U1 binds to 5' splice site, U2 binds to the A branch. After they've been rearranged U1 and U4 dissociate. U2 and U6 have the catalytic function with regards to the transesterification reactions.
what they dont tell you is that this is all happening at the same time of transcription... the 5 cap and the polyadenylation. 10/10 animation for beginners.
Both of those terms refer to the nucleic acids (or nucleotides) that make up a strand of mRNA. The "A" refers to adenosine, and "Pyr-rich" refers to an area with a large quantity of pyrimidines. They act as signals/locations for parts of the process.
jyfdtrsextredckjhp9h I'm 1 year too late, haha, but here you go: The 5 snRNPs involved in splicing are U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6. They make up almost half the mass of the spliceosome. There are also other proteins which together with the snRPNPs make up the spliceosome.
The 5`-End (GU) of the Intron is fixing at the Branch Point (A). Introns (INTervening RegiONS) are not coded Pieces of a RNA. At the Splicing, they will be depolymerised. Exons (EXpressed regiONS) are the coded Pieces of the RNA, at the Splicing the Exon Parts will be fixed together. prä-mRNA -> (Splicing) -> mature mRNA There are also special Introns, that go in a enzymatic-conformation after Splicing. Only Eukaryotes have Introns and Exons
The U subunits ARE there. They make up the spliceosome. In fact, the U1 and U4 subunits are supposed to dissociate before the lariat is formed. Of course, they didn't mention that, BUT they did show the subunit corresponding to U1 dissociate from the mRNA.
@ilikecandycane It is a process that produces alternate mature mRNA's, in which some exons are actually removed along with introns. This leads to a large diversity of gene products from a single sequence. Usually, you would have binding inhibitors or even promoters attach to an end of an exon (splicing sequence) to either inhibit or promote splicing at that end (affinity to spliceosome). Check out the regulation of alternative splicing in the determination of sex of drosophila for an example.
There is a small problem here - the pre-mRNA is not cleaved. Chemically, splicing involves two phosphotransfer reactions, not cleavage followed by ligation as this video shows.
U1 binds to 5' then u2 binds to the A branch site , then the 5' binds to the A site with help of U1 and U4 and u6 after the binding u1 and u4 leave , then u5 binds to the 3' end and cuts it , then the exons binds and that's how it's done
Yeah, that is what happens. And I don't know why people are getting thumbs down for pointing that out because it is true. I will likely get thumbs down too for saying that. In order for the lariat to be formed...U1 and U2 MUST leave the spliceosome.
This is a great video! It would only be better if you could name the snRNPs as they attach to the mRNA. Also, one inaccuracy is that the video doesn't show U1 and U4 leaving the complex after the spliceosome is activated for the following transesterifications.
The video was good for general reference, but it fails to discuss details and the activation of spliceosome and other important proteins such as TFIIH. Also, it did not mention the importance of phosphorylation.
Spliceosome is composed of snRNA and other protein subunits. pre-mRNA is NOT in the spliceosome. The spliceosome works on the pre-mRNA in splicing intron.
Hmmm... This isn't what I'm learning in my genetics class. We're being tuaght that 2'OH on the A site, with the help of splisomes that change the conformation of the mRNA, attacks the phosphodiester bond at the where the first exon and intron meet making the lariet. Next, again via conformation, the exposed 3'OH of the first exon attacks the phosphodiester bond at the remaining exon/intron connection. I guess I'll just go by what we learned in class.
@soccerchic315 through the process of alternative splicing. a single primary transcript can be spliced into different mRNAs by the inclusion of different sets of exons.
I'm sorry, what I wrote there is actually wrong. It's not removing exons, it's selection for them. Introns are the non-coding parts. Extrons code for the production of proteins. Why don't you just try the wikipedia articles on introns, exons, transcription and translation?
hi I was hoping you could help me, how does alternative splicing leads to a one amino acid change in protein sequence on the same gene, with all the exons being transcribed.
LOL i'm glad because im in your position now...except im nearly at the end of revision and still have few weeks left before exam :D. so boys and girls! do not start to study a day or 2 days before exam
I don't think so. Are you thinking of the sigma factor? The only other thing that I can think of that you are talking about is the catalytic component of RNAP that is responsible for elongation of the transcript. That catalyzes the linkage of rNTP's with phosphodiester bond. If that didn't clear it up, just let me know.
My book (The Cell; Alberts) says that eucarytoic mRNA can contain noncoding sequences. I thought that mRNA is formed after removal of the introns (noncoding sequences). So does mRNA only contain coding sequences? And is it possible that 1 mRNA molecule codes for more then 1 protein? Please help me, I am a little bit confused!
I cried when the intron faded away at the end
Mr. ribosome I dont feel so good
😂
U still alive?
You commented 4 years ago and I'm watching this video now.... Are you still crying Mr? 😢😅
I'm watching this now, and I can feel ur pain, it is indeed painful to be used by others and then get kicked off by them after being used😢😢
I learned more from that 2 minute video, than the 100 min lecture that my professor gave.
Haha
hey u still alive?
I want to ask the same Q😭😭 @@noblevenom2858
U1 binds to 5' splice site, U2 binds to the A branch. After they've been rearranged U1 and U4 dissociate. U2 and U6 have the catalytic function with regards to the transesterification reactions.
Thanks the way you worded it really helped
What is the small droplets type thing that strikes to the various proteins in animation ??
@@thakurprathvisingh4048 I believe it's ATP, which should be needed for the complex formation and activation
@@drosophilamelanogaster933 thank you 😊 ☺
it is U4 and U6 that have the catalytic function I think.
How many of you just went "OHHHHHH" after watching this? i know i did.
WHOS WATCHING IN 2020 LOLMAO
@@potassium7794 this should be a high rank animation in 2008
do u get paid to write this
@@gracewalker3300 idk lol
but that's sus
Mee
what they dont tell you is that this is all happening at the same time of transcription... the 5 cap and the polyadenylation. 10/10 animation for beginners.
Both of those terms refer to the nucleic acids (or nucleotides) that make up a strand of mRNA. The "A" refers to adenosine, and "Pyr-rich" refers to an area with a large quantity of pyrimidines. They act as signals/locations for parts of the process.
Too bad you didn't add the names of the different parts of the spliceosome
jyfdtrsextredckjhp9h
I'm 1 year too late, haha, but here you go:
The 5 snRNPs involved in splicing are U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6. They make up almost half the mass of the spliceosome. There are also other proteins which together with the snRPNPs make up the spliceosome.
hey hows it going im from he future how is it in 2014?
yeah appreciate
@@divelikejunk8557 NOICE
The 5`-End (GU) of the Intron is fixing at the Branch Point (A).
Introns (INTervening RegiONS) are not coded Pieces of a RNA. At the Splicing, they will be depolymerised.
Exons (EXpressed regiONS) are the coded Pieces of the RNA, at the Splicing the Exon Parts will be fixed together.
prä-mRNA -> (Splicing) -> mature mRNA
There are also special Introns, that go in a enzymatic-conformation after Splicing.
Only Eukaryotes have Introns and Exons
"Greatest animations of all time
were all done 12, 13, 14 years ago"
I'm learning this stuff for the first time, but it's so damn interesting.
same bro so coooool
It's not correct right? Not all snRNP's stay with the spliceosome complex the whole proces, U1 and U4 should leave. Or am I wrong?
Simon Scholz You aren't, you are right. This video is imprecise, but still helps a lot imho
The U subunits ARE there. They make up the spliceosome. In fact, the U1 and U4 subunits are supposed to dissociate before the lariat is formed. Of course, they didn't mention that, BUT they did show the subunit corresponding to U1 dissociate from the mRNA.
this is such a wonderful video! not only did it help me immediately understand the process but also made me super amazed by it! thank you!
Rest in peace, intron🕊️🌹
splicesome are so kind.
Who's watching in 2024❤😢
Still holds up, great quick video to show what's going on. Thanks!
@ilikecandycane It is a process that produces alternate mature mRNA's, in which some exons are actually removed along with introns. This leads to a large diversity of gene products from a single sequence. Usually, you would have binding inhibitors or even promoters attach to an end of an exon (splicing sequence) to either inhibit or promote splicing at that end (affinity to spliceosome). Check out the regulation of alternative splicing in the determination of sex of drosophila for an example.
No way how smooth can this be omg wow
There is a small problem here - the pre-mRNA is not cleaved. Chemically, splicing involves two phosphotransfer reactions, not cleavage followed by ligation as this video shows.
It's the description that's wrong. The video is accurate.
u r great. Would of been helpful if u included how the extron can also be furtherly spliced
U1 binds to 5' then u2 binds to the A branch site , then the 5' binds to the A site with help of U1 and U4 and u6 after the binding u1 and u4 leave , then u5 binds to the 3' end and cuts it , then the exons binds and that's how it's done
thanks........ but a A phosphodiester bond is actually formed between the 4' OH and the lactase phosphofructokinase end of the ligase ester. NT
Splicing occurs in the nucleus so that then mRNA only has exons when it leaves the nucleus to go get translated and what not
Yeah, that is what happens. And I don't know why people are getting thumbs down for pointing that out because it is true. I will likely get thumbs down too for saying that. In order for the lariat to be formed...U1 and U2 MUST leave the spliceosome.
This is a great video! It would only be better if you could name the snRNPs as they attach to the mRNA. Also, one inaccuracy is that the video doesn't show U1 and U4 leaving the complex after the spliceosome is activated for the following transesterifications.
Can u plz explain which sRNA bind and which form splicosome???
The best ever (?) animation on RNA splicing
This is majestic.
It's god man
@soccerchic315 alternative splicing. different exon combinations will form different proteins from the same pre-mRNA
I can't tell how helpful it was ✨ thanks a ton ❤️
The video was good for general reference, but it fails to discuss details and the activation of spliceosome and other important proteins such as TFIIH. Also, it did not mention the importance of phosphorylation.
No phosphodiester bond brakes during this... just transferring of bond takes place between exons unit.
Thanks for posting these vids! I've already watched 3 and can't stop!
I stand corrected, "transesterification" is more accurate and precise.
Spliceosome is composed of snRNA and other protein subunits. pre-mRNA is NOT in the spliceosome. The spliceosome works on the pre-mRNA in splicing intron.
Wonderful video, thanks. I help me in me molecular biology class
Hmmm... This isn't what I'm learning in my genetics class. We're being tuaght that 2'OH on the A site, with the help of splisomes that change the conformation of the mRNA, attacks the phosphodiester bond at the where the first exon and intron meet making the lariet. Next, again via conformation, the exposed 3'OH of the first exon attacks the phosphodiester bond at the remaining exon/intron connection. I guess I'll just go by what we learned in class.
@soccerchic315 through the process of alternative splicing. a single primary transcript can be spliced into different mRNAs by the inclusion of different sets of exons.
Two transesterifications, between GU and A, and the cleaved 3' end of the exon and the AG.
nvm...this was intended for the transcription video
@ChickenWingChampion I guess not proteosome, since that's for protein... Most probably, RNAse enzyme is the one degrading the introns
Great for showing the bigger picture, thank you.
This video is very helpful. I love biochemistry! Woohooo!
I'm sorry, what I wrote there is actually wrong. It's not removing exons, it's selection for them. Introns are the non-coding parts. Extrons code for the production of proteins. Why don't you just try the wikipedia articles on introns, exons, transcription and translation?
inside the nucleus, only when RNA is mature it's able to get out of the nucleus
video posted 15 years ago and here I am with a test on Friday lol
how awesome... school needs to adapt and include links to videos for at home, then the classroom opens up for discussion
this was so helpful, thank you very much
Thank you for catching that--it's fixed!
so basically rna splicing is taking out the intron. Got it.
I wonder how exactly they visualised this or came up with the order of work of these proteins.
Great question
Thanks but I have a question that why eukaryotes bears both exons and introns and not prokaryotes ???
Simply Brilliant
I agree I learn more from you tube than I do @ florida College of Natural Health
hi I was hoping you could help me, how does alternative splicing leads to a one amino acid change in protein sequence on the same gene, with all the exons being transcribed.
Thank you very much for the nice animation. Very clear. Congratulation.
cristian1092
they said in the video that it will be degraded
2:16
" the introns debranched, and is then degraded"
This is a good video...but its not specific enough. ie) complex protein names and the interactions between each piece and the RNA.
These videos are brilliant!
LOL i'm glad because im in your position now...except im nearly at the end of revision and still have few weeks left before exam :D. so boys and girls! do not start to study a day or 2 days before exam
pff, the music is the best part
I don't think so. Are you thinking of the sigma factor?
The only other thing that I can think of that you are talking about is the catalytic component of RNAP that is responsible for elongation of the transcript. That catalyzes the linkage of rNTP's with phosphodiester bond.
If that didn't clear it up, just let me know.
you guys think that it is sad? there are (almost) no barriers between us and knowledge anymore...
I kinda like the weird/creepy music, lol.
very very helpful, thanks.
why splicing of introns during transcription occurs only in eukaryotes and not in prokaryotes
This is beautiful thanks so much
I SOOO AGREEE WITH YOU!!!! IT'S SO EASY TO STUDY NOW WITH ALL THESE FREAKING VIDEOS.
is the purpose of this DNA compression? (encoding multiple proteins) I half expect to find a version of ZLib running in molecular clockwork..
GOOD INITIAL STEP TO UNDERSTAND SPLICING
and what will happen with the intron later?
Pretty sure I didn't need to know that for my exam, but that was cooooooool!!
ELE VAI SER APROVEITADO PELA CELULA
Is every time a little molecule "hits" a subunit an ATP hydrolysis???
good video, it would have been better if you would have had the names of the parts of the spliceosome
Both are probably more accurate than the video.
It'll be more useful if they point out which one is U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6
Thank you :)
Is this what is known as alternative splicing?
so how does this make it possible to have 100,000 proteins with only 30,000 genes?
removing exons, the non-ciding parts.
Fascinating
This video is very useful. Thanks a lot
I'm looking for the 3' of the splice leader but can't identify the sequence. Any suggestions?
My book (The Cell; Alberts) says that eucarytoic mRNA can contain noncoding sequences. I thought that mRNA is formed after removal of the introns (noncoding sequences). So does mRNA only contain coding sequences? And is it possible that 1 mRNA molecule codes for more then 1 protein? Please help me, I am a little bit confused!
that is so beautiful.
better than my so called teacher could ever do.
Is GU and AG the only bases fond at the end of introns?
Does this mean the splice site is constant?
one year later, How does the furtune of your exam was ?! :)
7 years later, how are you?
This really helped me a lot in my medical studies! Thanks! =D
Where are you now😢😢
Dhanyawad (Thank You)
Where in the does the splicing occur? Is it outside the nucleus?
Your video description has an error: it says exons are removed and introns form the protein. It's the opposite.
yes, I've noticed too
What a great video!
Lovely!
Totally just said that in a Russian accent and it was amazing.
i am now in year ten learning this, i cant believe this video is older than me
Just amazing!!
thank my brother
wonderful!!!