you showed the real deal, from the engineers, over the countless machines etc.
This was brilliant, thank you for posting it
This is the only video that is made for humans to understand since all other ones I've seen are like enigma scripts.
I feel like I just watched a training video to work at Infineon.
I watch this video twice and leaving this comment with satisfaction 😌
Congratulations on 10k subs.
Do you have any book recommendations on hardware design? I have the ancient "Introduction to VLSI Systems." Is there a more modern alternative I might find for a reasonable price and is worth a read?
The only video that cleared my doubts on microchips.
very good video - could be good to make a video on technology process, feature size getting smaller. CMOS, BiCMOS, examples, Hybrids. ESD factors, etc. Data sheet specs.
Forget about Intel and AMD, Infineon makes Semiconductor chips so specialized, for incredibly unique and expensive applications, that they make even more revenue and profit that AMD!!!!
Thank you very much. Fascinating!
I am new in the semi industry, and I am glad to find this vedio which shows the actual process !!
Thank you for masking this♡
Very good information with great animation for better understanding.
Very nice. This could be used in a class for sure.
Thanks, the process is magnificent!
I’ve always wondered this exact information
Awesome content 😎 satisfying to my curiosity. Ty
what is the cpu you are holding at start?
Wow! It fills in a lot of gaps, thanks
13:42 Voiceover man meant to say "The Cleanroom fabrication" not "cleaning room".
I worked in the semiconductor industry in one form or another from 1986 to 2007. A lot has changed but the principles are still very much the same.
8:15
how light can form small sizes below 200 nm?
when light has a size from around 200-900 nm
is a smaller spectrum used like x or gamma rays?
The video was really like a brush 🖌️ on the concept ❤️
I've seen a few of these videos, but one question remains unanswered. How do certain bit sequences cause a microprocessor to do a certain thing?
Study Boolean algebra and logic gates for that.
Very good presentation....keep updates on new technologies..
The BEST video explains how we come to have NPN and PNP transistors, which are the core entities to create logics, thus chips.
NPN and PNP are bipolar transistors. Most CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, graphics, microcontrollers use N and P type MOSFETs. A lot of analog circuits favor the use of bipolar for various reasons, but they take more room, making the die larger (more expensive). When you want to build a circuit for logic functions, you usually use MOSFETs.
I totally understand how it works but it's still a magical process, I would love to make a TTL computer.
You couldn't afford it at today's scale. Even making an old Voodoo 3D card at scale would be enormous ! 🤣 Maybe a whole basement project?!?
Microchip design/production is not science - it's art. Awesome video. :)
fantastic art !!!
Wow this is a brilliant video!
Thanks for this video, it makes a lott clear to me
still don't understand how it works but interesting
so who built the machines to build the machines
god my head hurts lol
awesome video, thanks :)
Can you imagine someone from maybe 1900 watching this, it's hard to grasp that so much is going on in such a small surface area, a 100 years from now they'll be saying the same thing about the technology from then.
The “air lock” that the employees go through were called air showers at a plant I work at ; we produce Polyester film for a wide range of products From anything from X-ray film for Kodak; to food packaging; To labels for plastic bottles
Enjoyed this video 😍😍😍😍
I want to know, where are diodes, resistors, etc put on the waffer?
Excelent explanation!! Cominh from eevblog
how many transistors per inch can you make at home ?
Amazing how much precision work goes into ensuring that future generations have the ability to sell their farts in jars all over the world!
Thanks For Very Good Video
Excellent video. Glad you got sponsored!
Indeed. That's how you make a totally dope wafer!
Won't there come a time when we can't get any smaller? IDK..cool video. Amazing what humans can do.........sometimes...
My understanding is that although sand is mostly silica, purifying it would be difficult and expensive. So they actually use mined quartz which is much purer.
Definitely mind blowing.
Hello. I was the technician who running the wire bond ,package TLE
මෙී තමයි අපේ අපේ වැඩිඩෝ.හිතන්නවත් පුලුවන්ද වැඩ.කොහොමද නිවැරදි තාව.
You look like one of the Siegfried & Roy guys ;-) But good content in your channel!
Once upon a time I was a technician at Analog Devices and was involved in development and testing, of each new IC the amount of process in fab was very costly
Fascinating.
Very nice . Thank
ازشما برای این اطلاعات متشکرم.
I hope you answer this question: So the chips circuitry is essentially carved into the silicon wafer itself? I used to think that billions of super small transistors were created separately and then printed onto the silicon as a oppose to the transistors actually BEING the silicon.
The whole wafer, so multiple chips at once are built layer per layer. Each layer is chemically carved out of the silicon in 1 go. Only after several layers all the individual transistors are built up and the circuit is complete. So we do not make 1 transistor in 1 go, but we make part of all the transistors on the complete wafer in 1 go, then another part and another until the city of transistors is completed.
@@effedrien Yes true, but transistors aren't 'carved out'. A transistor (MOSFET) has drain and source nodes that are created by doping the silicon, atoms diffuse into the silicon to make it more N type. It's still a planar surfcae, nothing is carved out. The gate (control node) material is first layed down as a strip and this acts as a mask to define the source and drain. The gate protects atoms from diffusing into it and rather into the exposed silicon. The 3 nodes are connected with metal or poly silicon. Usually groups of transistors are wired to create circuits that perform some logic, such as AND OR NOR NAND flip flops latches ....
Congrats!
Reminds me of VLSI class at UB
Given the extremely complex manufacturing techniques, the skilled workers, and the high-tech equipment used in the production of silicon chips, it's a wonder they're as cheap, ubiquitous, and almost disposable as they are! We live in a wondrous age of technology!
I'll bet the people who work in the semiconductor industry don't like Mondays ......
🎶 The silicon chip inside her head 🎶 Gets switched to overload 🎶
The ending sounds like something out of a post apocalyptic scene from a game or movie where AI has taken over and our protagonist find relics of the past.
Nice ring modulator bro
Ring oscillator
SmartCard America Love's this Video!!!
now i know why the old type chip are big ❤️
I'm not impressed by the manufacturing process. However, I'm totally amazed how anyone figured out HOW to develop the process!
With the help from Satan, otherwise you think they would be able to figure this out and advance so quickly?
Most videos in youtube explains how externally the manufacturing of a microchip works, ommiting how internally works.
This video explains further what I wanted to know internally and I kinda understand it a bit more now. Lotsa scientific terms that makes no sense to me but it's still enjoyable to listen to further investigate about them, anbd the litography technique. :D
To think there's people that thinks this is alien technology, like 50 years of chip making doesn't really mean anything to you...?
Heck, people were expecting potatoes to be the next energy source but all they got were potato chips instead... :)
This blows my mind. What kind of software/systems would have been used in designing early micro processors 30 to 40 years ago?
yeah, crazy, they had almost nothing 40 years ago. I think the pioneers back in the late 60s and early 70s had to struggle a lot... but I think the challenge is always there. Only that the things in the early 70s were produced in 10um and today at 5nm..
@@CPUGalaxy you'd be surprised at what they had ... I started 30 years ago in this world and we had Digital VAX computers hooked up to early SUN workstations running software like Magma, Opus and Dracula from Cadence and Mentor and simulators like Eldo. We had full blown schematic drawing tools , autorouting layout tools and design rule checkers. Stuff that did not come to the PC / PCB world until like 10 years later. Before that this kind of work was done on custom hardware/software platforms . Most commonly CALMA systems. This was a dual screen workstation hooked up to a NOVA computer and had a digitizer tablet.
They hand drew the schematic for the 6502, which was used in the c64/nes/apple2/atari2600 among others , absolute bonkers. Im guessing by the mid 80s that was no longer possible for cpu's as they increased in complexity
@@CPUGalaxy The struggle was indeed great in the early days; engineers actually used to draw out the chip designs on huge paper sheets by hand, and these designs were then photographed and reduced many times in size before applying the resulting microfilm images to the silicon wafers.
How big were those paper sheets? Well from what i have read, they could easily be 4x4 METERS! Imagine that 😆
@@CPUGalaxy They had a lot. Electronic circuit design (EDA, electronic design automation, and by extension, IC design) were among the very first types of CAD systems designed. By the 1970s there were dedicated EDA workstations being sold.
we all know that. what we want to know is how LDA becomes a load accumulator command? how they come up with the mnemonics and translate those commands into make the CPU do things.
Better than nothing, but doesn't detail how each step is performed; for example, "the chip is placed in a package and connectors are attached." But that is not shown. Or, what chemicals are used for etching? Maybe a multi-part series on each step. I'd like to know the process as if I worked at the plant. Anyway, thanks for the vid.
sir please micro chip manufactur plant establish in india maharastra state,karnataka state,telangana state huge demand of it sector
decepticon need silicon for project example transformer.
why should in mars dust not contain silicon? for sam user.
i thought those component is elements🙂
If it takes computer design software to make computer chips, how were the first chips made?
By hand. But electronic circuit and IC design systems were among the earliest CAD systems created, going back to the 70s at least!
Thanks
8:30 is where the nintendo controller came from
13:32 Worker 6036 looks deeply concerned 😅
Yep , hopefully it's just eye strain he has, probably,a few of them have 4 eyes
Y’know I live in the country. Real country. Evangelical country. When they talk about us being in the end times, I can only think about how 1) it isn’t, and 2) our mastery of chemistry in semiconductor manufacturing has made the world better, not worse (I hope).
CPU는 컴퓨터에서도 사용 하지만 다른 산업에서도 활용이 많이 되어야 한다고 생각 합니다. 예를들면 TV에 CPU를 사용해서 TV의 품질과 기능 능력을 더 올리는 점 입니다.
Could you help me in establishing a factory for making LED diodes ???
You want to hire me as a factory senior director? 😉
@@CPUGalaxy why not ???
The d in led already stands for diode. That is essential knowledge to start your factory, you're welcome 😁
@@effedrien I know that very well, I'm asking about establishing a factory, do you know from where I will buy a full production line ???
@@arafat877 is it for mass production of cheap led or for high end products for specialized applications?
If it is 128 bit processor it will have 128 leads. So plugin properly. Now they have reduced it by SST serial synchronise transfer. Using Blitz external clocks.
That’s complete nonsense.
Sounds and looks like alien tech.. 👽
Infineon!
8:20 he said RETICLES! lol
Each transistors in a CPU,are cells in solid states device,similar to human cells in our tissue both brain & flesh even bloods someday we goin to repair every for curing,in electronics circuits can repair by replacing every transistors or ICC,are we going beyound?
Technologies are far superior than decades ago ,silicon are now ics cpus etc...but I want to them very much the discovery of anti gravity & how to manipulate it as usefull for us by using these semiconductors tech
Chips produce the next generation of chips, ad infinitum
Oh, now I get it.
Christ who figured this out
Excellent knowledge, inspired by God
I think that it's inspired by satan. People take mind altering substances that open them up to the spiritual realm and they get the knowledge for technology that way. The technology for the mark is given by satan.