Why You Can't Hear Volcanoes Erupt
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- Опубликовано: 4 дек 2022
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Even if a volcano is just a few miles away, you might not hear it erupt. How is that possible? It has to do with a phenomenon known as sound shadows! Hank will tell you all about it in this new episode of SciShow! Join us!
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Sources:
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Image Sources:
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When Mt. St. Helens erupted I was living about 250 miles away. Our house was jolted by about 6 very loud explosive noises that had some physical pressure to them. Then a few moments later we had a repeat in the pattern but in reverse order. We found out that it was the sound wave bouncing off the "roof" of the atmosphere layer and back down. Sort of an echo it was reported. It was so loud at that distance that we found it hard to believe that people living near the mountain didn't hear a thing.
Good story
Over here giggling at the manatee lady showing up at the opera house, thanks Scishow 😅
Yo is that Barbara Manatee?!
Meanwhile I'm over here learning that sound is very complicated and will trick you and it actually scares me as a brain.
For a second I thought the title read “...could protect our cities FROM manatees” as they are truly formidable beings
Destroy us with cuteness and politeness
@@steelfallageek classic misdirection.
@paterpillar5997 their land troops are Quokkas
Oh the Huge Manatee!
There were Godzilla sized manatees a few hundred years ago called Steller's Sea Cow. It's a good thing they were all but wiped out by hunters thousands of years ago.
Omg the manatee in a dress and wig in the ocean was so adorable 🥰 😅😂 thank you for that visual. I literally had to pause just to get the giggles out so I could get back to focusing and finish absorbing the content. ❤ you guys made my day.
That manatee in the seats got me too! 🤣 you guys are brilliant ❤.
That manatee in the dress got me too. I'm guessing by the self reply it's only going to get better from the point I'm at (manatee in a dress).
You might also have mentioned that, during World War II, submarine commanders knew that, if they got below the thermocline, they were not detectable by sonar.
While that is somewhat true, it's not foolproof. The fathometer is a perfect example of how that is not true. The thermocline layer(s) doesn't/don't stop sound waves, it just bends them. Shallow angle sound waves generally will just bounce off at the same angle, sort of like skipping a stone. A steep angle sound wave can get through in most cases. Only the most extreme thermocline layers can bounce back a steeper angle sound wave. The biggest problem is trying to figure out which way the sound wave bends in both sending a sonar pulse and receiving the return.
From a US Navy vet Sonar Technician (Surface)
In the case of those partial examples, would the thermocline-caused sound shadow be able to partially mask the sub’s location &/or size? 😮
There’s a really good episode of @smartereveryday does in his submarine series that covers this
Opera singer here! I see y'all with your Pavarotti animations 😂👏
Where I live in San Diego, there are often fighter jets overhead, and they take off from the runways along the coast. There are a bunch of hills inland, and the sound bounces off of them in weird ways. So people miles from the runways often get confused by how loud the jets are when they’re miles away. I assumed this was entirely due to the hills, but this video makes it clear that there’s more going on. I would love to know how strong onshore winds or Santa Ana winds affect these extremely loud sounds.
Could sound elicit other things as well, such as ghostly mummlings?
It's weird. Scishow probably used a stock footage service for that highway. But I recognise it because I drive under that highway sign in Toronto Canada to get to work almost every day.
Highway 401 is quite busy and you can definitely hear it from a distance
That's awesome
When I was at a friends apartment once there was a college football game at the stadium nearby. The sound coming from the stadium was bouncing off the apartment building behind his and it sounded like the stadium was right behind that apartment building. In reality the stadium was in the exact opposite direction. It was a very bizarre and interesting experience
i'm very excited you decided to focus on the health consequences of chronic noise.
And in this intersectional world of ours, there are "intellectuals" who claim that the desire for quiet is white supremacy. The white suburbs are quiet, while the multi-ethnic city is loud with sports cars, shouting, and music ... therefore, quiet is bad.
I work at Mt St Helens, so I cringed when you said it blew in 1983 (it was 1980), but this phenomena is noticeable where I live. On a clear night, I hear no road noise, as the freeway is about 1.5 miles from me as the crow flies. But if the cloud deck comes in at just the right level, I can hear the freeway noise loud and clear. It’s less noticeable under a clear air inversion.
I cringed when you said it blew in 1983 (it was 1980)
Indeed, And the Krakatau eruption, that one in 1883, was allegedly heard from many miles away....
“i WoRk At Mt St HeLeNs”
Well on February 7, 1983, Mount St. Helens began a year-long period of eruptive activity. Geologists consider the activity from 1980 to be a single eruption with several eruptive episodes, including the 1983 activity.
This sort of thing happens in my neighborhood. It's about a mile or two from a busy highway, and normally I can't hear it from my house, but sometimes, generally when the weather is misty or something, the traffic noise carries all the way over and seems only a few hundred feet away. It's like a ghost highway.
I've noticed that in my city with railroads. I'm a couple miles away so I usually don't hear the horns or tracks. But if the weather is just right, I can hear them pretty clearly even in the house.
I really want a deeper dive into the poignant story of Opera Guy and his tragic love triangle with Polly Puffyshoulders and her manatee twin.
Well, this explains the eerie silence of wintertime!
Granted, Mt St Helens did the big boom in May 1980, but it DID erupt in 1983 as well: "Between February 1983 and February 1984, the dome grew continuously both by the intrusion of magma into it and by the extrusion of lava onto its surface. As of May 1984, it appeared that Mount St. Helens had returned to the episodic style of dome growth."
BTW, on the morning of May 18, 1980, I was up reading the Sunday funnies and when the volcano blew, all it sounded like to me was a POP! like a jet going supersonic (I used to live next to a SAC airbase, so I knew that sound). I was just south of Seattle, in Burien, WA.
Ornamentation on houses works as sound shadows. It disperses the sounds. Plain outer walls don’t. That’s why modernist/brutalist architecture works as an excellent amplifiers of sound. The Johanneberg neighborhood of Gothenburg is literally planned and built like the inside of early tube amplifiers, for example.
I live in a canyon of tall apartment and condo buildings and yeah, much the same. Sound echoes here and you can't always tell what direction it's coming from.
Another reason to hate brutalist architects lol
Amused that most of the examples of city noise is motor vehicles. "the problem is cars and roads" in so many different ways. I've lived in a house facing 8 tracks of commuter rail and that was noisy, but I've never dared live next to a road that carries 200,000 people a day. I wouldn't want to live within a couple of kilometres of a road like that.
I just checked... "one of the busiest roads in Sydney carries 150,000 vehicles a day"... at 1.2 peop;le per vehicle on average that's still not even close to the number using the train line I lived next to. Apparently I'd have to move to the US to find a road carrying as many people as that set of train lines (admittedly Austrlias busiest)
Because cities aren't loud, cars are.
It really depends. In my experience the train track was worse despite living next to one of the busiest roads in the bay area.
I'm next to a road like that, probably a couple hundred thousand people a day. It's awful.
I used to live next to a probably equally busy road but at the back of the house and there were trees lining the front, so quiet. Too bad the other people in the house weren't.
I live in a rural area (outer suburbs). I do hear occasional cars but I can clearly hear trains passing through town 5 miles (8km) away. It's a rumble that you feel as much as hear.
This made me think of the Tom Scott video about the hills near Amsterdam Schiphol Airport which deliberately cause destructive interference so the noise from the airport does not reach the city, but I don’t know whether this counts as a sound shadow
I am sure that the loud eruption of Mt St. Helen's happened in May of 1980.
Yeah that "1983" thing threw me off too. You are right
Was gonna comment about this
It's fascinating to see different solutions to save marine animals. The sound shadows have potential! Our crew filmed another project that aims to avoid whales being hit and killed by ships. The project is about creating a corridor to separate vessels and whales; we even found a success story!
As a former sound guy, I love this. Sound shadows are can be a powerfully useful tool (drum shields, soundproof foam panels/walls).
It can also be your WORST ENEMY, as depicted in the video. It gets even worse in outdoor shows.
The animations were brilliant 😀
When St Helen’s exploded in 1980, we lived about 20 miles away - and heard nothing. Of course, we also didn’t get ash until it blew again a week later and the winds had changed.
It seems a bit surprising at first that sounds travels faster through warmer air. Sound traveling faster through solids than liquids, and faster through liquids than gasses makes me think it's related to density. And with warm air being less dense than cold air, my first thought would be it would be faster in cold air. Obviously I don't have the full story, so to speak, but it's still interesting.
Yes and no, cold air is more dense is sound talk, and warm air can let sound travel father, but it also depends a lot of wind, sunlight, and other things too, even a bee flying by can cause some of the sound wave to be dwarfed a tad, nothing really on it's own but over distance and everything else making sound or eating sound cause change it wildly from source to end. Go online and do some research onto the subject and you find it's very surprising on what can kill a sound wave or amp it or even help carry it along.
Generally, the relationship between density and the speed of sound is the opposite of what you're thinking -- for a given medium, such as air, the speed of sound increases as the temperature increases and the density decreases. The reasons why sound usually travels more quickly through solids than liquids and more quickly through liquids than gasses has to do with their compressibility rather than their density, with gasses being easily compressible, liquids not, and solids being able to transmit transverse waves as well as longitudinal waves, so the way and the rate at which a wave moves through these three states of matter varies considerably due to those properties more than due to their relative densities.
@@juliasophical ty you said it waaayyyy more better I more better explaining blast wave energy machanics, or nuclear energy machanics and the uses of it and that stuff
It makes sense if you think about being outside in the snow. It's always SO quiet. The snow itself dampens the sound but makes sense that the air helps
Really interesting.
Under certain circumstances during summer, we can hear conversations held on the other side of the fjord where I live. That's about 3 km.
Cool to learn how that works.
7:05 It's heartwarming that Ms. Manatee not only survived the ship encounter but also got a good seat at the opera.
Birds often sing the most in the morning than in the afternoon. I wonder if their songs travel farther due to morning atmospheric conditions like described in this video, or if they’re just keen on making as much noise as possible after they wake up?
Genuinely interesting hypothesis
Probably a little bit of both, but yes, it's 100% confirmed that morning conditions make birdsong louder.
@Cancer McAids birds are nature's musicians :)
Shoutout to the graphics & animation team on this one
As a kid, the farm I grew up on was about 10 to 11 miles from the train tracks...yet, some summer nights, you would swear it was less than a mile away, it sounded so clear and close.
What a cool concept and delightful animations! Thanks SciShow!
Temperature inversions can be dangerous too. There are so any stories of folks lost in a fog chasing false echoes thinking they will find other people or help. The sound bounces around so much that it sounds like it's coming from somewhere it's not. Growing up on the water, fog was additionally dangerous because of this; you might think you hear another ship coming from somewhere it is not actually coming from!
As someone who was taught in theater for example living in a mountain area, surprised you folks didn't include soundshadowing in hills and gullies that can mess with direction for novice hikers.
The commitment to the operatic bit (and the manatee) was truly fantastic. Bravo!
Trees aren't just good at sound shadows, they are also great at creating normal shadows. I was once driving on a road during sunset heading south. So the sun from my right was not helping, drove further south where there was trees, and I could see a lot better.
In a dense tropical forests, trees act as sound barriers and create sound shadows.
Trees are just better all around - IF there is room for them in a landscape that already had a buncha...well stuff. Though there are occasional less-than-ideal situations with trees alongside a busy road re: sound and light both. Where I live, trees are very common, but they're all tall thin pines. This is fine for the most part, until sunrise or sunset, at which point driving along any given stretch of highway may begin to resemble a rave as far as your eyeballs are concerned. The trees don't make a solid "mass" and so instead you end up with a most distressing "strobe" effect that can be rough to deal with. And on the other side of the trees, neighborhoods are subjected to a noticeable fluctuation in sound. SOME highway noise is baffled, redirected, quieted...but not as much as you'd expect from the amount of vegetation and all that is present. But it's still better than nothing at all and far cheaper to maintain a "wild" strip of wooded area along the highway than some kind of wall.
Our biggest problem with tree barriers is when they spontaneously tumble into the freeway or go up in flames. That's always exciting.
A freeway recently built near my mother's house was built lower than the surrounding ground, and it was very effective. From a block away, we couldn't hear it at all.
Love the constant use of the opera singer cartoons!
This reminded me of something I always wonder about. If I see an insect, moving or stationary, (ant, spider, silverfish...) and want it to go away, if I tap my foot repeatedly as a way of scaring it, instead it runs directly towards my foot wanting to get squashed under my tapping! I don't understand why this happens and once I even thought it wouldn't actually go under my foot but it did and ended up squashed. My tapping is clear and consistent in rhythm (one tap per second for example) and maybe 5 cm high. So again, why would an insect that clearly sees my foot tapping gets scared and runs towards the tapping, even when it was initially walking in some other random direction?
Sound shadows in the water? The Navy will have extensive data about that - sonar and submarines of course absolutely rely on (to hide) or attempt to defeat (to find) this effect.
6:42 thank you! i didnt quite conceptualize that beforehand
0:30 Can confirm. I was 4, living in Victoria BC. The blast echoed across the water to the Island and we heard it. We thought it was military exercises at the naval base...
This video made me think of a 1956 episode of the panel show What's My Line. The first "mystery guest" was nearly 90 and hard a hard time hearing the panelists. But he was able to diagnose the acoustic problems which led to the panel identifying him. The guest was Frank Lloyd Wright, perhaps the greatest architect of the 20th Century. The episode is available on RUclips. In addition to Mr. Wright there was a less famous guest followed by a star performer all the girls went crazy for, Liberace. The screams of the women in the audience actually revealed his identity. It is pretty funny in hindsight. As I understand it, the episodes are all in the public domain and most are available on RUclips. It is a very funny and charming show that I came across on cable late one night about 15 years ago. Each episode is worth watching.
Very cool, I love his designs. Thanks for the info on the episode.
To bad you didn't remember more info on how to get to that episode. Or even a link to said episode. You probably watched it a while ago. But thanks, I'm sure I can find it when I really want to! Nice you made that comment.
@@jerirasulo9543 Here is the link. ruclips.net/video/cMXK_KtUVm4/видео.html&ab_channel=What%27sMyLine%3F
Thank you!! I just watched it. He was so young. And handsome thanks very much 🥰
This might be the episode ruclips.net/video/cMXK_KtUVm4/видео.html
Being in various marching bands for about 10 years, this phenomenon is very apparent on windy days when you could be standing right in front of the band but can barely hear them in the cross wind.
One of those things that’s intuitive when you think about it, but weird to experience in practice.
TRUE! The Mount Saint Helens eruption woke me up in Bellingham near the Canadian Border, but my grandmother who lived in Kelso not far from mountain heard nothing.
The immediate thing I thought of was an acoustic "eye of the storm" type of thing.
But it seems like this phenomenon has a far more versatile mobility than that.
Curious about how sound waves work now more than ever.
Well, time to jump down the research rabbit hole!
Beautiful quality of this educational video, amazing work
Yeah, there was a nasty explosion at the Army base I was stationed at. I was less than 2 miles away and I saw the smoke, but never heard anything so I thought it was "just" a fire.
It was a REALLY nasty explosion.(Well, actually, it was a couple of really nasty explosions followed by a *whole bunch* of smaller ones. Still never heard anything).
THANK YOU. I have been telling people about this for years and no one wanted to believe me!!
You get a similar effect when sound reflects off of something. When sound bounces back in the direction it comes from it can cancel the sound out at different points, called nodes. When I worked in the film industry we used to use this phenomenon to cancel out sounds on set, like the fans from computers.
Really cool video about sound phenomena! But wait~ that's not right, st. Helens erupted in 1980??
This is great technology to help people with dyspraxia, and I think I'll use some of these methods personally. Earphones are nice, but this sounds like a great way to add some much needed silence to my living space. I'm all about that Mental Health , dog.
Thank you scishow editors who put a manatee in a dress and wig. That made my day 😂
Very interesting!
1. Submarines can use sound shadows to hide from SONAR. 2. thank you for shouting out acoustical engineers, Sincerely an acoustical engineer. 3. there's a psychological effect of using greenery instead of a barrier. To some degree, it's kind of "out of sight out of mind" if you block line of sight you may perceive it to be quieter
First, the Mt. St.Helens blast happened in 1980, not 1983.
With that out of the way, a friend lived in Longview, WA, and was listening to the radio while cleaning up the Sunday breakfast dishes when the announcer came on air shouting “The mountain blew up! St. Helens is erupting!”
She went outside, but couldn’t see anything happening over the local hills so thought “he must be nuts”, when some whitish stuff started drifting down. It was ash. That’s when she realized the cloud over the hill top that she had barely noticed was actually growing. She never heard a thing; on a straight line Longview is about 40-50 miles from the volcano.
Interesting. As a former submarine hunter in Swedish navy, I can vouch for this being true in water. The water is layered with both temperature and salinity and each border of a layer deflects sound. Much like a beam of light hitting a surface of water. Between to layers sound can bounce back and forth and be led far away in a "sound channel". Only a few meters up or down you cant hear a thing. Of course it does the same to sound from active sonars, only then the sound has to travel both ways for the echo to be detected, getting deflected differently in each direction. We call them isoterms for temperature layers and isosalinas for salt layers. Both the sub and the sub hunter constantly messure how the layers shift, according to currents and bottom topology and use computers to make best use of the deflections in our hide and seek. My home waters, the Baltic sea is one of the hardest places in the world to hunt subs. It's shallow, low salinity, high temperature variations and has the largest amount if islands in the world. It creates many layers and gives the subs an indefinite number of uportunities to hide. Out in the open water where the layers are fewer and broader we can spot them easier. But in the archipelago, which makes up the entire coast of Sweden, it is much harder.
Some very interesting facts. Thank you.
Dem. Now I want a soundproof room even more.
My favorite sound shadow happens with thick dry layers of dry powder snow.
5:22 Baaaarbra Manateeee! (Manatee! Manatee!)
Should have mentioned how those walls can sometimes amplify sound beyond the shadow.
Nice episode. Good info.
4:55 sonar's known to act funny in the Indian Ocean, often gets bent down to the seabed.
Also my ideo for sound shadowing for roads, tilt it wall towards the road to bound the sound back to the road it self mainly, and ripple or dimon punch it to help brake the sound wave up so when it bounces back to the road it's eaten by the original sound that will be stronger then the bounce, cause also kill the sounds level all around to almost none on the highways side but kil most of it in the highway. I'm just also kinda learn this at home person so someone with a lab that can do this experiment please do and use what information that is useful, I work mostly with blast waves and such like that but the two are not to far off from another, just different energy driving the wave and of course different types of waves, being used, but same principle basically.
There might be some issues with either having something bend into the space where traffic is happening (big risk) or issues with stability because the tilt will not just catch sound, but wind and might create dangerous turbulance for strong winds which drivers wouldn't expect.
Like, when driving on a highway during strong winds and suddenly getting into/out of an area with sound-barriers you can feel the sudden impact. If the tilt would change how the wind behaves, this could spell desaster. No idea if it does, but it's quite risky and propably not worth the risk.
That's Highway 401 in Toronto :)
Great episode
Before today, I do not remember hearing of sound shadows.🔊🔉🔈🤷♀
the fact that you used highway footage from the 401 in Toronto doesn't shock me in the least! the shock is that it was moving that freely 😄
Very Interesting video!
3:44
aah, so that's why sometimes the intensity of a sound on some distant loud speaker seems to change with wind.
After watching this i realized that i experienced a sound shadow just last summer when a volcano became active again a few miles from my town
The music from a singer bounces off the walls and ceiling so it sounds incredible. However, you can't hear a pigeon on the stage because a coo sticks.
When you are a couple 100 yards from a 12 gauge in the woods you can hear that thing echo out like thunder. But one day my cousin came to us on the other side of a hill and said he just shot a deer. We thought he was full of crap but we just didn't hear the shot at all.
I've never seen a movie theater that had a balcony in the theater for people to sit at.
I love the manatee in a dress. Bless the artist
Mt St Helens exploded in 1980. I lived in Portland, I was outside, and I didn't hear it. It was over 90 km away.
TIL what sound shadows are. Very interesting! Love this show!
In the case of volcanos is it possible that reflections from the edge of the atmosphere would cause concentric cancellation of the direct wave at lower altitudes?
No wonder I miss the windy places I lived. It seemed quieter, definitely less traffic, but I bet the wind helped a lot too.
Also glad that they're figuring out how to prevent marine animal deaths by boat.
0:28 Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, *not* in 1983.
Hehe, hey that highway clip from Toronto is right near me!
Is this why thunder may be much quieter than expected very near where lightning struck the ground? I have been closer than I liked several times and the thunder sounded more like a hardcover book being slammed closed or dropped flat on the floor or even a clap of the hands. Echos of the the same thunder sound deep and loud as expected.
2nd Like & 2nd comment!Keep up the good work SciShow.I really learned a lot from you guys. 🙂👍👍
I love the whisper room in the Royal BC Museum. I guess that's the opposite of a sound shadow though
I'm wondering about walls along highways diffusing and bending soundwaves (@8:25) in conjunction with how sounds are extra loud if you happen to be directly beneath where a sound wave strikes/crashes [due to bending] (@3:44).
Does that mean, in the areas beyond the sound shadow boundaries, these soundbarriers are potentially increasing the traffic sounds they are meant to block?
the graphics were just delightful. i love manatee lady 10/10 would kiss
I heard Mount Saint Helens pop. but I was 250 miles away on the Oregon coast.
So putting high frequency sounds ahead of ships is kind of like putting deer whistles on vehicles on bush roads?
Sonar can kill a guy.
Well that sucks if I find myself under musket fire lol. Good thing they are not very accur... *Smoke no sound... Owwww
Omg love the manatee in a dress
Years ago I went to a show at Bass Concert Hall in Austin, Texas. The sound was so bad, I stopped going there. Then they supposedly "fixed" the sound issues. So I went to another show there. The sound was just as bad as before. I paid a lot of money to attend those shows. It sucked because I never got to experience them. I vowed never to go back to Bass Concert Hall again. I never have.
Roads are one thing. Imagine living near the speedway stadium. These motors are ridiculously loud, even with all windows closed you still hear their roar. And if you need to open one? Forget about watching or listening anything, because the motors are louder. You need quiet to focus on reading? Good luck. It sometimes unsafe to cross the road, because sudden loud blast can easly distract you from oncoming car.
But they won't build any sound protection around the stadium and won't move it further from apartment blocks, because speedway is a city's pride so ____ you.
I'm not sure how Cometeer is a new way of making coffee...isn't that what Folger's has been doing for eons?
I've read a lot of accounts of people surviving the bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki, and many of them talking about how yeh, big ole flash, but it was silent. I always wondered what the heck was going on? How was this possible? Now, thanks to your vid, I'm guessing it was a sound shadow!
Could sound elicit other things such as screechy or mumbling "ghostly" spounds? Some folks visit haunted houses or graveyards where they hear noises like language or thin, reedy vibrations like human speech.
Just in time!
You got my like with the manatee in a dress.
So much for trusting your senses.
Oh SciShow, I think we need Opera Manatee as a pin, don't you? Mayhaps for a relevant charity?
I always thought the highway walls were just for looks. I didn't think about the sound.
Invisible waves. Cool
So that’s why you hear the ocean less when you are lying down on the beach, but hear it more when you are sitting upright