The History of Elastic
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- Опубликовано: 31 июл 2024
- In the 21st century, nearly all clothing has some Spandex, but how did we get to this point? When did we start adding elastic to textiles? Rubber has played a critical role in the history of the world, not always for the better. We find natural and synthetic rubber everywhere around us today, and this future was predicted and planned for as far back as the 1840s. The actual history of rubber goes back much further, however, and has played an important role in societies for thousands of years.
Early on latex rubber, in the form of raw tree sap, was commonly used and processed by many Mesoamerican civilizations. It works well as an insulator, waterproofing, and hardens when smoke cured. Though this region processed rubber for their uses for thousands of years effectively, it took around 200 years from the European contact of this region for the product to be safely transported across the ocean.
As of the 18th century, tests were being done to discover ways of stabilizing rubber, but very little came of the efforts until early in the 19th c. Thomas Hancock and Charles Goodyear, among others, found ways to take natural rubber and alter its form to be of use to a rapidly growing industrial society. Patented processes like Mastication and Vulcanization created a massive demand for rubber products, and raw rubber sources.
As the use of rubber spread through industrial and domestic situations in the 19th century, efforts to find and exploit natural sources grew. This lead to devastating effects on local populations of colonized areas and actually lead to changes in political and governmental leadership in areas like the Congo. Spurred on by the issues surrounding the cultivation and collection of natural rubber, a synthetic option was sought after. It wasn't until the 1930s that DuPont first discovered Duprene, later renamed Neoprene, and started to accelerate the use of rubber once again. Ever wonder why it's called Rubbermaid?
By the 1960s, Lycra spandex was added to the list of patents and from then on our closets were never the same. Even ignoring the massive rise of athleisure in the last decade, nearly all clothing sold in the US has some level of spandex. A little bit of stretch means clothing is easier to fit, but it comes at the price of environmental damage. The future of rubber is not unlike its past- we are still struggling to reduce the impact this good has on the environment and communities around the world. But it has become so embedded in our daily lives that it is impossible to get rid of. Instead, efforts focusing on recycling and reduction of waste can help to mitigate the damage. Rubber is just another product that is constant in our lives that we often know so little about- so let's change that!
Bibliography and Sources: docs.google.com/document/d/1c...
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00:00 What is Elastic?
01:57 Early History
04:15 Stabilization
08:00 Gutta Percha
09:51 Vulcanization & Goodyear
16:33 Deadly Effects
17:59 Neoprene & War
20:55 Lycra Spandex
22:04 Modern Rubber
🎶Music via Epidemic Sound (www.epidemicsound.com)
All rubber clothing and all rubber bed sheets. A dominatrix's ears just perked up somewhere.
I'm glad you touched on some of the atrocities enacted by Europeans on native populations in the DRC. You just can't overstate how brutal Belgian (and other European colonizers) were during this period. They're was actually a huge English/Belgian partnership in rubber exploitation in the area until around 1900. Men, women, AND children were forced to meet unreasonable quotas and then punished with brutal deaths and amputations when they couldn't meet them. I feel so much pain and sadness when I think of this part of my home country's history and continued exploitation. I appreciate when channels that focus on history don't completely ignore these truths. I know, the bar is on the ground, but so many people who don't grow up knowing this history through family who endured it, refuse to learn.
You're in the small handful of RUclipsrs who are at least willing to research a fuller history. I encourage you to continue in that direction.
I am completely sick of hearing how terrible Europeans are without ever hearing about the sins of other peoples. She managed to not mention the human sacrifice (twice daily) of Aztecs along with their rubber balls. If it were fair, fine. It never is. It is always, always, always that Europeans are bad and other people are perfect. I'm done with the lectures.
@@atrifle8364 Listen if you're King Leopold of Belgium, the sole ruler of the place and in charge of literally chopping off people's extremities as 'punishment' if they couldn't deliver you enough rubber to be used in car tyres on the other side of the world, in a video THAT TALKS ABOUT THE HISTORY OF RUBBER, you deserve the comment on it. If you're NOT King Leopold the guy who was doing that, why are you so upset on his behalf? Read a book on Belgian Congo, go touch some grass, drink a glass of water. Let go of the ghost of Leopold tht haunts you.
@@atrifle8364 The Azetecs did not sacrifice people twice per day according to any source I can find. They also did not travel half way around the globe to subjugate others to demand goods they could take home and enrich themselves with. I am honestly shocked you do not see a difference between the two.
@@atrifle8364 We have to take with a grain of salt what the colonizers wrote about the native people of the Americas, they were trying to justify a genocide after all.
I'm sick of people who are not part of any oppressed groups behaving jealously because that oppression others experience is finally being recognized to some extent. Go back to Fox if you want to hear people pretending the colonizers were the real victims. That sort of attitude does not belong here. We love the looks of the past, not the mentalities.
This was really interesting! As a person with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hypermobility disorder), I am highly dependent on neoprene (braces for joints), rubber (the feet & handles of my canes, my wheelchair tires…), and Lycra (Ace bandages, kinesiology tape). It was fascinating to learn some more of the history. I think my reliance on these problematic products has driven my move toward natural and sustainable products everywhere else. Thank you for sharing!!
I have eds too and I was sat here thinking “neoprene sounds so familiar. I wonder what it’s in?”🤣😅 My brain fog is so bad today! I have a brace for nearly every joint and they are in a big clear bag about a foot away and I still couldn’t figure it out.
But I agree; rubber makes our lives so much more independent and comfortable. Trying to deal with buttons and zips everyday on every item would end with me just asking for help or living in velcro. I Would have to live in baggy clothes as well because all my joints swell through out the day, especially if I’ve dislocated them. It really makes you think about how grateful we should be for it, right?
As a fellow bendy and chronic spoonie, one thing that's important is making sure those of us who depend on plastics and synthetic materials are NEVER made to feel bad about our usage. As all the reports eventually get around to noting, 95%+ of the worst environmental harm is being done at either the manufacturing/production level (packaging, padding, transportation, unreclaimable/unreclaimed waste, etc) or in the production of non-necessary items (clothing, toys, shoes, decor, etc) for the consumer market. Let's address those sources of harm first before we even look sideways at medical and health-support items.
tl;dr - If your health and wellness literally rely on synthetics, never let anyone make you feel bad about that. It may be a BFD in our lives, but our usage is literally a drop in the ocean and allows us to stay alive, maintain whatever health and function we can and be a part of society.
KT tape is honestly a god send for people like us with hyper mobility issues.
@@TheDeerhunter316 right until the stretchy skin stretches OFF with the KT tape. *shudder* I beg everyone to patch test new tape now, after witnessing that.
@@khills a good point. Thankfully I've never had a poor reaction to it although at times I need to soak it off if my skin is particularly dry
I remember doing a summer camp at a living history village, and all the kids were super confused when we were given shoes with elastic in them! It seemed so quintessentially modern to us that we had to be reassured that, really, elastic shoes existed in 1868.
You're a mind reader, I just had a heated discussion with my dad (an enthusiast about medieval clothing) about when humanity ™️ first had elastic
I work in the notions department of a huge fabric store, and we actually stock one whole non-fabric coated elastic! It's called performance elastic and it's basically a super long rubber band that comes in a spool and is lightly covered in powder to keep it from sticking to itself. I think it sucks! But apparently some people like it for legs of swimsuits but because it has no fabric coating it must go in a fabric channel and you can't sew through it like braided elastics.
in Britain, we still call waterproof coats macs/rain macs because of the mackintosh brand, like people use hoover to mean vacuum cleaner
I remember reading Little House On The Prairie when Pa gave Laura and Mary black rubber comb/headbands that had a star in the center. When I read this as a child, I thought it sounded odd, but after this video, it makes WAY more sense! Thank you!
If anyone around here is old enough to have played Clarinet as a kid during the 1960s to 1980s, they have experience with vulcanized natural rubber if they ever played an Ebonite clarinet made by Selmar/Bach/Bundy or Yamaha. Sometime in the late 1990s, the lower priced clarinets stated being made of ABS plastic, but if they ever played one made prior to about 1995 that wasn't wood, it was Ebonite.
I have also heard that a lot of vintage saxophone mouthpieces are also "Ebonite" vulcanised rubber?
As someone who plays a clarinet (but not in those time periods) this is particularly interesting!
My mom grew up then and really wanted to play the clarinet but couldn’t because she’s extremely allergic to both Nickel and latex and it would make her fingers and lips itchy and even blister at times
I recall those vintage clarinets! They had a distinct odor about them also. If I'm not mistaken, at one point, weren't billiard balls also made from Ebonite?
As someone who is allergic to Lycra and some forms of rubber I have to double check everything before buying 😭 for years I suffered not knowing what was causing the problem until I was having a medical checkup and the Dr noticed my skin changing colour her reaction was to tell me off fir not informing her of my allergy to the Lycra gloves 😳😳when I told I had no idea that I was all the pennies dropped at once from all my problems over the years😹😹😹since then I have been more more aware of what I buy for myself. Funny enough because of my allergies to the natural rubber I studied up on it but I did not find as much detail as you just talked about 😳😳just goes to show how looking up things pre-internet days was a lot harder to find details unless you knew exactly where to look😹😹😹
At the moment because of the past pandemic shut downs Lycra free gloves are hard to find 😿😿
I am looking forward to this metal spring elastic option that you will be doing on your next video as this could be liberating for me 😹😹😹😹
Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us I always look forward to your weekly videos as I know I will be learning something new🤗🤗🤗🤗
It’s amazing what interesting things Nicole’s videos tell us. I suck at research but there’s so many things I want to know. If I ever win a big lottery I would hire a researcher to find out all the things!!!
Are you referring to latex or lycra? Because I have never seen lycra medical gloves but we do avoid buying latex ones because of allergies.
Note you will also have to be careful of condoms...
@@lenabreijer1311 she must mean latex, because medical gloves are only made of two materials latex and nitrile. And nitrile is a synthetic rubber which is essentially plastic.
Lycra is obviously a brand name for spandex/elastane, and there are definitely no spandex medical gloves 😉
How do you react with spandex?
Are you alergic to kiwi's too? It's a common cross allergen. If people have a severe allergy to kiwi's many doctors will avoid the latex gloves.
“(But in Narnia your good clothes were never your uncomfortable ones. They knew how to make things that felt beautiful as well as looking beautiful in Narnia: and there was no such thing as starch or flannel or elastic to be found from one end of the country to the other.)”
No flannel? Narnia is homophobic smdh
Faame Explains wool flannel underwear was _really_ popular for a few decades as a health fad. Wool flannel is not exactly what anyone wants their panties made of in terms of softness. Flannelette is more fine.
@@CraftQueenJr Yeah, 19:44 says something about "100% Woolies" on the left article? I can't imagine.
@@faameexplains1192
WTF....I'm confused
@@rhuonaChanel lesbians
I remember finding out in second year engineering that plastic and elastic are mechanical properties 🤯
and that we call things elastic and plastic because these materials are most famous for those specific properties.
i was shook
Yes! I used to help with an art class at my uni where we spent a whole semester on how to understand and describe art. Helping students to understand "plastic" in its original meaning is really tough!
@@NicoleRudolph This is incredibly nerdy but whenever anyone says plastic or elastic I just see the stress-strain curve in my mind.
but the easiest way I've found to explain plastic deformation to someone is to use sweets. I would use a fizzer but I think the super long laffy taffy's do something similar where you can pull it for a while and it'll stretch out but then suddenly it snaps off?
Same, but in a Geology elective in uni. When the prof explained the "plastic" properties of rock, the entire class rocked back in their seat.
Materials science: we are not creative about naming things.
I was so excited when you got to the part about vulcanization. Hockey pucks to this day are made with vulcanized rubber!
Hello Melissa
Very timely as I am so frustrated with sewing elastics right now. It seems that over the years the quality has degraded with “stretch and recovery” becoming dismal. 😭 This video’s content is terrific and it covers so much!! The “School of Nicole” delivers again!! Well done!! 💯
I absolutely love these videos about materials and their history. So fascinating to realize how old they are, how they changed and how people figured things out. 🥰🤣That sweet pupper!
I had a real Long Rider jacket!!! It was the most awesome coat I ever had. I wore a jean jacket underneath when travelling. Always had a pillow and blanket 🤣😂🤣 I actually ruined it.😭 I went to a Western Store to see if they knew anyone that repaired them. I left feeling worse. They had never seen a jacket as damaged as mine and kept asking what I did to it. I just brought it with me. I was never told about re-oiling or re-waxing it. Which i never did. Never do that!!! 7 months to travel from New Zealand in the 80's!!! My Dad ordered it he never wore it. He was the best!!!😉💚😉 Take care and have fun!!!😷😎😷
Over the past few years I've come to the point of not being able to stand the feel of synthetic fabrics. I'm transitioning my wardrobe over to all natural fabrics. But this history of Elastic was so amazing! Thank you, M'am, for all this research and work to get this to us!
I'm realizing how much our everyday language describing texture are based off natural materials even though the majority of materials we interact and feel today don't have any! Words like rubbery and silky, even though we're probably feeling polyester. Thank you for the in-depth research, that also covers the dark truths like the exploitation in production.
Really interesting stuff, I can't imagine how much that Goodyear house exhibition must have smelled of tyres 🤣
It’d also probably be my mom’s own personal hell
She’s really allergic to latex
Oooo history of elastic! I’ll admit, I have an unhealthy love of elastic as a fastening replacement in my wardrobe, especially for someone who is aspiring to move in a more historybounding direction. I just love the adjustability it allows for, that buttons and zippers and hooks just don’t have on their own.
Same!! Love the way an elasticated waistband allows for movement and monthly changes in shape etc...
I'm pretty sure the US and "other European Nations" were more concerned about access to the Congolese Rubber Trees than about the treatment of the Congolese Natives.
I got so excited when you started talking about vulcanization! I was fascinated by the term and the process as a kid. It was one of the first things that sparked my interest in materials development
Well done! I would like to recommend the novel "The Heart of Darkness" by J. Conrad as an entry point to understanding the insides of colonial exploitation of the Belgian Congo. Many will have read it as a high school student - but adulthood and more honed skills will make it a profitable re-read for adults. The primary character is a representative of what happens to a culture when it makes the moral compromises necessary for such wholesale immorality. It is also very short.
I'm listening to audiobook now, it's fascinating.
Thank you for the recc! I like being able to peer at the evil in people's hearts, and how we justify it to ourselves.
Thank you!!! Especially for going into the environmental and ethical aspects. I'm trying to a) not buy clothes that I can make and b) not buy things that have a negative environmental impact. It is incredibly difficult to do....and can be super expensive when it comes to athletic wear (not athleisure, but actual gym wear)
These classes on the history of fashion are so good, Nicole. So. GOOD.
I need to get myself a hat. So I can take it off for you.
How timely! I read instructions for a women's 1860 toiletry case last night that called for a 'silk elastic loop' to act as a closure and was feeling very curious about the history of elastic.. and woke up to this!
This was so interesting- I'd love to see more videos on the history of particular textiles. Whenever I learn about historical production methods it really drives home how labour intensive and expensive it was to obtain fabric, and apreciate the work that goes into making just the raw materials for our clothes past and present
Barely 4 minutes in & delighted to be getting Mesoamerican history in here ! An area I know squat about ! (Looking at you, "American public education"!).
Thanks, Nicole, for this ! ❤
Back to the video !
Just came back to say the rest of the video was fantastic as well !
And the K9 content made my heart goes SPLAT ! (In a good way!) Totally relatable that pup "cheated" on that trick, lol !
Thanks for everything.
Would highly recommend 1492 by Charles Mann for a decent overview of the precolonization americas
@@thecastlemouse3229 Excellent! Thanks !
I don't know if anyone has ever told you this but you have a really soft voice which I really appreciate.
Me too! It's so comforting to listen to. I can't watch her videos right before bed because otherwise I will nod off in the middle because her voice is so soothing and relaxing.
Excellent video essay! I love how you always put the information in context of social and political changes throughout the time period. The exploitation and horrors of the Congolese being an example.
Very cool video! I used to collect tatting shuttles and I *think* my oldest one might be from the 1850-1860's made by the Novelty Rubber Company.
I never realized just how much plastic material is in our fabric until I decided to buy clothing made of biodegradable materials. I was shocked at how much it limited my clothing choices. It was easy for me to resolve not to buy polyester clothes because polyester is less comfortable than cotton or linen, and I don't care if my clothes get wrinkly. But I wouldn't be able to cut out spandex or elastic to the same extent. Not only is it much more ubiquitous than polyester, but it's just too comfortable. There's no way I'd be able to find a well-fitting pair of pants without some spandex, and I'm not giving up clothes with elastic waistbands.
You can get elastic made of organic cotton and rubber which is fully biodegradable, it's just that not many manufacturers use it. The other thing labels don't tell you is that the fabric might be natural but they've sewn it together with polyester thread.
I learn so much every time I watch Nicole’s videos. This is something I never thought about.
Hi there how are you doing today?
I'm just starting to watch but this is veeeery relevant to my current project of making vintage-y bras. :-)
You have my sympathy on wearing vintage bras. The cotton ones from the early 60's were miserable to wear. The Playtex 18 hour bras with all the elastic, were such a leap forward in comfortable undergarments.
@@jjudy5869 You don't have to. I do it for comfort, actually, because for me it's all the artificial fibre in modern bras that is very uncomfortable, especially in summer. And because I'm sewing them myself, I can fit them on myself instead of relying on standard sizing that fits no one. ;-)
ETA: In fact that's probably the biggest reason for the huge rise of spandex - it makes it easier to make standard sizes "fit" everyone, even when it actually doesn't.
I love wearing reproduction 40s-50s bras (bullet, cathedral, underwire) for comfort (and aesthetics) but my thought is often that at least the cups could be linen.
@@queergarments8223 Yup. I'm making woven bra wearable muslins and basically the endgame is LINEN BRAS. :D
@@jjudy5869 100% with you there! This is especially true if you were D cup in high school!
Impeccable research as always, I appreciate the newspaper clippings on the screen
Almost the thought of latex makes me itch. I have scars from my fingers to my wrist from the worst break out I had when hospitals were still using latex glove and I was doing my clinical. Ever since then I can’t even touch a balloon or even wear a number of the masks out there without reactions including a rash and headache. I have to be very careful with my clothes thus why I’m glad I am starting to be able to make my own.
Oof 😵💫 That is a challenge! It's all over the place, in everything from clothes to dental & medical equipment! My sympathies....
Like you I started making my own clothing due to sensitivity issues (all synthetic fabrics in my case) because otherwise you have to be so careful about everything, even overlocked seams and exposed elastic? 😰 In terms of items that I can't substitute by home sewing, the toughest things are bras (have to wear them with a silk scarf underneath) and socks... finding 100% women's cotton socks seems to be essentially impossible these days, they all have lycra in them!! Am starting to seriously contemplate knitting my own... 🙈 (Have done thick bedsocks but not yet tackled knitting with a really fine, soft cotton, as it's very hard to source here?)
Fascinating and so great to see someone get so passionate about their subject matter!
History + Science + Fashion Project = Informative video from Nicole Rudolph. Excellent!
Watched this while ironing my latest haul of fabric (some deadstock rayon, and a couple of linen/rayon remnants)... I'm only wearing one garment without any Lycra in, and that's my cotton petticoat (I made it myself, I know it's 100% cotton). Everything else (assorted underwear, #DinosaurMaxi) has at least some Lycra in it!
Doggo was cheating! "What do you have to say for yourself?"
"Slurp, more treats??" .......LOL! Love the doggo :)
This Italian seamstress...absolutely adores you! Great job.
It’s so interesting to see how industrial innovations can influence fashion!
Subtitles: "rubber souls" - yet another application for rubber, I see! How useful! I had a good laugh at that!
Awesome video btw
Those resilient folks who always bounce back I guess! 😆
I love to know more about fabrics history and properties. It's wonderful you are making films like this!
Lovely academic approach to this research topic, this is what I watch for. Many thanks
Birdy
A fascinating history and informative video, thanks for posting. The only thing missing is a mention of Elastica, a band that needed to record more music. My Uncle had a precursor to Lego made of rubber.
Well, that explains the rubber combs the Edwardians were talking about! That has been confusing me for years...
Unfortunately I don't see any major changes for the near future. Big companies will only invest in recycling if it's the cheaper option. And they probably have a "green" option to keep up with the trend of more demanding customers, not because they care about the environment.
Changes must be made on institutional level, by law, and will also only work if every country have them, or else they will just move their factories around.
Changes should not only be made on production regulations, but also on import regulations. If the factories/farmers/other producers in your country may not produce some harmful shit, dont import the shit either.
@@jozehoen3909 yesss!
Laws and regulations are meaningless as well.
The only solution is consumer education and voting with your wallet.
Only purchase pure textiles.
I havent owned or worn anything clothing with any plastic or rubber or man-made component for years.
"what do you have to say for yourself?"
"I regret nothing"
Fantastic and informative as ever! I knew the bit about Victoria, which I found excessively diverting when I learned it!
Thank you for having full captions!
Fascinating!
I love your videos on materials. It’s fascinating to find out the history and manufacturing processes behind things we take for granted.
Another fantastic video! You are really the best in RUclips!!
i love the visuals you use, you are so informative. thank you for your videos.
I just want to thank you for how you do these videos, you could focus soley on fashion or certain time periods but I love the broader context
Love your videos. Fascinating. Thanks
this is super interesting/informative I just finished my textiles A-Level, and I've been trying to research the origins of certain textile materials more thoroughly than what the course covered. it's great to see that this is a near-complete history (as in it doesn't start with just the mass production of rubber/elastic)
Well, they were very right when they predicted that it would be everywhere in everything. And OH! The Beauty of the Edwardian Sylph dress!!! Excellent video!
This was so informative! Thank you for the great research and sources!
Wow, fascinating! Thanks for doing so much research/sharing your knowledge
Really interesting video. Thanks for not glossing over the horrors of the rubber trade in the Congo, there's some really harrowing photos and accounts from that time.
I'm a little surprised you didn't mention smocking as an early form of creating stretch fabrics just using regular cotton and thread. It's fascinating to me that just gathering the material a certain way can produce so much give!
That and cutting on the bias! I love the stretchiness and 'hang' which it seems to provide, but haven't yet tackled many projects which use it as I'm kinda intimidated by the way it seems to destabilize hems and make it hard to get the garment shape right 😆
You always have the best topics.
That was great!! I really enjoy your history lessons. I had no idea how long elastics had been around!! Your next project should be amazing as well as educational!
If you are ever looking for topics could I suggest linen specifically what is the differences between historical and modern linen? Is it a loom issue? A processing issue? A spinning issue? Or a combination of all or more things?
Nicole, you're a gem, great video ❤
Thank you! Once again, an informative vlog. I really appreciate the research you do and share.
Thank you for the video! This is so good to know and really fascinating
I always learn So much from your posts
Fascinating! Thank you.
Thank you again. I just love these in depth look a t particular fibers
This was so informative and again very neatly and clearly told. Thank you!
Not exactly what I was expecting, but I learned a lot. Keep it up!
Fascinating.
This was fascinating…I’m newer to your channel so you may have already answered this, how did the clothing industry and designs change in response to the neoprene shortage during WWII? Were there changes made to garments themselves, for example, what did they do to redesign women’s undergarments to adapt to not using neoprene? Or did they do anything at all?
The retro reproduction lingerie brand What Katie Did has some WWII era replica lingerie; it's mostly very fitted with no elastic/minimal fastenings (my tap shorts from them only have three buttons at the side and have a very fitted waist, no stretch at all!! Not ideal for Sunday dinner 😂).
This was fascinating, thank you so much!
This is beyond fascinating.
So much fascinating information! Thank you.
So fascinating!
I love stretchy everything! So forgiving!
Well this is fascinating!
Thank you for the great information! Plus, thank you for sharing your sweet dog. 🐶
Hello Doris
Interesting history. Thanks!
Thank you for yet another fascinating and educative video! I always find this type of history, which links directly to the daily lives of ordinary people, super interesting. Rubber boots, most of which are probably not actually made of rubber, are still very much a thing in Finland, even in cities. xD
thank you. Oh also your pup is adorable
My schedule is messed up for the foreseeable future. :( I'm finally watching this video at 11pm est. I usually watch them when they are posted.
interesting and informative! thank you.
...INCRÍVEL...ESPETACULAR....MARAVILHOSA
I love your content dear. I'm always watching your videos! But as someone of Mexican descent I just wanted to point out that it's Moctezuma instead of Montezuma. Montezuma was easier for the Spanish to say so it stuck.
She is now a famous model and is trying to renegotiate her contract. That's what she has to say for herself. 😉
Agreed. I think she can easily demand a higher pay. Well worth the price!
at 6.00 re india rubbers, in the UK, or at least my age group in Scotland, we still use the word rubber rather than eraser for rubbing out pencil marks. I have one at all times when doing crosswords. Having now watched to the end, re gutta percha, in the 60's/70's a popular name for what I called gym shoes was 'guttees' and boys used to get 'cahouchy' for using with their catapults. I always wondered where this word came from.
I visited a rubber plantation in Malaya many years ago. Very interesting.
So interesting great information!
I think this was a segment on the Great British Sewing Bee, but there was a woman (can't remember her name) that revolutionized the use of spandex from athleticwear to fashion items. She still has a boutique in London, I believe. I just wish I could remember her name.
Hi, Nicole! I love your science-nerd self!🤓 This is fascinating!🤗
Hello Debra
Great video Nicole! Just a little piece of info in case you need it again in the future, it's Hernán Cortés instead of "Hernando". I hope it helps a little, I know names in different languages can be easy to mix up sometimes 🤗
This is somewhat related: I've seen snippets here and there about velour being manufactured before the Industrial Revolution, if you ever do deep dives into knits/velvets/etc could you look into it?
I see that you and Abby really do post same day lol. I caught you both today! Is rare I have a Sunday off lol thank you for sharing
Your puppers just looks like the sweetest doggo ever. T_T
NICOLE!! I LOVE LOVE LOVE YOUR MAKEUP!!! ESPECIALLY YOUR EYESHADOW!
Having spent a few years working in an automotive rubber factory (door & window trim) it was really great to learn more about it use in textile applications.