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And absolutely yes to both ACO, othe stuff, even the tools... It is very unlikely to know every tool what a big company did use 300ys ago and now, because they are as well company secrets. There are other or close reasons, why it all was not spreaded out into the world. Its so dumb to think it must have been laser tech and so on, because it is not documented. And to the perefered Pharao... deeper reasons as a sex or gender. Exact. Ramses II. of course not as a Narcissist. Is there a pharao, that was in a school like Seneca did teach?
btw. if you think Assassin's creed often gets things right, don't watch the footage they released between now and their first trailer for Shadows. That trailer already had a lot of oddities (like the smoke at a shinto shrine) but it got only worse afterwards, we had fruits out of season, cherry blossoms at the wrong time, gates at the wrong place, apparently also music instruments and building styles. It was a mess. 🤣
She has that characteristic that really good teachers have...They have a way of making you fascinated about a subject you wouldn't otherwise be that fascinated with. Teachers I Iook back at most fondly were the ones that were most enthusiastic about their subject, regardless of what the subject was.
@@albertchurchill4845Who has been found under pyramids? Pharaoh's did not breed with the general populace... Friend! Surely 21:32 you have been underground in the Vatican, certainly you have not been everywhere. Islam love's destroying art why would the sphynx have survived? Yeah History is fun, test the religious cast/ class DNA, power was real.
That’s, how you know you’ve found a good professor / researcher / academic: When you don’t know, what their basic world-view is, after ages of following their presentations. 😅
I can guarantee you that this woman provided clear, concise context that explained everything and then wired edited it out. She is a professional and you can see part of her context getting cut off in one clip.
When she says it's a social choice what she means is that society doesn't consider a pyramid to be the pinnacle expression of power or wealth, we do not have the same religious or social ties to the structure as there once was. We build other monuments that are coloured by our cultures, for reasons differing to the ancient Egyptians. 'what would be the purpose of it' is exactly what it not being built due to social choice means. There was a purpose to the social order once, which no longer exists.
I never noticed that. Utilitarian structures is truly the modern view, not the ancient one. Even now though, we see people showing their status by having some extravagant display of wealth by buying specifically useless luxury goods. It’s easy to imagine they did the same but with structures.
I think it's even more simple. Anything that a society choses to do (or choses *not* to do) within its plausible physical power is a social choice. Because the causes for that choice come from within the society, not from the physical reality of what is even possible or not. Not building a monument on the Moon is a social choice now, as opposed to not being a choice at all, before the invention of space travel.
@@animula6908structures build with purpose over anesthetics have always existed. They just haven't survived all that often. You have to keep in mind that the vast majority of ancient structures were torn down and the materials repurposed for other construction. For example, the city walls of Turnovo, late medieval capital of Bulgaria, were mostly torn down and the stone was used to build homes and other buildings.
Yeah, there's just no reason to build one anymore. If I had Elon Bezos money, I'd fund the construction of one using traditional methods & tools because it would be an amazing educational tool and show people just what you can do with rope, logs, and strong backs. (and well-paid labour, maybe we'll forego a few "traditional" things..)
Yep, the one part from him that annoyed me about the video was when he said there were towers that were built that tall. But there were no Towers anywhere close to the height of the pyramids until over halfway through the 1600s
You know she loves what she does. My favorite type of people are the ones that have their eyes light up when they speak of their favorite topics. You don't need to know their backround, but you know you're going into something with good intentions.
What she was saying about mummification was absolutely spot on. The difference between mummification and natural preservation burial sites is the proximity of sand. Ordinary members of society were buried in sand and this desiccated the body. The sand dried the body out and hence, preservation was generally of a high standard (they still find preserved burials). Obviously this also depended on where the body was interred. Close to the Nile and the body would not preserve as much, farther out into the dry areas and bodies preserved very well This is in contrast to the upper members of society who could afford tombs and sarcophagi. In these instances, the natural preservation from the dry desert sand could not occur so mummification processes were refined. This included removal and preservation of the internal organs then placing them in canopic jars as well as the overall preservation process for the body which included covering in sand and other chemicals powders and resins to help the desiccation process. Her point that some of the bodies solely interred in sand was just as effective is precisely spot on. Sometimes, the naturally preserved bodies are in faaaar better shape than the mummified bodies.
I can imagine, though, that sand burials suffered from being dug up by hyenas (and other critters?). Thus, if you wanted to make sure that grandma *stayed* buried, you paid for a sarcophagus, the more massive (and inaccessible), the better. Add to that Egyptian burial practices of providing the dead with all manners of goods, and you also wanted to keep grave robbers away.
@@p.s.shnabel3409 funny enough… the biggest issue was grave robbing rather than animals… if you look at some of the burials they would place sandstone “like” a sarcophagus around the deceased family member and have the body inside along with their precious items like jewellery or vases… but this lining was really rough with lots of gaps (think of a fire-place when camping and you circle it with stones) so the sand would enter and cover the body (desiccation occurs) but it was enough to block animals rooting around… However, the human kind of animal would just dig, throw the stones away and take the Knick knacks…
@@gadget133 Yeah. And didn't it make you a tiny bit queasy when you first heard that they found female mummies tended to be in the early stages decay before they were handed over to the professionals .. and why that probably was. Ah, humans. We are such a weird species.
@ yeah… Right??? And we thought sicko’s were invented in the Dark Web 😳 Mind you, it is Herodotus stating it and his lens did sometimes convey practices through a lens built for his audience (Greeks)… that’s not saying it is untrue, just place that optic across his recounting of the practices. My thoughts are that it is so strange that the Egyptians placed such importance on the 9 aspects of the soul and the criticality of removing all impurities, transgressions etc only to… ummm… unpurify (?) - not even a word - during the mummification process.
@@p.s.shnabel3409 I remember my first lecturer talking about mummification processes. It was part of a discussion on wider death practices through the region. She described this and to be honest, the first words out of my mouth were “the fuck did you just say????” When it was popular to disregard Herodotus it stumped Egyptologist’s as to why female mummies were mostly found in deeper states of decomposition than males. Now it is becoming more accepted that this may have been the case. Mind you, there is a caveat. Even Herodotus says that the reason for this was basically hearsay. He describes it as “It was said one embalmer was found once to have…”
I support her answer - ancient (aka: Pharaohnic) Egypt ends with Cleopatra losing her throne. While most Ptolemies did not learn Egyptian, it was still period when Pharaoh resided in Egypt. And whatever language they spoke, they still depicted themselves in Pharaohnic style and conducted religious rituals in temple. There was a lot of tensions between Greeks and native Egyptians, but Ptolemies did invest great amount of time to be perecived as legitimate dynasty. They were viewed as natural successor to Alexander the Great who was viewed by Egyptians as liberator from Presian opression. By extension, Ptolemies were legitimate rulers as Ptolemy I Soter was the highest general of Alexander left who was residing in Egypt. If we gonna remove Ptolemies, then we should also remove 15th dynasty, 22-23 dynasties and 25th dynasty, since none of them were native Egyptians - but all of them, like Ptolemies were Pharaohs residing in Egypt, in opposition to Persian and Roman rulers.
Yes I agree with that. But it is essentially not a definite answer, it really depends on what you'd consider essential for ancient Egypt to exist as an entity. As otherwise you could say it ended when Alexander conquered it and then what came after was a different Egypt. It's not exactly something clear it depends on interpretation.
Egyptologists use Cleopatra as the line in the sand for the simple reason that Ptolemaic kingdom was still seated in Egypt (Alexandria) whilst the seat of power after Cleopatra became Rome.
I would make the case that it endures even during Ancient Rome as new temples were still being built with my example being the temple that have Trajan portrayed as being Pharaoh. The Ptolemy’s were not the first to rule over Egypt as you had the Nubians and Persians ruling over them at different times with even the Persians ruling them at the time Alexander conquered Egypt. I think that “ancient” Egypt probably had a similar ending date to that of Western Rome.
@ Yes, you can make that argument. However, a line in the sand had to be drawn and that was once the seat of power was no longer in Egypt. The two examples you gave most definitely continued to seat the power in Egypt. It was only once the Ptolemaic empire fell that Egypt as a state ruling itself was no more… hence, the line in the sand. It’s the same argument with Rome. It’s all hip and cool to state Rome was an Empire until the collapse of Constantinople… but Historians generally put it at the final sacking of Rome itself and the seat of power moving to Constantinople. Why? Because Rome as a city state was now gone. Yes the Byzantine Emperors tried to re-establish Rome but eventually gave up. Hence, Rome as Empire fell in the 5th century AD and from that point, it was the Byzantine Empire that absolutely held vestiges of what Rome was, but is a separate empire unto itself. I still just don’t get the reason why today everyone wants to extend empires… But hey, if you want to redefine the lines in the sand, fill your boots.
@@gadget133 the Seat of Rome did not move to Constantinople due to sacking it did not "move" to Constanitnople. The Empire split in two long the before Western Empire fell.
@@MrChickennugget360 Absolutely agree - It started in 330AD with the Empire split into an Eastern (Constantinople) and Western (Rome) Empire - This was done to allow better administration of the Empire - But then Rome was finally lost after many sackings (5and attempts to retake it by the Eastern Empire) and abandoned in 473AD - Rome as it was ceased to be (the literal namesake now gone) and it became the Byzantine Empire until it was sacked by the Ottomans in 1453AD - So yes, the seat of power most definitely moved to Constantinople as the Western Empire ceased to exist - Constantinople became the sole seat of power by default. Most academics call this the line in the sand as the end of the Roman Empire for a few reasons: 1. Rome, as a city state, was gone. 2. The population in Constantinople (formerly known as the city of Byzantium) was largely populated by Persians 3. This Persian influence drastically changed the way the Byzantine citizens saw themselves - Yes, they still called themselves Roman, but they had now become a society of Christians with Persian traits. Thinking of Rome as a Tetrarch, the Byzantine Empire was an absolute monarch that used theocracy to govern - - Completely different seat of power - Completely different citizenry - Completely different religion - Completely different governance model You know the old saying right? If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, then it's probably a duck - In this case, it's probably a completely different empire.
@@OsirisMawn We're not even sure we have identified her mummy. The one that's currently our best guess ... is just that, a guess. And if that's the one you're referring to, she died of cancer.
By "social choice" she just means we as a society simply don't want to invest energy in building pyramids, not because we can't do it using methods available at the time but because it'll be an immense undertaking society is choosing not to invest in
@erosgritti5171 I think you missed the joke about the key point concerning society's interest in investing in one. The modern versions of a pyramid the Luxor in Vegas and the Bass Pro Shop in Memphis are also portals to another world. One where you leave all your money! 🤣
22:20 I think what she meant by "it wasn't necessary" was the fact that mummification wasn't a MUST, like poor people and slaves probably couldn't afford to mummify a dead relative, so the next best thing was to burry them in the desert sands. She is then pointing out that while the common Egyptian may not have known it, that it is fascinating how the sands also preserve bodies to some extent to where presumably archeologists and historians may have found some un-mummified bodies that were still intact in some places. She isn't saying that the process was unnecessary back then, just that if you couldn't afford it, then you could bury the dead normally.
I discovered her a few months ago. So glad you did too. She is very refreshing and captivating to listen to. And you're right about her smiling all the time. She clearly loves to share her knowledge and teach others. Zero politics, just facts and the odd personal opinion when asked. Brilliant. She's the cats ass.
32:00 I assume she means 'social choice' in that there isn't anyone around right now that WANTS to recreate a pyramid. Funny enough there is a project run by Archaeologists, historians and history students to build a period appropriate castle using the same techniques that were done in the 13th Century, it's called Guédelon Castle. I guess that's an example of the 'social choice' she meant. Maybe in the future there will be a group of people crazy enough to recreate a pyramid 😅
There *was* a team that built a mini-pyramid in a case of experimental archaeology, documented in the NOVA special "This Old Pyramid". They using earthen ramps that spiraled up to the top. I think they stopped because it was just too time consuming, but techniques were shown to be plausible
Hatshepsut wasn't great simply because she was a woman. Her tomb is spectacular, a giant temple. She built most of the ancient temples we can still see today or enlarged them. Only by the number of sphynx she had positioned and obelixs alone that are still visible she had a massive reign. Honestly the valley of the kings is nothing compared to her monumental tomb (and he son too but this one is still undergoing reconstruction).
@@lynnm6413 the temple tomb? I don't remember it, they ended up reconstructing it basically where it was found. Her son's one is still ongoing and was even taller right close to hers. Maybe they fixed it or the son'one has this problem... 🤷
@@tuehojbjerg969 ye... I never get why people got so passionate about Cleopatra or even Nefertiti that were not even technically the king (even Cleopatra reigned in others name) when ancient Egypt had a giant like her. Even people with some political agenda ignore her, that speak volumes about who is actually interested in history and factual provable facts and propaganda. Cleopatra idealization and Nefertiti one too are byproduct of marketing and propaganda as level of hysterical importance to the ancient world but somehow they are the only one mentioned when people talk about ancient Egypt rulers who were women
@@lynnm6413I think you might be thinking about Abu Simbel. That's a temple bulit by Ramses II and it was moved (disassembled and reconstructed in a new location) when the Aswan dam was bulit.
It wasn’t mentioned in the video but fact that the rosetta stone was used as a building block for a fort is both insane and probably the reason it was preserved at all. Incredible that it was found all that time later.
@@metatronytindeed she’s good! Please contact Dr David Falk from Ancient Egypt and the Bible. He’s an Egyptologist who also has degrees in ancient languages and Biblical studies
Halloween scares , Normal people: vampires, zombies, witches, mummies, etc. Metatron: I’ve found an Egyptologist on Wired Also, according to Doctor McCoy: Ancient Egyptians knew more
Metatron, about her comment on mummification not being necessary, I think what she meant is that it wasn't an absolute requirement for the afterlife. It was incredibly beneficial religiously and for the preservation of the body. But it wasn't a requirement for those that could not afford it. If it was absolutely necessary for the afterlife, it's easy to imagine it would alienate the majority of the population to their own religion, which would make them pursue a different religion. Mummification was something that was seen as better than not having it, and it was also a symbol of status and power, but it wasn't an absolutely necessary religious practice. Or at least not to the same level as pharaos or other powerful Egyptians would have it done to themselves when they pass. PS: I am not a specialist or studied on the topic, this is just my takeaway from what she explained.
But her words were 18:49 "It wasn't necessary for bodies to be preserved, the Egyptian desert does a great job at preserving bodies " No mention of afterlife in this section
@elenacottica386 the earliest forms of mummification involved putting the body in the desert. It's later techniques that allowed to practice to come indoors.
Just to add to this chain: I think the point she was making was that mummification may seem unintuitive or unusual to people who live in climates where it almost never happens naturally. There is a good chance people in Ancient Egypt developed these higher level techniques for mummification only because they were initially inspired by naturally occuring mummification in the desert climate. I think (and this is just speculation on my part) there might even be a chicken and egg question regarding the religious importance of the practice. Did they preserve bodies because their religion put great importance on them, or did they create a religion that puts importance on preserving bodies because they lived in an environment where they could on occasion see bodies preserved for seemingly all eternity, creating a connection between eternal (after-)life and preserved bodies?
@@Mike_Hogsheart Interesting point. But even in climates where the body would be hard to preserve, there were some cultures who seemed to have a deeper connection to the body. Some Germanic tribes (if I remember correctly, it was in northern Germany) would seat the honored dead *inside* their homes, and keep them there until they were falling apart, then bury the remains under their threshold. So, in their own way, they tried to hang on to their departed's physical form as long as they could, too. And yes, the imagery gives me the shudders. Imagine stepping into the very dimly lit interior of a hut, only to be faced by the grinning, maggot-riddled remains of somebody's gramps. Hard no from me. Perhaps, what's really behind all of this is our fear of the unknown and our desire to hang on to those we love.
On the mummification thing, I think she meant it wasn't necessary in a social sense. It was a luxury, but general preservation (like the desert) was possible instead for those who sought it.
Raffaello, my 7th grade Ancient History teacher was as excited about ancient history or maybe more than this professor. When she would talk about ancient Egypt, Greece, or Rome, we would be so enthralled by her manner of explaining the subject that we'd forget to take notes. None of the students would be chatting or goofing off, it was as if here lessons transported us back to the era our teacher was discussing. Of all my teachers through kindergarten through the end of my engineering course, none were more passionate about the subject than Miss Ostermeyer was back in 1979. She was a tough teacher when giving tests, and it was even more difficult due to our forgetting to take notes, but she allowed extra credit projects to make up for it. Some projects: I built a Roman bridge out of sugar cubes, made clay tablets and inscribed actual text using cuneiform writing (telling a brief poem), and I made a balsa wood siege tower that included little lead Roman soldiers individually painted. Miss O. loved my projects so much she asked if she could keep them as decorations in her classroom. I visited her class after graduating from college (10 years later and she still had my projects in her classroom. I was even more surprised that when I walked in she immediately recognized me and beamed with delight as she introduced me to her class showing my projects as being "This is John. He made..., and I will remember him as my favorite student forever". What an honor!
The “Social” choice of not building pyramids is describing two things: 1) We now have better models and designs to platform off to build buildings… such as those you pointed out… Greek and Roman architecture. 2) Productivity - A pyramid is a low production value design. Lots and lots of material with lots and lots of work to position those materials for very minimal gain. This is deemed the social value of building or designing something… It is a social choice that pyramids are not often commissioned as practical designed buildings in modern day society. As for “We couldn’t do it today”… of course this is bs… absolute bunk… if someone commissioned a complete 1:1 scale replica of the Great Pyramid (and received approval to quarry the stone), we would have it built in a fraction of the time the ancient Egyptians did and with more precision because we could bring modern methodology to bare… However, what she was addressing was the Ancient Aliens malarkey that “If we can’t do it now, how could they do it then?” Which is, of course, a complete Strawman argument… we could build it now easily. She was addressing how the ancient Egyptians achieved it… which is the exact right answer… They couldn’t build it? Knob off morons… they did it this way.
She is not only well informed but is enjoying herself as she shares her knowledge. People who are well informed and intelligent get so excited to share and inform other people with their knowledge. It's exciting and fun to not only inform but share their knowledge. When you talk with people who are interested in something you are knowledgeable in its exciting to share!
I saw the King Tut exhibit in Chicago when I was an Elementary student - 4th or 5th grade, I think. Even though I wasn't old enough to *fully* comprehend what I was seeing, I was impressed enough to remember details of the exhibit almost 50 years later.
I have no problems with her response to the "who was the best pharaoh?" because she doesn't need a reason. It's subjective. There is no "best", I mean, everyone has a different yardstick, so she's responding who her FAVOURITE is, for whatever reason. It's kind of a silly question and you can't really give anything but a silly answer. Like "who's the best guitarist in the world?" it REALLY depends on who you ask. Jimi Hendrix would say some guy, Al Dimeola would give another answer, everyone has a favourite but it can be for whatever silly reason. They just happen to like that one best.
I tend to agree with her about the fall of Egypt. Ancient Egypt also had Nubian and Persian dynasties, Nubians were indeed completely immersed in the Egyptian culture, and Persians tried as opposed to the Greek one but they were still foreign and that didn't end the Egyptian civilization. So I think it's a better answer to say that Egypt ended when, well, they were Romans and not Egyptians anymore ^^ Great video, as always!
We are closer to Cleopatra than Cleopatra is closer to the Pyramids of Giza. I know the dates but never examined it specifically like that haha. DAMN! That's a jaw dropper to think about.
Love reading hieroglyph text and also teaching friends how if they showed interest. Its nice seeing someone being honest about the history and actually enjoying it.
Climate was different, because the rotation axis of the earth wobbles, the angle of the sun isn't consistent. Not sure about the time it takes for one "wobble" - currently have two numbers in my mind: 10'000 years and 25'000 years. I know it's really short compared to anything else in astronomy and had a massive impact on the climate in the Sahara reagion since the ancient Egyptians. Edit: Just looked it up. It's called the "Milankovic cycles" which are an overlay of different effects like that "wobble" of the earths rotational axis and also other effects. The wobble of the rotational axis has a period of 19'000 - 25'000 years. But the whole cyles with all effects are much longer.
Yep, this lady was super interesting to listen to, and her passion and curiosity about the topic are not only palpable but contagious. She would have made an amazing teacher, for sure. I kinda want to find longer presentations or talks of hers, honestly.
Many people view the end of ancient Egypt as a political entity when it was integrated into the Roman Empire, as it then became part of another country. However, when the Ptolemies took over, it largely remained Egypt within its previous borders.
21:30 ish: I think you’re saying the same thing about natural desert preservation vs mummification, she says the environment will preserve a body but that the intentional mummification process was better (and consequently more expensive, which is why it was available only to those with means).
When she brought up the Water Level I wanted to say that even in this day in age as a Union Boilermaker we still use Water Level’s!! They’re more accurate than a laser beam level. If you read the instructions and information on the laser beam level they can be + or - 1/32” upwards of 3/32” over 100’
tbh I didn't ever in my life saw a laser-level that is not using water. But maybe it's a cultural thing because here the most popular tool for leveling is Wasserwaage (spirit level / bubble level, i suppose it's called in english)
Maybe cheap laser beam levels are less accurate (5 bucks om Temu), but even a mediocre one is more accurate than water levels., especially over long distance.
5:20 I think her point was that that’s, when Egypt loses its sovereignty, becoming a Roman province; rather, than focusing on, whether a native sits, on the throne. Imagine it, like this, if you will: ”Were the 2 titans and juggernauts of WW2 annexed by Austria and Georgia; since those places are, where both their respective leaders came from?”. 😉
5:30 I think a royal family ruling a state not being from a country is fairly different from it being absorbed. The Kingdom of Great Britain, after all, has been ruled by German Royal families for all but its first 7 years, the Swedish Royal Family is from France, the Norwegian royal family is from Denmark, Habsburgs ruled places far from Switzerland like Spain, etc. Those countries still existed as their own entities like Ptolemaic Egypt.
40:08 trilinguals are a _godsent_ in decipherment, the trilingual Behistun Inscription being kind of _a_ Rosetta's Stone for cuneiform writing. Cuneiform were being deciphered even before disseminating copies of inscription, but it _really_ helped solidifying the art.
32:40 "what would be the purpose of it?" Exactly why it's a social choice not to build a modern pyramid. The pyramids served a purpose to ancient Egyptians as tombs and monuments that we don't see as useful anymore.
Even Pre Modern towers are thicker at the base than the top, I realized this when I was going through Architectural Work Study when I had to climb a lot of the Church Towers in Florence. Then I saw the same all the way recent as 1800s Chicago building, which was 13 floors, with the bottom floor having these thick walls and pillars that got thinner as you went up, but gradually, like you could see the slight bend on them.
I would absolutely watch a feature length documentary with her either as the host, or primary authority. Nothing she said really gave me pause, and I have been intensely interested in ancient history for most of my (considerable) years.
Most academics use those from what I've seen. Rewatch the Egypt and Roman videos from HistoryHit, both of them use BC. IIRC the professor from Lex Fridman's podcast said BC as well. Most people in general, religious or secular, use BC because that's what they've always used, the BCE/ACE terms are not very widely used except when someone is deliberately trying to avoid the religious/Christian connotation (e.g. if you're talking to an exclusively muslim or jewish audience talking about Christ could be controversial so someone might use BCE in that context)
@@blarfroer8066 actually, no they weren't, yasuke was just the beggining, tatami's were the wrong dimensions, a lot of buildings had more in common with chinese arquitecture and cherry on top, they put a Torii gate to mark the entrance of a town, Torii gates go in front of shrines not towns, oh and while on the subject of religion, the cinematic trailer showed people burning incense in a shinto shrine while performing a shinto prayer... you burn incense on buddhist shrines not shinto.
25:53 The newest Assassins creed set in Japan has made multiple mistakes already visible in trailers. This is because they chose a VERY NARROW PERIOD IN TIME in order to have the main character be Yasuke.
Yes that's the most simple shape for monumental architecture. The first pyramids kinda looked like ziggurats btw, you can see it started as a terrace with a smaller terrace on top of it with an even smaller terrace on top of it etc... Before they had the idea to smooth the surface.
This is my first time seeing one of your videos and I find this very interesting. I looked on your channel and saw that you have actually covered several WIRED episodes that I have watched many months ago and never noticed the amount of problems they had. I am currently watching the Ancient Rome episode of yours and I plan to binge watch the rest.
She had me laughing so hard talking about them using a plumb bob to get the stones straight. Everyone knows the Pyramids were built by Aliens using anti-gravity! Lol.
I would’ve done the guy they had before her (the black dude). That guy is a loon. Dude claimed Kemet means “land of the blacks” and claimed Ancient Egypt was black, both of which are blatantly untrue. Because Kemet meant the color of their fertile black soil. When I saw this video months back, she was a breath of fresh air.
Suprpised you didn't catch this. 6:57 Cleo wasn't bi-lingual, someone who speaks two languages. She knew... I forget if it was seven or nine languages.
Technically Hatshepsut was a Powerful Regent to her Nephew Thutmose III, but she took on the role of Pharaoh and co ruled with Thutmose III until her death.
You can build towers out of stone, but they would be significantly weaker and most of them already collapsed and all we can study is the ruins. Pyramids are quite stable. Survivor bias.
Not any tower, you can only reach a certain height until it collapses under it own weight. The base has to be constructed with very sturdy material, and the top with material as light as possible. But even like this, you have a limit to the height and you clearly can't reach the height of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The tallest tower of the ancient world was probably the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and it was built more than 2000 years after the great pyramids with a more advanced type of achitecture. Yet, it was not as tall as those pyramids.
@@CanadianBacon9719it’s a matter of Political Correctness and wanting to distance from what is viewed as ‘religious’ ideations when it comes to supposedly ‘scholarly’ work. AD stands for Anno Domini - Year of our Lord - and BC for Before Christ. Some will argue that it is inaccurate because the year 0 doesn’t match with the ‘actual’ year Christ was born, but again …
@@CanadianBacon9719it kinda takes away the achievement of developing the Gregorian calendar from Christians, BCE is essentially a secular alternative to BC
One thing I heard about ancient Egypt that's fascinated me is the idea that if the living forget your name, you suffer a second a death. Part of why I love this idea is honestly fanfiction related cause it gives a way to flesh out some worldbuilding but still.
This is the type of a professor/teacher of history you want - knowledgeable and fun. She really sells her passion for the ancient Egypt! I'm going to go over to the original video and give the lady a like.
I prefer calling ancient Egypt 'archaic' to denote that you're referring to times before the Old Kingdom. In any case, I love Laurel Bestock as she was probably the first person I had run into when looking for information about Early Dynastic Egypt as she worked with Matthew Adams and the legendary David O'Connor as they were excavating the funerary enclosures at Abydos. She was a prolific author about a decade ago and I can't recommend her work enough if you'd really like to learn more about Early Dynastic Egypt, more specifically the First Dynasty. As it turns out, we know far more about Protodynastic and First Dynastic Egypt than we do Second Dynastic Egypt for reasons that we aren't quite sure of, aside from several of the Second Dynastic kings choosing to be buried in Saqqara as opposed to Abydos. Also, anyone who thinks a civilization that went through rises and falls but still remained an almost entirely independent culture and nation for 3000 years is ignorant at best. Egypt invented the core drill in ancient times for heaven's sake and had the wherewithal and drive to build incredible monuments that we still look upon with awe to this day.
@@metatronytHi Noble One, I just paused the video at 13:43 where you talked about your invitation to the Vatican Secret Archives.. That's simply sick! What a great compliment to YOU as a person AND to what you do. I can't imagine the anticipation you must have experienced. Thank you for the (fun) varied and interesting learning curve you make me keep "climbing" Greetings from Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Peace 🇳🇱👍
The mummification part was IMO meant as a luxury to preserve the body, as you said, in a better state and for longer. Something you would do if you could afford it. And if you couldn't afford it, desert mummification was the answer. Also, the pregnancy test blew my mind
Watching her enthusiastically start reading Hieroglyphics made me start searching Amazon for a book. She was great! EDIT: I also need to say -- I love how she didn't say Tut was "unimportant" (which I hear alot) but that he was unpopular. He obviously didn't win any great battles or make any great political changes, but he was right smack dab in a pretty interesting period of Egypt.
So funny that Metatron had to be so picky just to have something to say. "Hmmm, I've got to be transformative here... Hmmm... TOWERS!" Seriously though, the additions about the tactile interactions with the papyrus and the scroll are the kind of thing in here for ❤ Loving the video
The modernist approach to ancient/medieval medicine is mindblowing to me when I consider my grandfather is older than the discovery of penicilin and my great grandmother (born in 1904) had 10 children of whom 4 died before the age of 3 with an average global child mortality rate of 30-40%. So saying medieval and ancient medicine was bad is kinda redundant because medicine was bad until like 80 years ago. It's such a non-statement.
The BBC had a child history show years ago, Horrible Histories, one of their regular skits was showing time period medical beliefs. One thing that stood out to me is the Ancient Egyptian "doctor" was basically the only one they showed with mostly helpful treatments, not as good as modern medicine can be, but still beneficial.
She talks like a person who actually knows what she’s talking about and who has a pragmatic view on what is reasonable to think regarding her expert subject. Love it! 👌🏻
There's a scene from the film 'Gods of Egypt' which shows the weighing of the heart ceremony (except the film subverts the ceremony by measuring how rich you are instead of how few sins you have committed/your guilt)
Don't confuse parchment (Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals-primarily sheep, calves, and goats. It has been used as a writing medium for over two millennia. Vellum is a finer quality parchment made from the skins of young animals such as lambs and young calves. ... ) with scroll (a roll of parchment or paper for writing on) .
While you are right, in that towers could get pretty tall by just using stone, you’d also have to show us an example of a tower that stood tall for 5000 years.
long post but worth the read , ancient Egypt (where an Egyptian was Pharoah) fell long before Alexander put Ptolem in charge, quick cliff note explanation . 1.first you had warlords 2. Then Egypt becomes two kingdoms, the upper and lower kingdom of the Nile 3.a massive war happens between the two and this leads to the burning of the orginal kings tombs that tears the spiritual heart out of all the ancient Egyptians. 3.) because of this burning a king from thibes is able to take power and unite both kingdoms. (that's why thibes was the capital city of ancient Egypt). 4 . ) lots of stuff happens here the expansion of Egypt, famine, wealth , the Ramsey ,Osiris, building of the pyramids of gyzia the sphinx extra, most importantly that capturing and enslavement of the nubian kingdom (modern day Ethiopia) 5. THE ASYRIANS, the asyrians arrive wage war ,win and take charge and are technically the ones who put an end to the "Old line of Pharoahs" 6.The "Hot Topic" the NUBIAN Pharoahs ,the Asyrian kings run Egypt into the ground for the next 150 years until their is a revolt lead by a nubian king who then takes control and becomes the new Pharoah. Now it's important to note the nubians where not Egyptian, they were a slave state to Egypt, but at this point they saw them seleves as Egyptian as now they shared the same culture due to the 1500 years of influnce. the nubian kings saw them selves as Egyptian Pharoahs but knew they where different to the orginal dynasties, as depicted by their stautes and depictions having much darker skin 7. the Nubian dynasty is 500 years old and Egypt is a couple of thousand years old at this point and is struggling with famine dwindling resources and a devastating invasion from the "Sea people " basically like ancient vikings. .8)The end, Persia invades takes out the ruling Pharoah and Egypt becomes a pupet state of the Persian empire . bring the NUBIAN Pharoahs line to an end and making the 24th dynasty the final one. 9.)Enter Alexander the great and his General Ptolemy , Alexander is crowned as a Pharoah (genius political move as that title created a link between him the kings of old and the gods of Egypt, as shown by an inscription of him being crowned and embarrassed by Osiris. 10.) after Alexander's death Ptolemy his General takes power and control of Egypt seeing become and economic and cultural powers his dynasty ends when cleopatria kills her 14year old brother and eventually cleopatria and the son she had with Cesar die/killed. 11.) Rome and the Bazintine(the eastern Roman Empire) fall Egypt is lost to the ottoman empire and becomes the country we know today, 6000+ years of history. if any one has 4hrs to burn I would recommend Fall of civilization vedio the rise and fall of ancient Egypt
Thank you ! People tell us we aren't Egyptian because we don't look like Nubians who aren't even Egyptian in the first place , good to see someone knows that both had their own civilization before the British mandate
Great video. It sent me into a little research spiral and I just learned about the Egyptian god's "Ammun Zeus" temple in Greece and the etymology of Thebes (the ancient greek city) probably coming from the name of the once capital of Egypt Thebes! There must surely have been some influence from egypt to the ancient greek civilization, maybe it could be a good idea for a future video. Love Metatron from Greece 🇬🇷
If you get the conditions right, bodies do tend to naturally mummify. There are a handful of people who died in the American deserts who were naturally mummified and are on display at various locations. The problem is the conditions needed are harsh, so if they are not retrieved post mummification, they do embrittle and break down, so not really viable as a means to preserve a population en masse.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐Excellent presentation. Between her clear answers and your reactions to them, I really learned a few things I hadn't known before. This was an excellent illustration of how a reviewer can work with a presenter to create a true learning experience.
That was brilliant, I grew up learning about the egyptians and still learnt more 🙂 She's a fantastic teacher, you're right way better than anyone else they've had on there 🥳 AND I had no idea you'd been given access to the Vatican Archives Raf that's amazing, how much trouble do you think you'd get in if you made a dedicated video I'd love to hear all about it 😄
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Hi Metatron
@@metatronyt protect the truth, hold the line, click the sponsor link.
Haha, as you was showing some days ago the mouse a bit oftopic I was looking🧐😆.
But now "Cleopatra is closer to my Amiga 500(+?)!" Haha!
And absolutely yes to both ACO, othe stuff, even the tools... It is very unlikely to know every tool what a big company did use 300ys ago and now, because they are as well company secrets. There are other or close reasons, why it all was not spreaded out into the world. Its so dumb to think it must have been laser tech and so on, because it is not documented.
And to the perefered Pharao... deeper reasons as a sex or gender. Exact. Ramses II. of course not as a Narcissist. Is there a pharao, that was in a school like Seneca did teach?
btw. if you think Assassin's creed often gets things right, don't watch the footage they released between now and their first trailer for Shadows. That trailer already had a lot of oddities (like the smoke at a shinto shrine) but it got only worse afterwards, we had fruits out of season, cherry blossoms at the wrong time, gates at the wrong place, apparently also music instruments and building styles. It was a mess. 🤣
Come on Meta....everyone in Europe knows that Obelix broke the Sphinx’s nose!
😂
And we have proof on film!
On book too, very well illustrated.
The tormentor?
@@SneakyPirate54 You uncultured Yu-Gi-Oh player...
She has that characteristic that really good teachers have...They have a way of making you fascinated about a subject you wouldn't otherwise be that fascinated with. Teachers I Iook back at most fondly were the ones that were most enthusiastic about their subject, regardless of what the subject was.
The best teachers were passionate about their students and took the time to correct them.
@@albertchurchill4845Who has been found under pyramids? Pharaoh's did not breed with the general populace... Friend! Surely 21:32 you have been underground in the Vatican, certainly you have not been everywhere. Islam love's destroying art why would the sphynx have survived? Yeah History is fun, test the religious cast/ class DNA, power was real.
@@Recidivism543 What does that have to do with my comment?
@@albertchurchill4845 umm absolutely nothing, peanut
@@albertchurchill4845 Absolutely nothing pea nut
"I don't know her politics. I don't know if she's religious." AMEN, brother. It's a breath of fresh air.
Amen
I liked her a lot.
Which is what we used to expect from an academic. @@cwchadwynn
Like, I don't fucking care who you are. I want to hear about Egypt. If you want me to know about you, let's go out for a coffee ffs.
That’s, how you know you’ve found a good professor / researcher / academic: When you don’t know, what their basic world-view is, after ages of following their presentations. 😅
I can guarantee you that this woman provided clear, concise context that explained everything and then wired edited it out. She is a professional and you can see part of her context getting cut off in one clip.
Did you watch the full video?!
When she says it's a social choice what she means is that society doesn't consider a pyramid to be the pinnacle expression of power or wealth, we do not have the same religious or social ties to the structure as there once was. We build other monuments that are coloured by our cultures, for reasons differing to the ancient Egyptians. 'what would be the purpose of it' is exactly what it not being built due to social choice means. There was a purpose to the social order once, which no longer exists.
I never noticed that. Utilitarian structures is truly the modern view, not the ancient one. Even now though, we see people showing their status by having some extravagant display of wealth by buying specifically useless luxury goods. It’s easy to imagine they did the same but with structures.
I think it's even more simple. Anything that a society choses to do (or choses *not* to do) within its plausible physical power is a social choice. Because the causes for that choice come from within the society, not from the physical reality of what is even possible or not. Not building a monument on the Moon is a social choice now, as opposed to not being a choice at all, before the invention of space travel.
@@user-df4kf6fg7h Yes. I assumed she meant it generally like that.
@@animula6908structures build with purpose over anesthetics have always existed.
They just haven't survived all that often.
You have to keep in mind that the vast majority of ancient structures were torn down and the materials repurposed for other construction.
For example, the city walls of Turnovo, late medieval capital of Bulgaria, were mostly torn down and the stone was used to build homes and other buildings.
Yeah, there's just no reason to build one anymore.
If I had Elon Bezos money, I'd fund the construction of one using traditional methods & tools because it would be an amazing educational tool and show people just what you can do with rope, logs, and strong backs. (and well-paid labour, maybe we'll forego a few "traditional" things..)
In the words of Mini Minuteman, "It's just the best way to stack rocks real high."
Yep, the one part from him that annoyed me about the video was when he said there were towers that were built that tall. But there were no Towers anywhere close to the height of the pyramids until over halfway through the 1600s
You know she loves what she does. My favorite type of people are the ones that have their eyes light up when they speak of their favorite topics. You don't need to know their backround, but you know you're going into something with good intentions.
Ask me anything about sleeping 😂
@seancompton5393 When you're young, you never want to. When you're old, that's all you want to do.
I miss feeling that way about things
@@-.Germanicus.- do you love germany
You must love crack heads then
What she was saying about mummification was absolutely spot on.
The difference between mummification and natural preservation burial sites is the proximity of sand. Ordinary members of society were buried in sand and this desiccated the body. The sand dried the body out and hence, preservation was generally of a high standard (they still find preserved burials).
Obviously this also depended on where the body was interred. Close to the Nile and the body would not preserve as much, farther out into the dry areas and bodies preserved very well
This is in contrast to the upper members of society who could afford tombs and sarcophagi. In these instances, the natural preservation from the dry desert sand could not occur so mummification processes were refined. This included removal and preservation of the internal organs then placing them in canopic jars as well as the overall preservation process for the body which included covering in sand and other chemicals powders and resins to help the desiccation process.
Her point that some of the bodies solely interred in sand was just as effective is precisely spot on. Sometimes, the naturally preserved bodies are in faaaar better shape than the mummified bodies.
I can imagine, though, that sand burials suffered from being dug up by hyenas (and other critters?). Thus, if you wanted to make sure that grandma *stayed* buried, you paid for a sarcophagus, the more massive (and inaccessible), the better.
Add to that Egyptian burial practices of providing the dead with all manners of goods, and you also wanted to keep grave robbers away.
@@p.s.shnabel3409 funny enough… the biggest issue was grave robbing rather than animals… if you look at some of the burials they would place sandstone “like” a sarcophagus around the deceased family member and have the body inside along with their precious items like jewellery or vases… but this lining was really rough with lots of gaps (think of a fire-place when camping and you circle it with stones) so the sand would enter and cover the body (desiccation occurs) but it was enough to block animals rooting around… However, the human kind of animal would just dig, throw the stones away and take the Knick knacks…
@@gadget133 Yeah. And didn't it make you a tiny bit queasy when you first heard that they found female mummies tended to be in the early stages decay before they were handed over to the professionals .. and why that probably was.
Ah, humans. We are such a weird species.
@ yeah… Right??? And we thought sicko’s were invented in the Dark Web 😳
Mind you, it is Herodotus stating it and his lens did sometimes convey practices through a lens built for his audience (Greeks)… that’s not saying it is untrue, just place that optic across his recounting of the practices.
My thoughts are that it is so strange that the Egyptians placed such importance on the 9 aspects of the soul and the criticality of removing all impurities, transgressions etc only to… ummm… unpurify (?) - not even a word - during the mummification process.
@@p.s.shnabel3409 I remember my first lecturer talking about mummification processes. It was part of a discussion on wider death practices through the region. She described this and to be honest, the first words out of my mouth were “the fuck did you just say????”
When it was popular to disregard Herodotus it stumped Egyptologist’s as to why female mummies were mostly found in deeper states of decomposition than males. Now it is becoming more accepted that this may have been the case.
Mind you, there is a caveat. Even Herodotus says that the reason for this was basically hearsay. He describes it as “It was said one embalmer was found once to have…”
I support her answer - ancient (aka: Pharaohnic) Egypt ends with Cleopatra losing her throne. While most Ptolemies did not learn Egyptian, it was still period when Pharaoh resided in Egypt. And whatever language they spoke, they still depicted themselves in Pharaohnic style and conducted religious rituals in temple. There was a lot of tensions between Greeks and native Egyptians, but Ptolemies did invest great amount of time to be perecived as legitimate dynasty. They were viewed as natural successor to Alexander the Great who was viewed by Egyptians as liberator from Presian opression. By extension, Ptolemies were legitimate rulers as Ptolemy I Soter was the highest general of Alexander left who was residing in Egypt. If we gonna remove Ptolemies, then we should also remove 15th dynasty, 22-23 dynasties and 25th dynasty, since none of them were native Egyptians - but all of them, like Ptolemies were Pharaohs residing in Egypt, in opposition to Persian and Roman rulers.
3:21 lol her use of the made up word "Anciently"
@@Defender78 This word sounds cute. I don't see connection with my comment.
Exactly.
There were many times when the ethnicity of the Egyptian ruling class changed.
Yes I agree with that. But it is essentially not a definite answer, it really depends on what you'd consider essential for ancient Egypt to exist as an entity. As otherwise you could say it ended when Alexander conquered it and then what came after was a different Egypt. It's not exactly something clear it depends on interpretation.
Great comment thank you.
Egyptologists use Cleopatra as the line in the sand for the simple reason that Ptolemaic kingdom was still seated in Egypt (Alexandria) whilst the seat of power after Cleopatra became Rome.
I would make the case that it endures even during Ancient Rome as new temples were still being built with my example being the temple that have Trajan portrayed as being Pharaoh. The Ptolemy’s were not the first to rule over Egypt as you had the Nubians and Persians ruling over them at different times with even the Persians ruling them at the time Alexander conquered Egypt. I think that “ancient” Egypt probably had a similar ending date to that of Western Rome.
@ Yes, you can make that argument. However, a line in the sand had to be drawn and that was once the seat of power was no longer in Egypt. The two examples you gave most definitely continued to seat the power in Egypt. It was only once the Ptolemaic empire fell that Egypt as a state ruling itself was no more… hence, the line in the sand.
It’s the same argument with Rome. It’s all hip and cool to state Rome was an Empire until the collapse of Constantinople… but Historians generally put it at the final sacking of Rome itself and the seat of power moving to Constantinople. Why? Because Rome as a city state was now gone. Yes the Byzantine Emperors tried to re-establish Rome but eventually gave up.
Hence, Rome as Empire fell in the 5th century AD and from that point, it was the Byzantine Empire that absolutely held vestiges of what Rome was, but is a separate empire unto itself.
I still just don’t get the reason why today everyone wants to extend empires… But hey, if you want to redefine the lines in the sand, fill your boots.
@@gadget133 the Seat of Rome did not move to Constantinople due to sacking it did not "move" to Constanitnople. The Empire split in two long the before Western Empire fell.
@@MrChickennugget360 Absolutely agree - It started in 330AD with the Empire split into an Eastern (Constantinople) and Western (Rome) Empire - This was done to allow better administration of the Empire - But then Rome was finally lost after many sackings (5and attempts to retake it by the Eastern Empire) and abandoned in 473AD - Rome as it was ceased to be (the literal namesake now gone) and it became the Byzantine Empire until it was sacked by the Ottomans in 1453AD - So yes, the seat of power most definitely moved to Constantinople as the Western Empire ceased to exist - Constantinople became the sole seat of power by default.
Most academics call this the line in the sand as the end of the Roman Empire for a few reasons:
1. Rome, as a city state, was gone.
2. The population in Constantinople (formerly known as the city of Byzantium) was largely populated by Persians
3. This Persian influence drastically changed the way the Byzantine citizens saw themselves - Yes, they still called themselves Roman, but they had now become a society of Christians with Persian traits.
Thinking of Rome as a Tetrarch, the Byzantine Empire was an absolute monarch that used theocracy to govern -
- Completely different seat of power
- Completely different citizenry
- Completely different religion
- Completely different governance model
You know the old saying right? If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, then it's probably a duck - In this case, it's probably a completely different empire.
Dr. Bestock has an impressive CV. I am heartened to see someone who pursues truth in Egyptology above all else. Thanks for sharing her work with us.
I also like Hatshepsut the best, because her mortuary temple is probably the most striking one, with beautiful terraces.
Her story is sort of sad, because she died of obesity
@OsirisMawn I'm pretty sure the current evidence suggests she died from cancer caused by a carcinogenic body lotion? 🧴👀
@@OsirisMawn We're not even sure we have identified her mummy. The one that's currently our best guess ... is just that, a guess. And if that's the one you're referring to, she died of cancer.
By "social choice" she just means we as a society simply don't want to invest energy in building pyramids, not because we can't do it using methods available at the time but because it'll be an immense undertaking society is choosing not to invest in
Someone still build one in Memphis, Tennessee ...
@@drakron i hope they don't get too tilted at the towers then.
There is one in Vegas.😂
@@jamesbooth3360 made of stones? No. It's not that if you build something triangular, it automatically becomes an Egyptian pyramid
@erosgritti5171 I think you missed the joke about the key point concerning society's interest in investing in one. The modern versions of a pyramid the Luxor in Vegas and the Bass Pro Shop in Memphis are also portals to another world. One where you leave all your money! 🤣
22:20 I think what she meant by "it wasn't necessary" was the fact that mummification wasn't a MUST, like poor people and slaves probably couldn't afford to mummify a dead relative, so the next best thing was to burry them in the desert sands.
She is then pointing out that while the common Egyptian may not have known it, that it is fascinating how the sands also preserve bodies to some extent to where presumably archeologists and historians may have found some un-mummified bodies that were still intact in some places.
She isn't saying that the process was unnecessary back then, just that if you couldn't afford it, then you could bury the dead normally.
I discovered her a few months ago. So glad you did too. She is very refreshing and captivating to listen to. And you're right about her smiling all the time. She clearly loves to share her knowledge and teach others. Zero politics, just facts and the odd personal opinion when asked. Brilliant. She's the cats ass.
32:00 I assume she means 'social choice' in that there isn't anyone around right now that WANTS to recreate a pyramid. Funny enough there is a project run by Archaeologists, historians and history students to build a period appropriate castle using the same techniques that were done in the 13th Century, it's called Guédelon Castle. I guess that's an example of the 'social choice' she meant. Maybe in the future there will be a group of people crazy enough to recreate a pyramid 😅
There *was* a team that built a mini-pyramid in a case of experimental archaeology, documented in the NOVA special "This Old Pyramid". They using earthen ramps that spiraled up to the top. I think they stopped because it was just too time consuming, but techniques were shown to be plausible
Hatshepsut wasn't great simply because she was a woman. Her tomb is spectacular, a giant temple. She built most of the ancient temples we can still see today or enlarged them. Only by the number of sphynx she had positioned and obelixs alone that are still visible she had a massive reign. Honestly the valley of the kings is nothing compared to her monumental tomb (and he son too but this one is still undergoing reconstruction).
Didn‘t they have to move it so it wouldn’t be flooded?
@@lynnm6413 the temple tomb? I don't remember it, they ended up reconstructing it basically where it was found. Her son's one is still ongoing and was even taller right close to hers. Maybe they fixed it or the son'one has this problem... 🤷
she also restarted trade with the south
@@tuehojbjerg969 ye... I never get why people got so passionate about Cleopatra or even Nefertiti that were not even technically the king (even Cleopatra reigned in others name) when ancient Egypt had a giant like her. Even people with some political agenda ignore her, that speak volumes about who is actually interested in history and factual provable facts and propaganda. Cleopatra idealization and Nefertiti one too are byproduct of marketing and propaganda as level of hysterical importance to the ancient world but somehow they are the only one mentioned when people talk about ancient Egypt rulers who were women
@@lynnm6413I think you might be thinking about Abu Simbel. That's a temple bulit by Ramses II and it was moved (disassembled and reconstructed in a new location) when the Aswan dam was bulit.
It wasn’t mentioned in the video but fact that the rosetta stone was used as a building block for a fort is both insane and probably the reason it was preserved at all. Incredible that it was found all that time later.
There are more stones like Rossetta stone, very common in the time to write multiple languages on a stone/statue to mark your territory
WOW, we found a gem guys!
I think "gem" is a very appropriate descriptor for her. I agree.
@@metatronytindeed she’s good!
Please contact Dr David Falk from Ancient Egypt and the Bible.
He’s an Egyptologist who also has degrees in ancient languages and Biblical studies
@metatronyt who are you and what is your edicational background
Bro, watching her read hieroglyphs like it's nothing is wild
This lady was probably the best of the Wired guests.
Halloween scares ,
Normal people: vampires, zombies, witches, mummies, etc.
Metatron: I’ve found an Egyptologist on Wired
Also, according to Doctor McCoy: Ancient Egyptians knew more
Metatron, about her comment on mummification not being necessary, I think what she meant is that it wasn't an absolute requirement for the afterlife. It was incredibly beneficial religiously and for the preservation of the body. But it wasn't a requirement for those that could not afford it.
If it was absolutely necessary for the afterlife, it's easy to imagine it would alienate the majority of the population to their own religion, which would make them pursue a different religion. Mummification was something that was seen as better than not having it, and it was also a symbol of status and power, but it wasn't an absolutely necessary religious practice. Or at least not to the same level as pharaos or other powerful Egyptians would have it done to themselves when they pass.
PS: I am not a specialist or studied on the topic, this is just my takeaway from what she explained.
But her words were 18:49
"It wasn't necessary for bodies to be preserved, the Egyptian desert does a great job at preserving bodies "
No mention of afterlife in this section
@elenacottica386 the earliest forms of mummification involved putting the body in the desert. It's later techniques that allowed to practice to come indoors.
@@dragoninthewest1 i know? That's what she is saying
Just to add to this chain: I think the point she was making was that mummification may seem unintuitive or unusual to people who live in climates where it almost never happens naturally. There is a good chance people in Ancient Egypt developed these higher level techniques for mummification only because they were initially inspired by naturally occuring mummification in the desert climate. I think (and this is just speculation on my part) there might even be a chicken and egg question regarding the religious importance of the practice. Did they preserve bodies because their religion put great importance on them, or did they create a religion that puts importance on preserving bodies because they lived in an environment where they could on occasion see bodies preserved for seemingly all eternity, creating a connection between eternal (after-)life and preserved bodies?
@@Mike_Hogsheart Interesting point.
But even in climates where the body would be hard to preserve, there were some cultures who seemed to have a deeper connection to the body.
Some Germanic tribes (if I remember correctly, it was in northern Germany) would seat the honored dead *inside* their homes, and keep them there until they were falling apart, then bury the remains under their threshold. So, in their own way, they tried to hang on to their departed's physical form as long as they could, too.
And yes, the imagery gives me the shudders. Imagine stepping into the very dimly lit interior of a hut, only to be faced by the grinning, maggot-riddled remains of somebody's gramps. Hard no from me.
Perhaps, what's really behind all of this is our fear of the unknown and our desire to hang on to those we love.
On the mummification thing, I think she meant it wasn't necessary in a social sense. It was a luxury, but general preservation (like the desert) was possible instead for those who sought it.
Raffaello, my 7th grade Ancient History teacher was as excited about ancient history or maybe more than this professor. When she would talk about ancient Egypt, Greece, or Rome, we would be so enthralled by her manner of explaining the subject that we'd forget to take notes. None of the students would be chatting or goofing off, it was as if here lessons transported us back to the era our teacher was discussing.
Of all my teachers through kindergarten through the end of my engineering course, none were more passionate about the subject than Miss Ostermeyer was back in 1979.
She was a tough teacher when giving tests, and it was even more difficult due to our forgetting to take notes, but she allowed extra credit projects to make up for it.
Some projects: I built a Roman bridge out of sugar cubes, made clay tablets and inscribed actual text using cuneiform writing (telling a brief poem), and I made a balsa wood siege tower that included little lead Roman soldiers individually painted.
Miss O. loved my projects so much she asked if she could keep them as decorations in her classroom. I visited her class after graduating from college (10 years later and she still had my projects in her classroom. I was even more surprised that when I walked in she immediately recognized me and beamed with delight as she introduced me to her class showing my projects as being "This is John. He made..., and I will remember him as my favorite student forever".
What an honor!
Where in the HELL did you go to school?
@JHimminy With a teacher like that, not Hell.
The “Social” choice of not building pyramids is describing two things:
1) We now have better models and designs to platform off to build buildings… such as those you pointed out… Greek and Roman architecture.
2) Productivity - A pyramid is a low production value design. Lots and lots of material with lots and lots of work to position those materials for very minimal gain.
This is deemed the social value of building or designing something… It is a social choice that pyramids are not often commissioned as practical designed buildings in modern day society.
As for “We couldn’t do it today”… of course this is bs… absolute bunk… if someone commissioned a complete 1:1 scale replica of the Great Pyramid (and received approval to quarry the stone), we would have it built in a fraction of the time the ancient Egyptians did and with more precision because we could bring modern methodology to bare…
However, what she was addressing was the Ancient Aliens malarkey that “If we can’t do it now, how could they do it then?” Which is, of course, a complete Strawman argument… we could build it now easily. She was addressing how the ancient Egyptians achieved it… which is the exact right answer… They couldn’t build it? Knob off morons… they did it this way.
Love the passion you can hear in her voice. That passion and integrity to the sources is something I love.
She is not only well informed but is enjoying herself as she shares her knowledge. People who are well informed and intelligent get so excited to share and inform other people with their knowledge. It's exciting and fun to not only inform but share their knowledge. When you talk with people who are interested in something you are knowledgeable in its exciting to share!
I saw the King Tut exhibit in Chicago when I was an Elementary student - 4th or 5th grade, I think.
Even though I wasn't old enough to *fully* comprehend what I was seeing, I was impressed enough to remember details of the exhibit almost 50 years later.
Same here.
She reminds me of my Egyptology professor in college, clearly enthusiastic about the subject. Great video!
I only found your channel a few days ago and I’m hooked please keep up the great work history unc!
We love you out here.
Thanks and welcome!
Welcome to the Noble Ones, friend!
I have no problems with her response to the "who was the best pharaoh?" because she doesn't need a reason. It's subjective. There is no "best", I mean, everyone has a different yardstick, so she's responding who her FAVOURITE is, for whatever reason. It's kind of a silly question and you can't really give anything but a silly answer. Like "who's the best guitarist in the world?" it REALLY depends on who you ask. Jimi Hendrix would say some guy, Al Dimeola would give another answer, everyone has a favourite but it can be for whatever silly reason. They just happen to like that one best.
Your videos are entertaining but your integrity is vital. You're like a candle in the dark here.
Thanks!
A rainbow in the dark.
I tend to agree with her about the fall of Egypt. Ancient Egypt also had Nubian and Persian dynasties, Nubians were indeed completely immersed in the Egyptian culture, and Persians tried as opposed to the Greek one but they were still foreign and that didn't end the Egyptian civilization. So I think it's a better answer to say that Egypt ended when, well, they were Romans and not Egyptians anymore ^^
Great video, as always!
We are closer to Cleopatra than Cleopatra is closer to the Pyramids of Giza. I know the dates but never examined it specifically like that haha. DAMN! That's a jaw dropper to think about.
It is!
The pyramids of Giza are closer to mammoths than Cleopatra is to the pyramids
Similar with the Trex being closer to us than to the Stegosaurus, it's mind blowing.
The brain was extracted through the nose
we aren't "closer". they are both gone. the past ceases to exist immediately after the present.
Love reading hieroglyph text and also teaching friends how if they showed interest.
Its nice seeing someone being honest about the history and actually enjoying it.
No, she mentionted also "without proper technology". Building a tower require better masonry than piramids...
It requires frames. And since steel wasn't around, wood was pretty typical. Egypt didn't have a lot of wood lying around.
Yes. Pyramids are kinda simple conceptually. Lol
@@soulknife20 that's true but maybe the environment was different back when they were originally built, I might be completely wrong though.
Climate was different, because the rotation axis of the earth wobbles, the angle of the sun isn't consistent. Not sure about the time it takes for one "wobble" - currently have two numbers in my mind: 10'000 years and 25'000 years.
I know it's really short compared to anything else in astronomy and had a massive impact on the climate in the Sahara reagion since the ancient Egyptians.
Edit:
Just looked it up. It's called the "Milankovic cycles" which are an overlay of different effects like that "wobble" of the earths rotational axis and also other effects. The wobble of the rotational axis has a period of 19'000 - 25'000 years. But the whole cyles with all effects are much longer.
Just looked it up. It's abit above what i want to type in my phone. So look up "Milankovic-cycles".
Yep, this lady was super interesting to listen to, and her passion and curiosity about the topic are not only palpable but contagious. She would have made an amazing teacher, for sure. I kinda want to find longer presentations or talks of hers, honestly.
"will we ever know what heiroglyphics say?"
apollinaire "am I a joke to you?!"
Champollion. Apollinaire, while a French man of letters, was a different guy.
I know, champollion, but he wrote bawdy tales under this pseudonym..
@@michelguevara151 Oh, I stand corrected! You learn something new every day.
I'm so glad one of these started and ended with Metatron agreeing and enjoying the specialist!
Many people view the end of ancient Egypt as a political entity when it was integrated into the Roman Empire, as it then became part of another country. However, when the Ptolemies took over, it largely remained Egypt within its previous borders.
21:30 ish: I think you’re saying the same thing about natural desert preservation vs mummification, she says the environment will preserve a body but that the intentional mummification process was better (and consequently more expensive, which is why it was available only to those with means).
When she brought up the Water Level I wanted to say that even in this day in age as a Union Boilermaker we still use Water Level’s!! They’re more accurate than a laser beam level. If you read the instructions and information on the laser beam level they can be + or - 1/32” upwards of 3/32” over 100’
tbh I didn't ever in my life saw a laser-level that is not using water. But maybe it's a cultural thing because here the most popular tool for leveling is Wasserwaage (spirit level / bubble level, i suppose it's called in english)
@@LalineMenulis Yeah, it's spirit level here. And most builders here, myself included, prefer to use a spirit level over a laser level.
Maybe cheap laser beam levels are less accurate (5 bucks om Temu), but even a mediocre one is more accurate than water levels., especially over long distance.
5:20 I think her point was that that’s, when Egypt loses its sovereignty, becoming a Roman province; rather, than focusing on, whether a native sits, on the throne. Imagine it, like this, if you will: ”Were the 2 titans and juggernauts of WW2 annexed by Austria and Georgia; since those places are, where both their respective leaders came from?”. 😉
5:45 Exactly 🎯💯👍🏻!
5:30 I think a royal family ruling a state not being from a country is fairly different from it being absorbed. The Kingdom of Great Britain, after all, has been ruled by German Royal families for all but its first 7 years, the Swedish Royal Family is from France, the Norwegian royal family is from Denmark, Habsburgs ruled places far from Switzerland like Spain, etc. Those countries still existed as their own entities like Ptolemaic Egypt.
You are so the Italian version of Comic Book Guy on the Simpsons lol
I’m a huge fan of both 🤣
40:08 trilinguals are a _godsent_ in decipherment, the trilingual Behistun Inscription being kind of _a_ Rosetta's Stone for cuneiform writing. Cuneiform were being deciphered even before disseminating copies of inscription, but it _really_ helped solidifying the art.
32:40 "what would be the purpose of it?" Exactly why it's a social choice not to build a modern pyramid. The pyramids served a purpose to ancient Egyptians as tombs and monuments that we don't see as useful anymore.
Even Pre Modern towers are thicker at the base than the top, I realized this when I was going through Architectural Work Study when I had to climb a lot of the Church Towers in Florence. Then I saw the same all the way recent as 1800s Chicago building, which was 13 floors, with the bottom floor having these thick walls and pillars that got thinner as you went up, but gradually, like you could see the slight bend on them.
I would absolutely watch a feature length documentary with her either as the host, or primary authority. Nothing she said really gave me pause, and I have been intensely interested in ancient history for most of my (considerable) years.
Refreshing to hear an academic still use B.C. and A.D.
Yep
What else is used?
@@sethkeown5965BCE and CE
@@sethkeown5965 C.E. and B.C.E are the newer things used. Been around a long time but I didn’t start hearing them until I was a teenager.
Most academics use those from what I've seen. Rewatch the Egypt and Roman videos from HistoryHit, both of them use BC. IIRC the professor from Lex Fridman's podcast said BC as well. Most people in general, religious or secular, use BC because that's what they've always used, the BCE/ACE terms are not very widely used except when someone is deliberately trying to avoid the religious/Christian connotation (e.g. if you're talking to an exclusively muslim or jewish audience talking about Christ could be controversial so someone might use BCE in that context)
On a similar note to the Rosetta Stone, shoutout to the Behistun inscription for helping us decipher cuneiform.
"assassin's creed often get things right".... then along came "shadows"
Well, the buildings and nature might still be well done. Which is what she was talking about.
@@blarfroer8066 actually, no they weren't, yasuke was just the beggining, tatami's were the wrong dimensions, a lot of buildings had more in common with chinese arquitecture and cherry on top, they put a Torii gate to mark the entrance of a town, Torii gates go in front of shrines not towns, oh and while on the subject of religion, the cinematic trailer showed people burning incense in a shinto shrine while performing a shinto prayer... you burn incense on buddhist shrines not shinto.
they hired basketball muricans, what do you expect
25:53 The newest Assassins creed set in Japan has made multiple mistakes already visible in trailers. This is because they chose a VERY NARROW PERIOD IN TIME in order to have the main character be Yasuke.
I'd say without arches, all you can do on that tremendous scale is pyramids and ziggurats. Its just an earthwork mound in stone.
Yes that's the most simple shape for monumental architecture. The first pyramids kinda looked like ziggurats btw, you can see it started as a terrace with a smaller terrace on top of it with an even smaller terrace on top of it etc... Before they had the idea to smooth the surface.
@@xenotypos then some idiot appears, makes half a circle and ruins everything
But I still think this shape might have some spiritual meaning/power
a big solid rectangular prism
@@xenotyposEven the current ones are kinda made like that, just with the intent to put cover stones over them!
This is my first time seeing one of your videos and I find this very interesting. I looked on your channel and saw that you have actually covered several WIRED episodes that I have watched many months ago and never noticed the amount of problems they had. I am currently watching the Ancient Rome episode of yours and I plan to binge watch the rest.
She had me laughing so hard talking about them using a plumb bob to get the stones straight. Everyone knows the Pyramids were built by Aliens using anti-gravity! Lol.
Aliens!
Nah anti-gravity is cheating. A really advanced species builds despite the gravity.
Actually, The Treaty of Sirius forbids the use of antigravity on primitive planets like Earth. The aliens used plumb bobs, too.
@@user-df4kf6fg7hno they were the illegal aliens and did not care for the rules
I would’ve done the guy they had before her (the black dude). That guy is a loon. Dude claimed Kemet means “land of the blacks” and claimed Ancient Egypt was black, both of which are blatantly untrue. Because Kemet meant the color of their fertile black soil. When I saw this video months back, she was a breath of fresh air.
Suprpised you didn't catch this. 6:57 Cleo wasn't bi-lingual, someone who speaks two languages. She knew... I forget if it was seven or nine languages.
A polyglot then.
@@Arkantos117 Yes.
According to a friend, that is very bilingual 😂
@@wbtwarmerdam Multilingual...
"Ancient Egypt was already ancient in Ancient Egypt." I like how she puts things in perspective.
Love the fact you give praise where it is due. New to your channel so I have a lot to watch👍
Technically Hatshepsut was a Powerful Regent to her Nephew Thutmose III, but she took on the role of Pharaoh and co ruled with Thutmose III until her death.
You can build towers out of stone, but they would be significantly weaker and most of them already collapsed and all we can study is the ruins. Pyramids are quite stable. Survivor bias.
Because of their structure complexity. The shape of a pyramid is very simple in structural complexity
Not any tower, you can only reach a certain height until it collapses under it own weight. The base has to be constructed with very sturdy material, and the top with material as light as possible. But even like this, you have a limit to the height and you clearly can't reach the height of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
The tallest tower of the ancient world was probably the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and it was built more than 2000 years after the great pyramids with a more advanced type of achitecture. Yet, it was not as tall as those pyramids.
Truly enjoyed this video. Hoping Metatron can find more people like this. I absolutely love this.
At least she supports your efforts to use “BC” instead of “BCE”.
Yes I appreciate that. BCE is nonsense.
I’m just curious, what’s the problem with BCE?
@@CanadianBacon9719it’s a matter of Political Correctness and wanting to distance from what is viewed as ‘religious’ ideations when it comes to supposedly ‘scholarly’ work. AD stands for Anno Domini - Year of our Lord - and BC for Before Christ. Some will argue that it is inaccurate because the year 0 doesn’t match with the ‘actual’ year Christ was born, but again …
@@CanadianBacon9719 It has no reason to exist and is just inferior in usage.
@@CanadianBacon9719it kinda takes away the achievement of developing the Gregorian calendar from Christians, BCE is essentially a secular alternative to BC
I saw the original video awhile ago and I really liked her. i´m glad to see you covering it :D
One thing I heard about ancient Egypt that's fascinated me is the idea that if the living forget your name, you suffer a second a death. Part of why I love this idea is honestly fanfiction related cause it gives a way to flesh out some worldbuilding but still.
That is a cool concept. I don't believe I've ever heard of this before.
It's a pretty common Trope through all of history. We have a version now even, "That's why no one will remember your name".
This is the type of a professor/teacher of history you want - knowledgeable and fun.
She really sells her passion for the ancient Egypt! I'm going to go over to the original video and give the lady a like.
32:55 literally exactly her point. We have no social reason to build pyramids
This was awesome, I really appreciate your including some academics with integrity.
So the Ptolemaics were kinda like the Normans, "let's not bother mixing with these peasants, they are a silly lot".
It was also a convenient excuse to get with their sisters, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (sister lover) 😂
I prefer calling ancient Egypt 'archaic' to denote that you're referring to times before the Old Kingdom. In any case, I love Laurel Bestock as she was probably the first person I had run into when looking for information about Early Dynastic Egypt as she worked with Matthew Adams and the legendary David O'Connor as they were excavating the funerary enclosures at Abydos. She was a prolific author about a decade ago and I can't recommend her work enough if you'd really like to learn more about Early Dynastic Egypt, more specifically the First Dynasty. As it turns out, we know far more about Protodynastic and First Dynastic Egypt than we do Second Dynastic Egypt for reasons that we aren't quite sure of, aside from several of the Second Dynastic kings choosing to be buried in Saqqara as opposed to Abydos.
Also, anyone who thinks a civilization that went through rises and falls but still remained an almost entirely independent culture and nation for 3000 years is ignorant at best. Egypt invented the core drill in ancient times for heaven's sake and had the wherewithal and drive to build incredible monuments that we still look upon with awe to this day.
How did the ancient Egyptians deal with spam email?
They probably had Spam light with 50% less salt. It’s good with lemon. 🍋
Flushed it into the river, they would have been in de-Nile about it.
NordVPN... they hired a nord to protect their household
@@metatronytHi Noble One, I just paused the video at 13:43 where you talked about your invitation to the Vatican Secret Archives.. That's simply sick! What a great compliment to YOU as a person AND to what you do. I can't imagine the anticipation you must have experienced. Thank you for the (fun) varied and interesting learning curve you make me keep "climbing"
Greetings from Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Peace 🇳🇱👍
cats
I watched that video myself before so it was nice to see your reaction to it, I very much like her and her passion for the subject
Just finished watching the newest Tasting History when I noticed you posted so I had to come here next 🥰
The mummification part was IMO meant as a luxury to preserve the body, as you said, in a better state and for longer. Something you would do if you could afford it. And if you couldn't afford it, desert mummification was the answer.
Also, the pregnancy test blew my mind
She clearly knew her stuff and had a very engaging way of communicating it IMO.
A tiny nitpick: Dr. Bestock only said that Hatshepsut was a woman, she didn't say that Hatshepsut was her favourite because of her gender.
Watching her enthusiastically start reading Hieroglyphics made me start searching Amazon for a book. She was great! EDIT: I also need to say -- I love how she didn't say Tut was "unimportant" (which I hear alot) but that he was unpopular. He obviously didn't win any great battles or make any great political changes, but he was right smack dab in a pretty interesting period of Egypt.
I love this video. It's like a breath of fresh air. I always love when people talk on topics they are passionate about.
At this point him and wired/vanity Fair have serious beef
So funny that Metatron had to be so picky just to have something to say. "Hmmm, I've got to be transformative here... Hmmm... TOWERS!"
Seriously though, the additions about the tactile interactions with the papyrus and the scroll are the kind of thing in here for ❤ Loving the video
The modernist approach to ancient/medieval medicine is mindblowing to me when I consider my grandfather is older than the discovery of penicilin and my great grandmother (born in 1904) had 10 children of whom 4 died before the age of 3 with an average global child mortality rate of 30-40%.
So saying medieval and ancient medicine was bad is kinda redundant because medicine was bad until like 80 years ago. It's such a non-statement.
The BBC had a child history show years ago, Horrible Histories, one of their regular skits was showing time period medical beliefs.
One thing that stood out to me is the Ancient Egyptian "doctor" was basically the only one they showed with mostly helpful treatments, not as good as modern medicine can be, but still beneficial.
@@sjmcc13 Horrible Histories was terrible though so I wouldn't take that seriously.
She talks like a person who actually knows what she’s talking about and who has a pragmatic view on what is reasonable to think regarding her expert subject. Love it! 👌🏻
I don't know, but BASS PRO SHOP owns the Memphis Pyramid in Memphis Tennessee.
There's one in vegas too lmao
Best way to learn history with you Metatron. Love it.
If we can't build pyramids with modern day technology, than that must mean the Luxor hotel in Las Vegas is at least 3000 years old.
Lucre has one, Vegas, too..
Louvre , ffs
Ditto with the Pyramid at CSU Long Beach.
And the Bass Pro Shops in Memphis, TN. Which is the most American thing ever
@@lynnm6413That's a tiny one 😊
There's a scene from the film 'Gods of Egypt' which shows the weighing of the heart ceremony (except the film subverts the ceremony by measuring how rich you are instead of how few sins you have committed/your guilt)
Don't confuse parchment (Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals-primarily sheep, calves, and goats. It has been used as a writing medium for over two millennia. Vellum is a finer quality parchment made from the skins of young animals such as lambs and young calves.
... ) with scroll (a roll of parchment or paper for writing on) .
While you are right, in that towers could get pretty tall by just using stone, you’d also have to show us an example of a tower that stood tall for 5000 years.
long post but worth the read , ancient Egypt (where an Egyptian was Pharoah) fell long before Alexander put Ptolem in charge, quick cliff note explanation .
1.first you had warlords
2. Then Egypt becomes two kingdoms, the upper and lower kingdom of the Nile
3.a massive war happens between the two and this leads to the burning of the orginal kings tombs that tears the spiritual heart out of all the ancient Egyptians.
3.) because of this burning a king from thibes is able to take power and unite both kingdoms. (that's why thibes was the capital city of ancient Egypt).
4 . ) lots of stuff happens here the expansion of Egypt, famine, wealth , the Ramsey ,Osiris, building of the pyramids of gyzia the sphinx extra, most importantly that capturing and enslavement of the nubian kingdom (modern day Ethiopia)
5. THE ASYRIANS, the asyrians arrive wage war ,win and take charge and are technically the ones who put an end to the "Old line of Pharoahs"
6.The "Hot Topic" the NUBIAN Pharoahs ,the Asyrian kings run Egypt into the ground for the next 150 years until their is a revolt lead by a nubian king who then takes control and becomes the new Pharoah. Now it's important to note the nubians where not Egyptian, they were a slave state to Egypt, but at this point they saw them seleves as Egyptian as now they shared the same culture due to the 1500 years of influnce. the nubian kings saw them selves as Egyptian Pharoahs but knew they where different to the orginal dynasties, as depicted by their stautes and depictions having much darker skin
7. the Nubian dynasty is 500 years old and Egypt is a couple of thousand years old at this point and is struggling with famine dwindling resources and a devastating invasion from the "Sea people " basically like ancient vikings.
.8)The end, Persia invades takes out the ruling Pharoah and Egypt becomes a pupet state of the Persian empire . bring the NUBIAN Pharoahs line to an end and making the 24th dynasty the final one.
9.)Enter Alexander the great and his General Ptolemy , Alexander is crowned as a Pharoah (genius political move as that title created a link between him the kings of old and the gods of Egypt, as shown by an inscription of him being crowned and embarrassed by Osiris.
10.) after Alexander's death Ptolemy his General takes power and control of Egypt seeing become and economic and cultural powers his dynasty ends when cleopatria kills her 14year old brother and eventually cleopatria and the son she had with Cesar die/killed.
11.) Rome and the Bazintine(the eastern Roman Empire) fall Egypt is lost to the ottoman empire and becomes the country we know today, 6000+ years of history.
if any one has 4hrs to burn I would recommend Fall of civilization vedio the rise and fall of ancient Egypt
Thank you ! People tell us we aren't Egyptian because we don't look like Nubians who aren't even Egyptian in the first place , good to see someone knows that both had their own civilization before the British mandate
Great video. It sent me into a little research spiral and I just learned about the Egyptian god's "Ammun Zeus" temple in Greece and the etymology of Thebes (the ancient greek city) probably coming from the name of the once capital of Egypt Thebes! There must surely have been some influence from egypt to the ancient greek civilization, maybe it could be a good idea for a future video. Love Metatron from Greece 🇬🇷
I think the real reason we're not building the Pyramids is that we don't value such things for ourselves. Plus the cost would be astronomical.
Which is what's she's saying really its a social choice.
If you get the conditions right, bodies do tend to naturally mummify. There are a handful of people who died in the American deserts who were naturally mummified and are on display at various locations. The problem is the conditions needed are harsh, so if they are not retrieved post mummification, they do embrittle and break down, so not really viable as a means to preserve a population en masse.
She was great! We need more of this.
35:06 yeah, it’s easy. Hatshepsut commissioned some cool temples and didn’t have a major war.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐Excellent presentation. Between her clear answers and your reactions to them, I really learned a few things I hadn't known before. This was an excellent illustration of how a reviewer can work with a presenter to create a true learning experience.
A total flex with casually reading hieroglyphics, love it.
That was brilliant, I grew up learning about the egyptians and still learnt more 🙂
She's a fantastic teacher, you're right way better than anyone else they've had on there 🥳
AND I had no idea you'd been given access to the Vatican Archives Raf that's amazing, how much trouble do you think you'd get in if you made a dedicated video I'd love to hear all about it 😄