How 2023 Broke Our Climate Models with Neil deGrasse Tyson & Gavin Schmidt
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- Опубликовано: 27 апр 2024
- Why were climate models so wrong about 2023? Neil deGrasse Tyson learns about why 2023 was hotter than we expected it to be and what effects need to be factored into future climate modeling with climatologist at NASA Goddard Institute, Gavin Schmidt.
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Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up!
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00:00 - Introduction: Climate Update
2:00 - 2023 Hottest Year on Record
6:55 - Why Our Predictions Were Wrong
8:49 - Factoring New Data & The Impact of Aerosols
11:52 - Could We Use Aerosols to Cool the Earth?
12:57 - We Have Agency
15:10 - What Happens to The Carbon in the Ocean? 
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What was your biggest takeaway from this Explainer?
The Sun People existsence confirmed ✅
The fact that no one is discussing a much bigger problem. Plastic pollution will be far more detrimental to human health than climate change.
That I know how to fix this and no one believes me. Maybe it's because in return for "stopping hurricanes," I still require 7 things in return. One of them being to change the stars. What I mean is, get the IAU to, OFFICIALLY, change the name to make a new constellation.
My idea for changing the stars includes Orion and Pleiades (Subaru). I figure it's time to put something up there that's relevant to us, don't you think? Take Orion's belt and Betelgeuse becomes the head with a baseball hat. The 3 stars of Orion's belt make up the 3 fat belt loops on a baseball uniform. Below the belt are two legs bending at the knee. Saiph is the back foot and Rigel is the front foot. The feet aligning perfectly under the bent knees. The spear pointing at "Subaru" is the bat being swung and "Pleiades" is the baseball flying away after being hit. Bellatrix is the hand that let go of the bat. Put it all together and you get, "THE ALL-STAR." In my case, I see a left-handed batter and I imagine a "7" on the jersey. Which makes him, "Mickey." (As it should be ;-) But you can put any number you want, making, "THE ALL-STAR," any player you want. It'd be wrong of me to not, at least, try. This is me, trying. Pass it on, please and thank you. Don't worry, where I come from, crazy is a compliment. ;-P
Hi Neil can you do these climate change news updates regularly? Maybe every year or half year?
That if NDT calls them "booeys", I wonder how he pronounces buoyancy
7:00 "When we don't understand something, there's science to be done." I love that statement
- of course the science is settled however - just let Armageddon roll on.
Just how long will the jury be out on this crime scene?
If the models don't accurately predict the observations, then the models are factually incorrect. Otherwise, the model results would correlate with these measurements.
@@rickmoore6527 or there is something wrong in the methodology of your evidence collection.
In the meantime let me ridicule your stance
The irony of it all is that the climate or the earth does not give a dime about us human beings. It is not about saving the planet, it is about saving us!
Exactly! Life on this planet has come close to extinction several times already. But still after hundreds millions of years life erupted all around on an extraordinary scale. We can raise the temperature until humanity becomes extinct. As a result, we will accelerate the return to balance in nature. Therefore, the faster and more effectively we produce CO2, the worse it is for us and nature here and now, but the better for the planet in the long run.
As animals we benefit from global warming. It makes more of the earth inhabitable and produces more food.
@@bartolovelo8976is it true that we currently (last 100 years) has had the lowest co2 in planetary history? Plants thrive at 1000 ppm and die under 100 ish?
Seemingly a small amount compared to the sun, but how much does energy loss from heat from combustion or battery make a difference. As we put more people in the planet and use more ac/heat, no matter the source isn’t 80% of energy transfer lost as heat?
Actually, I'd say the irony is that, despite being arguably the most greedy, selfish species on Earth, even when the goal is to save ourselves, we're still failing to achieve it...
No mention of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption, which was predicted to have significant impact on warming of the Earth. Most eruptions cause cooling, but in this case, it erupted under the ocean throwing water vapor into the upper atmosphere causing a heating affect. The moisture in the stratosphere incresed 10%-15% and is expected to last for many years.
IT IS THE WATER IN THE MESOSPHERE INDEFINITELY THAT WILL FRY US TOTALLY 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
No mention here, but yes that's definitely a biggie. It was so powerful it ejected into space. (technically)
I am fortunate enough to live in the most isolated (state) capital city in the world and have a near pristine ocean view to the West. After the eruption in 2022 i started to notice around 15-30 minutes after sunset the Western sky had a greenish tinge, not the usual blue, gold or orange/red. This occurred throughout the following year into September/October and has now virtually disappeared.
I can only assume it was an effect of the moisture and or volcanic dust in our atmosphere from the eruption.
It's estimated to be in hundreths of a degree, so it maybe is not as significant as you think
@@benmcconaghy3313 Estimated but not necessarily calculated. Maybe you can tell us when was the last time the climate was not changing?
The kidding around kept reminding me of the talk show in Don’t Look Up. That’s probably the most useful emotion we can express on RUclips though
I think "Don't look up" is a perfect description of what's going on with man-made climate change, only that it's moving a lot slower than that meteorite. But same behavior and probably same outcome...?
Dont look up (if I remember correctly) was a terrible movie lmao
@@simonjaz1279 I almost gave up on Don't Look Up in the first 20 minutes, but so many people were talking about it that I stuck with it. Now I really love it. The moment where the meatier hits earth gives me a sort of peace because the main characters are just sitting around having a completely mundane conversation after dinner, knowing they're all about to die. They just carry on talking about store-bought apple pie vs home-made apple pie, I think it is, until the house collapses on them.
@@MrStevemur one good scene still doesn't make a movie good. I thought it was terrible lmao big thumbs down
I'd like to point out that this was noticed in 2001. When air traffic was grounded for just a few days after the Sept-11 attack, the increase in warming was measured. As I recall, "pan evaporation rates" are daily measurements made in standard pans, as they are topped off each day. The effect of aerosols was dubbed "global dimming" and the irony that pollution was mitigating global warming was very much noted, too.
In climate modeling i never hear about weather the temperatures represent winds from the Desert or Winds from Alaska affecting the same territory.
Yep the average daily temp, right across the US was almost 1 degree higher.
@@jonovens7974 Its a fake average because wind direction determines temperature and these things are too Variable to come to any conclusions.
@@woodchipgardens9084 "Its a fake average because" yada yada yada.
Give us a break. If a compendium of the numerous and varying climate change contrarian opinions, claims and excuses was compiled, it would be larger than a single book volume of all three episodes of Lord Of The Rings. Mean while the actual scientific research, explanations, evidence and reality regarding AGW have remained consistent for over 100+years.
When are climate change contrarians ever going to stop making stuff up and pretending they know more than they actually do. If they keep this up there will be another episode to add to the compendium of nonsense claims.
The effect of aerosols in dimming insolation has been known for a long time; it was noted in university earth science courses in the late 1980s. Eliminating acid rain cleared the atmosphere and increased warming.
Interestingly spring plowing for crops was regarded as helping cool the planet because it put particulate matter into the atmosphere, but since then it's been learned that it actually releases massive amounts of CO2, so the net effect is a big contribution to warming.
More recently in an online seminar I learned that the trick for using particulate matter to cool the planet is picking the right size particles. That size happens to match the smaller of the sort of volcanic dust sent up by the Mount Saint Helens eruption that circled the globe several times before all falling out -- go just a bit smaller and it will take several years to all fall out. So aerosols are too tiny but volcanic ash dust is about right.
I remember the late Brian Kaye saying that the only thing we can reliably predict about non-linear systems is that our predictions will probably be wrong.
I agree and love this statement!
I have a poster on the wall in my kitchen which is a modern take on Murphy's Law, one of the statements in it is, "If you plan for A, B, C and D, E will likely happen."
My advisor loved quoting someone else and saying "all models are wrong, but they can be useful." Don't except a computational model with simplified physics equations to predict something down to the T, but if a model is getting 65% of its predictions right, you should still reference it and hope they improve it.
So when the heat rise. You got more greenhouse gases yes.
So the Milankovitch cycles tells us that it should be warm know. That the greenhousegasese should rise.
And that we are son heading for an ice age.
Why don you talk about the eccentricity of the earth?
Is it any reason for that?
Because it is, in this context, about as relevant as the price of fish in Hull.@@havardmika
Some people think the sooner we act, the better. I take the opposite view, because almost anything we do has unintended consequences. Better to continue to study and learn and improve technology, so that future solutions are not as burdensome, more likely to succeed, and have fewer unforeseen consequences.
Well, there is only one problem.....when it's too late that even studies can't save you😅Also improvements are not guaranteed, it's not like a progress bar in a loading screen, you can discover a thing, or you can't, the problem with this is that it's too randomic and casual😅
So we should stop burning fossil fuels straight away.
I'd argue we'd all do better to not Act soon, but Change soon.
The problems would be magnitudes easier to fix if everyone took it just a little easier on the planet, myself included.
If you're asking the world to dramatically reduce its standard of living dramatically you need to have very hard science to back up that those dramatic changes are going to have a meaningful impact on the problem.
Thank you for bringing you. You should consider captioning it in other languages for broader audiences! Probably through some partnerships, but that is also above my pay grade.
Niel made a mistake there : a millionth of a meter is not 1/1000 cm, but rather 1/1000 mm (or 1/10000 cm)
Yes, a micrometer is 1000th of a millimeter, but PM10s are 10 micrometers, so it is the particles that are around 1000th of a cm.
Most of the time
I came here to say this too.
@@ahaveland Except they were talking about PM2.5 particles, so, 1/4 of a 1,000th of a cm.
Not very accurate either way he meant it.
@@blakewalker84120 It's easy to be petty and hypercritical from your comfy chair when you aren't the one in a hot spot on a livestream.
There was an episode of the Drew Carey Show where Drew complained about how cold the Cleveland winter was, so he angrily sprayed aerosol from his front door into the sky in order to accelerate global warming. That scene has stuck with me for over 20 years and the irony of it coming full circle is terrifying
That episode was hilarious! But it was (and yes, I’m nit picking) his back door - where his pool table was in his backyard!!
The price is right
Well Drew totally mixed up causes & effects. The aerosol was destroying the ozone, not causing global warming. Global warming is from the rapid release of all the Earth stored carbon. There is no carbon in aerosol
Writer's have been predicting things forever, 'Doc Savage' was written in the late 30's and had a Jet Plane
remember the ozone layer scam? the problem is always over some place that cant be observed by people. the great plastic patch in the middle of pacific, or polar bears at the poles, AHH ICE IS MELTING IN ANT ACTICA!! WE ONLY HAVE 100 years, will people have the change of clothes by then required to survive teh completely unnoicible practically undetecable without advanced scientific equipment and calculaters of the 1 degree change when averaged world wide. we must spend trillions of dollars to avert the mild discomfort someone may experiance if we havent ended teh world through war by then. OH THE HUMANITY~
You could tell me tomorrow in your voice we all are going to die and I’d take comfort hearing it from you. And take the rest of my time accordingly.
Many years ago, there were one or two scientists pointing out the direct heating affect, from the energy released into the atmosphere, of the fossile fuels - basically the BTUs/calories in the fuel burned, which is millions of tons a year.
Best climate graph ever I really liked the tornado. It really visualizes change.
it looks scary and that is the point, if they would use data for thausends years, that we have, that would not look as scary at all.
@@idontknowhowtoplaylol280 that would make it scarier. Temperatures hit this high before yes. But the change was never this abrupt.
These changes take hundreds of thousands of years to occur naturally, compared to that the changes we have caused are basically instant which would make for quite a discrepancy in the graph.
@@idontknowhowtoplaylol280 Always the same argument, cruelly lacking in perspective. The changes observed over the last two centuries should not have appeared and manifested themselves in this way over several millennia. We are +1.49 degrees compared with the pre-industrial era, and for the record, the difference between 1850 and the last deglaciation period 12,000 years ago is 2.5 degrees. At that time, Paris was under 4 metres of ice. You have no idea how far ahead of the initial cycle we are (but find out for yourselves).
A few things that stick out:
The early 1940s bulge, I would posit was due to the mechanization and increased manufacturing involved in WWII.
The cone at the top seems to start around 1980
I'd love to see historical data going back a few thousand years presented this way, but I suspect the accuracy that data would be suspect.
As they said, there's science to do.
@@Broockle You have zero idea about how quickly or slowly climate has changed in the past. We use proxies to estimate, the margin of error is greater than the change in temperature.
Gavin Schmidt took a lot of shots in this lol, he handled it well
Looks like Neil threw back more than a few shots
Paul, show some respect. Your barbed comments to Mr. Schmidt did not go unnoticed.
We, Wee, Wee, all the way home
Fun vid ought to have Dire Straits in the background ;-). Politically obtuse IMO. Sabine Hossenfelder punditry on this news item much better for public perception and expectation.
Paul was extremely rude.
Thank you for all you do for us and the planet! Take good care of yourself, as we need you around!
I’m curious to hear what your viewpoint is concerning solar/earth magnetic pole shift and weakening of the magnetosphere factor into these models. As well as galactic dust playing into these models? Is there any likelyhood these factors could play into climate models?
All of that is taken into account.
Those magnetic forces, which are far less than changes in solar irradiation and the Milankovitch cycles (both of which are in cooling phases) and the long-term carbon cycle as reflected in changes in the greenhouse composition of the atmosphere. In addition, those magnetic forces are relatively constant, so while they might impact the fluid dynamics of the atmosphere, it would only be in terms of short-term fluctuations working out to zero over the long-term.
Solar forcing is important, but on time scales relevant to human history solar irradiance is practically constant. Even near solar minimum, when galactic comic rays have easier access to Earth, and during the solar maximum, their spectrum remains relatively constant in energy and composition, varying only slowly with time. Just as the solar cycle follows a roughly elven year cycle, so does galactic cosmic rays with its maximum.
No mechanism has been discovered for variations in the solar wind or magnetic field to affect Earth's climate significantly. It's a red herring when folk claim these forcing do; popular on "climate skeptic" pseudoscience blogs, but we know once a talking point gains inertia in the "skeptic" echo chamber, it never dies. The steady decline in energy output, the 11 year cycle in sunspots, and the variations in the solar wind shows no correlation with climate on annual, decadal, nor century scales.
Living out here on an island in the middle of the Pacific with a volcano on it, we know that the particulates in our air change our climate and the other thing that he didn’t really talk about, but is a big factor is that giant volcano that blew up and sent water aerosol vapor into the stratosphere, which is a big big deal and that’s why we were a bit hotter in 2023 because of that volcano
Jan ‘22 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai did indeed affect climate. Cubic kilometres of water thrown into the stratosphere or mesosphere. We had pumice rafts 10s of kilometres long, green sunsets for a year and of course the Tsunami was devastating for the western Pacific.
That volcano breaks assumptions by the IPCC.
The introduction of water vapour into the Mesosphere is a critical factor and is ignored by climate models. It doesn't fit the narrative that man is the ONLY player, and not Volcanoes, the Sun and release of subsea Methyl Hydrates by Earthquakes/ Tsunamis. QED.
Increased aerosols in the atmosphere cool the air by blocking sunlight, whether it is pollution or volcanoes.
@@matthewgraham2518 Yes aerosols cool the air by blocking the sun, the issue is that volcanos also eject tons of waters directly into the stratosphere where it does a lot of heating in a layer that is supposed to carry the heat of the lower atmosphere into the upper atmosphere where it cools down in large convective cells, heating this layer directly negates some of the cooling effect of the lower atmosphere, increasing the average temperature close to the ground.
Water vapor is a strong greenhouse gas. That was likely underestimated in the modeling.
"we is not an effective we" hit the nail on the head.
Scientists sound alarms, Politicians fart in their sleep.
Problem is "We" change our minds every 10 years or so ... Coming Ice age... Acid Rain ... Global Warming ... Climate change ...
@@merodobson we need to stop feeding the politicians, they are nowhere as useful as cows but fart just as much.
@@merodobson Not like oil companies have admitted this issue within the last 20 years and not like we were all warned of this issue 40 years ago. 🤷♂
And thank god for that.
Science is always a fascinating mystery. Glad we still have passionate people involved in study.
Anyone who studied statistics in college, like me, is absolutely terrified by the temperature data that we are collecting. It is obvious from recent readings that the planet is not only warming, it's out of control (statistically speaking). Why worry about this? We have no idea what might happen in the future. We can no longer assume linearity or any other constraint on what might happen, particularly with extremes.
Relative to the age of the earth, we’ve been collecting data for a submicroscopic amount of time. It makes it meaningless. Also, the sun is expanding so of course it’s going to heat up.
I am terrified of the data we are no longer collecting and using model proxy data in its replacement within the global mean calculations
One thousand years ago, generations of Norsemen were harvesting wheat and barley - IN GREENLAND. This is the Medieval warming period - much warmer than today, and with no noticeable rise in CO2. You can't farm grain crops in Greenland today, it's too cold.
@@Krusty-kl5ej well, the good news is that they are going to be able to do it again in a few years. The bad news is that when the ice cover melts to allow this, the oceans will rise another 7 meters, flooding the homes and farms of about two billion people, give or take. That's why we might want to do something now.
@@Krusty-kl5ej I've seen quite a few graphs showing that CO2 follows temperature rise, not the other way round. So much of the discussion of climate change involves cherry picking information to suit. Gavin Schmidt ( what a name for an Englishman!!) introduced a whole load of variables that I've never heard of before, and neither had Neil Grasse, it seems.
09:45 1 micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter, NOT centimeter.
thousandth*
9:39 Yeah, for a moment I thought I was either hearing or thinking wrongly.
One millionth of a meter. Neil got it 10 times too much
1 micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter and also 1/10,000 of a centimeter.
Americans...
Neil deGrasse
We need more climate change episodes like this.
Maybe an advertised before hand live stream so others can ask questions?
If you join their patron you can probably get a question or 2 if it's a great one.
They are extremely dishonest about this subject... unfortunately
I love this idea
They hate questions.
Ask whats in the( strataspheric aerosol injections) that we breath!!
The lack of skepticism about the temperature measurements is surprising. Freeman Dyson said just a few years ago 'there's every reason to be skeptical about those measurements'. As Tony Heller documents almost daily, the temperature adjustments from NOAA are quite dramatic, cooling the past to arrive at warming trends that bear no resemblance to the actual measurements. In theory adjustments make sense (thermometers are affected by changes in the environment, man made or due to vegetation changes, wind and water current patterns, etc.), but often when you look you find NOAA seeming to always prefer the warm readings and delete the cool ones. They are not required to justify their practices to any independent governing board. Scientists just have to go with that 'raw' data. And because of that, again, I'm surprised at the lack of skepticism in this discussion.
being skeptical is no use here, perfect data does not exist, we can debate what will be changed but it is unreasonable to think that it will stay exactly the same, it is unreasonable to do nothing about it too
I find your lack of faith rather disturbing.
Are you not aware of the peer reviewing process?
Are you familiar with what it takes to defend a dissertation?
You don’t think scientists justify why calibrations are made and to what extent?
You seem rather naive.
I’ll share a link that’s pretty good if I can find it.
Our evidence is from many areas of science as you would expect from such a fundamental parameter as climate. Ice core samples and fossils confirm the past temperatures.
Great morning update. Loved the galactic magnetic field rotation graphic.
What I like about your output is that you follow the Dragnet TV show, “Just the facts…”
You let the facts speak for themselves.
“Truth” are facts as interpreted by someone.
Bob and Charlie do a cross country race.
Bob comes in first , Charlie 2 days later.
Bob reports, “I came in first.”
Charlie reports, “I came in second and Bob came in next to last.”
Without the full context one can’t interpret the statements correctly.
Both statements are true but only with all the facts can you interpret them accurately.
Glad you are a fact chaser, a scientist.
Scientists test theories. Doing that with global effects is spectacularly expensive and spectacularly hard.
@@flagmichael *RE "Scientists test theories. Doing that with global effects is spectacularly expensive and spectacularly hard."*
So is creating the entire universe out of nothing, thankfully we now have God and Scientists to tell us how they did it.
The thing that worries me most about last year was the rise in ocean temperatures. When you think just how much heat capacity that amount of water has, it's terrifying.
It's like we all know it means but it's fun to imagine it's only happening in the laboratory
Ocean warming has a lag of 800 years as they are HUGE and take a very long time to hear or cool. As such oceans warming has a cause that happened hundreds of years ago.
i mean if a nearly undetectable trace amount of co2 can determine the climate, imagine what simply painting your roof black will do. it is going to detrail entire ecosystems and melt the polar ice caps. what i am worrying about is after the end of the world has happened. most people wont have the scientific equipment to detect that the average temperature has increased by 1 degree, how are they going to know that the world has ended? where i live were to far away from the icce caps to notice any change what so ever. the other day my back porch rose 5 degrees between 8am and 10am, should i be terrified? thats 5x greater than 1 degree, not in 50 years in 2 hours! global warming is reaking havok! AHH! WE NEED TO BE WORRIED
@@nationalsniper5413 We're talking about SST, Sea Surface Temperatures. It doesn't take 800 years to warm the top 2m of the ocean. Swing and a miss.
@@nationalsniper5413a lag can’t happen that quickly and in such a high magnitude. The energy has to come from somewhere and that kind of jump don’t happen even when you nuke the ocean.
This is at the same time fun and informative. Congrats!
Goddard guy, Gavin, sounds very positive.
I think if we stop polluting, it takes a while to slow down and eventually stop.
His job is to scare us.
But he's scaring us into action, not into inaction.
So, good man.
As someone who spends most of their life building PowerPoint Decks, the chart at 4:08 expanding and flipping was pretty sweet (The reason it is expanding, not so sweet of course 😅)
The chart is not someone who spends most of their life building PowerPoint Decks, but the depiction of the global warming trend was clever until it reached the present and tilted up to show the vertical timeline - that was very cool.
Cycles grow more and more variable(to and fro) until they either break or restabilize. And repeat until they break. This is present in every single ecosystem
Surely some had negative feedback loops in other words a stabilising effect.
Regards from a Tom :)
@tomdavies6443 yes in that case they eventually break and restabilize
Please sing your song freely anywhere tonight.@@TangentFuture41
I don't think this is necessarily true, at least from a systems/process control perspective. If your inputs are truly cyclical (e.g. sinusoidal) then your response CAN overshoot and cause de-stabilization (whether increasing or decreasing uncontrollably), but it depends on the dynamics of the system you're analyzing.
The "inputs" here are highly non-linear (take the sunspot cycle for example), so it's not an easy task to build a model and use it predict such global phenomena.
I just love that people admit the models dont represent reality, then make an opinion based off models
I really recommand you Jean Marc Jancovici videos to understand climate change and how fun the future will be
jancovici is excellent !
Monday morning great start of the week : ---( LOL, great job guys
A major issue with hindering the arrival of sun energy by geoengineering instead of allowing it to leave easier again is that that energy that arrives and leaves easily helps with agricultural crops, while not allowing the energy to arrive would reduce photosynthesis and harvests. That would make the world cooler, but also hungrier.
Possibly less CO2 uptake as well when photosynthesis rates decline
Most plants aren't limited by sunlight but by nutrients, temperature, daylength and water. In fact planets that live in full sun have pigments to protect them from the extra light.
Neil, thank you! Paul is very funny and Gavin is a very impressive scientist! I’m glad someone of his caliber is heading that organization and it sounds like some good science is being done.
Great content! My question is regarding the affects of space weather on the surrounding planets, moons, and asteroids within the solar system as predicters of the affects of space weather on the earth. While solar storms may be the largest predicter to date of space weather, I am also curious about other systems such as magnetic storms that happen in the solar system which can also influence the geomagnetic storms on earth.
Questions:
1. Is there an unedited / uncut version? 2. Does Tyson disagree with the following statements by Schmidt?: a. "Long term trend" is 50 years b. "The longest running time series of global temperatures started in the 1980's" c. For the latest year, 2023, "the model was a total failure" d. Total failure of the model required "notes of caution", show "we don't understand", "there's science to be done", "predictions of the future are less certain", "not sure what's going to happen", and that he's "uncomfortable"
My biggest question is: How can any scientist have such confidence in forecasting climate for the next century within minutes of declairing their latest and greatest model is admittedly a "total failure" in it's latest forecast?
When I’m feeling down as in watching to much cable news and the general health of the country I turn to Neil to be uplifted. Neil is funny and a genius and I wish he was running for president. Neil deGrasse Tyson you rock sir.
Cable news is just as bad for your health as cigarettes
No Sir, a micron is a thousandth of a mm
They dont want smart presidents, presidents exsist so there is someone to blame for "their" decisions
*too much
WHY? Why, I ask, would you wish such a misery upon such a good man?
I don't think I've ever seen a graph like the one used for temperature over the years before now. Very neat and communicates the data well!
sure but let's put it into context. Greenland was a temperate rainforest 11 to 19 C warmer on average than today, only 2 million years ago.
@@QuitworkBehappy 2 million....
perfectly normal for the planet@@danguee1
@@QuitworkBehappyand the world’s coastlines looked drastically different.
The fact that worse ultra slow motion floods have happened in the past doesn’t mean that it won’t cost society dearly
well, that's alright then, we can all relax@@QuitworkBehappy
Great talk ever in our "we" history of ManKind. thanks for such an excellent climate updates, cheers!
Always good to hear from Gavin Schmidt
This was an eye opener. The insight of how climate works was really great .
Gavin Shmidt and Michael Mann (hockey stick guy) are two of the world's top climatologists, they run a brilliant web site called 'realclimate'. Anyone who is anyone in the climate science community hangs out there.
Which is ironic considering how Neil is barely able to keep his eyes open in this video
Did you miss the part where they said it was a higher solar maximum, which they missed the model. Also look into the Tonga volcano that exploded a few years ago.
Its may more complicated than that.
Not that complicated, just to many humans consuming to much stuff…🔥🪦🌎🪦🔥
When I heard..."we're all Fucked"...I spit coffee all over my keyboard...smiles. Thanks.
its important to remind people before and after this climate costastrophe has occured. since 1 degree is less the temperature change between lunch and noon, most people will not have the scientific equipment and mesurements to know that the world has ended due to climate change. good thing we have 100 years to prepare for this disaster, were goign to need trillions of dollars to avert this. RING THE ALARMS THE END IS NEAR!
?
@@aaronjennings838512:58
Shocking.
*RE: "When I heard..."we're all Fucked"...I spit coffee all over my keyboard...smiles."*
He was talking about getting more taxpayer funded grants for telling scary stories no one but fools and prepubescent little girls from Sweden would believe at this point.
I would like that Neil and company speak to the effects of the end of an Ice-Age event. and how that could possibly explain an accelerated heating of the Earth. There is very little information about this currently.
And isn't that strange!
We are in an interglacial period. Which is a warm period seperating glaciation events within an ice age. But those kind of events last for several thousands years and change earth climate extremely slowly. They are an entirely different topic than the warming that occur over a few decades or even up to a couple of centuries.
@@zagorim7469 Yes but normally they change earth climate extremely slowly, but what happens to that kind of event if there is an acceleration factor such as humans, would changes occur at a much greater coefficient? I understand that it's not something like oh the interglacial period is to blame. I want to know more about the interglacial period and is there some metrics that can be used to verify if we are accelerating the interglacial period? Essentially making it shorter and is there a risk that we create an other ice age prematurely?
@@farminginthehighlands1205 Most of the interglacials over the past million years have lasted only ~ 10-20 thousand years, though an exceptionally long one 400000 years ago was about 1.5-2x as long. Current changes in the orbital cycles of Earth suggest we should be in a cooling trend for about 20000 more years, followed by a warming up to 50000 years in the future, and a large decline after that. Without humans, we would likely be slumping back into glacial conditions, but not fully so until past 50000 years from now. Humanity is warming the planet beyond what it would be in most of the past interglacials, with us surpassing event the warmest spikes over the past 2-3 million years within the next decades. As the Earth warms, ice melts and actually makes the Earth less sensitive to orbital cycles - as such, it is expected we are actually acting like a 'geological agent' of sorts, pushing the planet OUT of the current glacial cycle altogether and back into the warmer states it was in 10s of millions of years ago, when the planet was totally or mostly ice free and orbital cycles had only modest impacts on climate (changes in sunlight/precip at the poles and subtropics, affecting the monsoons). So it isn't really an acceleration at all, but breaking of the cycles which wouldn't resume until our CO2 is drawn down by weathering/erosion over the next 100000-200000 years.
As far as global warming pushing us into an ice age, that is a misrepresentation of past events and current concerns over the Atlantic branch of the thermohaline circulation, which is slowing due to freshwater injection from melting ice and precipitation but which would have more regional/seasonal effects if it shut down, not plunge us into a new glacial period.
I feel like the discussion of this is invaluable. I would like to see what a ley person can do to help push us in the right direction. As consumers we don't know our own impact of using amazon for shipping, or buying fruits out of season. The carbon footprint we leave behind is masked and really hard to decipher. Is there a way to track or mitigate these?
Well you can have Amazon deliver for you or you can get in your car and make 5 stops to buy things when Amazon makes one trip. Either way product has to get from point A to point B.
@@Cancelthis1541This is the seeming paradox with lifestyle choices. "Oh, so I'll not order it, and do it myself" does *not* automatically make your choice ecologically friendly. Because economy of scale is a thing, it might very well be more ecological to always use centralized delivery services rather than individual transportation. So ordering at Amazon might actually be more ecologically friendly than getting something yourself. (Buuuut it would also be even more ecologically friendly not to purchase that something if it's i.e. an electronic device meant to replace your broken other device, and instead have manufacturers ensure that the other device would have lasted another few years.)
11:11 Gavin’s face when Paul says, “We have hair, and you don’t.” He was not amused.
I think that was mainly due to him completely misusing the term 'aerosols' and potentially confusing the audience.
And then he goes "see, I know words" 😅
😢
Hello from Maldon, Essex, England. I'm the manager of a Heritage Centre, which focuses on the Battle of Maldon in 991, but ponder about older stuff, like the cosmos.
Would you mind explaining how lagrange points work in the bars of barred spiral galaxies? And, if it's not too much to ask, how does a galaxy's barycenter without a black hole differ from one with? I think it has to do with the velocity gradient of stars in the central bulge, but, I hope my favourite astrophysicist will help, as 'there are times, when all the world's asleep, the questions seem too deep for such a simple (wo)man'.
What would you say if I'd be you a radical 👍 love it now I can't get the song out of my head
And by the way hello from Kentucky
What would you say if I'd be calling you a radical voice text can drive you bonkers sometimes 🤪
Outstanding.
Very well done.
( I hope to get your mind on "active and passive civil-defense, for mechanizing and empowering demos-cracy.
It needs champions.
And, after 60+ yrs wading in it, I promise, this is the really cool stuff.
You're welcome to all my research, and developments, thereof.
It could give us comprehensive contingencies-management capabilities, big time... In good ways.)
Anyway, thanks.
You do good work.
Semper Fidelis...
Super important info to put into context. It isn't the temperatures themselves (the earth has been FAR hotter in the past then it is today) that are an issue but rather the trends. It is also important to observe that the predictions were wrong and are no doubt still not particularly accurate. We need a mix of some real urgency but also a pinch of humble pie thrown into the discussion.
On top of this, I'm not a conspiracy theorist but I do believe individuals will generally work in their own self-interests.
The climate research profession is rewarded for looking for negatives rather than positives.
Did they forget that between September and October 2022 record amount of methane was dumped into the atmosphere from the Nord2 pipeline that was sabotaged (220,000 + tonnes)? Incidentally methane is roughly 20 times the green house than carbon.
the annual atmospheric CH4 flux is roughly 420 teragrams or 420 000 000 metric tonnes so an increase of that magnitude, while being a huge single emission, still wouldn't make that big of a difference in global temperatures.
According to United Nations Env. programme (UNEP) the emissions from Nord2 were at most 230 kilotonnes which is 0.23 teragrams
Don't think the effect of that event would be felt in the world's climate only months later.
Every little bit hurts!
Recently, cows have been blamed for CH4 emissions. Science has found that these cow farts actually breakdown in the atmosphere to CO2. So cattle operations which maintain constant long term herd numbers have been shown to be carbon neutral. CH4 has leaked from natural sources for thousands of years. The stability of CH4 over the long haul needs to be evaluated.
Nopppppe
You look tired sir, have a nap and blame it on me giving you permission
Just a hunch, but he may be on a Pharma cocktail. Although he does work extremely hard and has time to write a book a year!
@@jannichi6431 I could imagine his schedule is always booked as he's super popular and he's trying to contribute as much as he can to society. Either way he should pencil in a few breathers 🤟
Neil, you have my permission as well!
Neil, your impact is inmense. Rest a bit
lol
The pacific ocean temp fluctations are reflected in the SOI the indian ocean temp fluctuations are measured by the IOD and the antarctic ocean temp fluctuations are measured by the SAM.
these indicators are used by farmers in Oz to determine if our very variable seasons are going to be drought or flood
First time I've seen this channel, instant subscriber. Thanks!
A communication thing. Aerosols in this context refer to particulate matter. Particulate matter is a mixture of small solid particles and liquid droplets in the air. Do not confuse with aerosols from pressurized cans. Not the same thing.
Wait...what?
@@singingway Particle pollution - also called particulate matter (PM) - is made up of particles (tiny pieces) of solids or liquids that are in the air. These particles may include:
Dust
Dirt
Soot
Smoke
Drops of liquid
Some particles are big enough (or appear dark enough) to see - for example, you can often see smoke in the air. Others are so small that you can’t see them in the air.
Could you explain what you mean here? I don't see how particulate matter and aerosols are any different in this context. Pressurized gas cans vaporize their contents as they flow out of the nozzle, thus creating microcontaminants (say, Febreze or something similar). Smoke particulates would effectively be the same thing, less any difference in their overall size, no?
@@Strategies2010 - Pariticluate matter (smoke, dust, ash, etc.) blocks the sun and is a cool forcing.
Aerosol can propellants like butane and isobutane, are greenhouse gases and are a warm forcing.
Stratospheric Aerosol Injection is geoengineering the weather.
Well, we had such a bleh summer in the UK, most of my tomatoes didn't even ripen.
@laurisafine7932 You might also explain why homeless folks here in the USA get less and less D3 in their bodies while spending most of the day outside. I have a feeling that aerosols may be wrecking our absorption of it. Back in the time of the dim sun, in Europe, around AD500, the farmers had a tough time getting plants to grow.
Synopsis: Our model of the world average temperature disagreed with our model of what we thought the previous model would indicate.
Solution: make all the models agree and then find some useful work to do (plumbing, wiring, construction, etc.)
That sounds correct. Here is Salt Lake, super polluted bad air quality... in 2023 we had one of the coolest/rainiest summers in while.
Great book on the topic of geoengineering is Under a White Sky by Elizabeth Kolbert it is a very cautionary tale on how science can make a larger mess of the environment based on reactionary theories without considering the consequences to the environment. I would recommend reading that book when considering climate solutions.
China wil just go ahead and do geoengineering whenever they like, when it gets too hot for comfort - and for reliable crop harvests. They've already done their Geo engineering bit by having showers rain out before hitting the Beijing Olympics.
In Chinese eyes, the only civilization worth thinking about is theirs, the rest are irrelevant barbarians, not necessary to listen to. The West to them are decadents, who've been at it only for some centuries, while Chinese culture goes back millennia. Arguments we the West think are relevant, don't count when saving Chinese lives and culture.
They'll tell us "you've brought most carbon in the atmosphere, now _you_ go and pay the hefty price ($80-120 a ton co2 at leastest, the going price today) for removal of the greenhouse causing emissions". If rep party succeeds in making US irrelevant as a world power
(what's that muttering about the Mexican border when you got two be wars going on that could both end the west's tenure as the world dominating power .. they think America can go it alone ? Good luck with that
It's not a problem with science, but with politics. Turning science into politics with no time to reconsider things always will fail.
Just look at the movie Geostorm, which would most likely be more real than you could believe.
@@hansolo2797 I think they both play equal parts in the propaganda.
Hi,
Well said.
Thusly, I hope to get all my research into your hands.
All I can say is - or, so it seems - my OCD found us a - very workable - path...?
I promise - as a former Marine - this is incredibly good stuff...
... While, not being my creation.
... I only found parts and pieces, we can refit, into a 21st century context.
I hope to hear back.
This is incredibly important.
I struggle, to get the right folks, to listen...
... To hear me out, and take and apply it.
... Through,a neutral / objective logistics / liaison matrix NGO.
Structured, something like ARC, with Chapters, everywhere.
It needs champions.
Semper Fidelis...
"We can't win"
Now you're getting it.
There is no win, there is endure and survive to the best of our ability. ADAPT OR DIE.
We have won... It's still the best planet to be cruising the universe on.
Nice video, guys! Just one thing: NOAA stands for “National Organization for the Advancement of Acronyms.”
Still not warming nearly fast enough - I want +10 degrees C ASAP!!!
😂 yes please
Great pod cast Neil... love the bit about aerosols and the oceans.... and also the modeling at the start great visual reference. I hope we can bring down our c02 in the immediate future. Thanks again for the insights.
Co2 is not a pollutant in anyway. Co2 is not s driver of warming the earth, cloud cover is, you know H2O.
be careful though bring it down to much the plants will start to die. co2 is plant food. the most abundance of life on earth was when co2 levels were much much higher.
That little "Keep looking up" just launched my brain 20 years into the past to watching Stargazer on TV.
Ya mean Jack Horcheimer (sp?) The Star Hustler?
@@markhoffart622 I'm not old enough to remember when it was Star Hustler, but yes.
It just made think of that movie that supposed to project climate future and media / politics reaction to it in "Don't look up"
The Star gazer devotee was for the episode "@@reuireuiop0 I forget. Maybe Lovely flower.
@@markhoffart622 Yes, Jack Horkheimer: Star Hustler.
"We have the ability to make decisions, to make it better, to make it stop."
So long as it can be monetized.
Excellent. Humorous and informative !
Great vid, thanks. Small note: a micron is 1000th of a millimetre folks, not a 1000th of a centimetre.
It just shows the level and reliability of their "predictions" and "conclusions".
@@ika5666 No, it's just easy to misremember something that is commonplace, so much so, that it becomes redundant. You ever hear of a 'redundancy' before?
@@CynicalBastard I odn't agree. They just don't care and, therefore, their opinions are barely competent and worthy of respect.
@@ika5666 You just described yourself.
@@CynicalBastard You just have shown that you like lies, both your own and those of fake climate change maniacs.
In a far future, aliens coming to visit will conclude that we went extinct trying to print the most little green papers possible for a thousand paper hoarders. This will be an intergalactic joke
I do like Neil and his guests. At last I've come across you, Neil, with your guests talking about The problem ... fossil fueled climate change. Great to see Gavin telling like it is. And thank you, Neil. I am a fan.
By the way this is not an accusation. I'm not saying "About Time!". Who knows what internet algorithms have shielded (from my view) other climate topic efforts you've been making.
Im actually impress Niel asked about solar cycles but I have yet to hear anyone discuss the weakening of the Magnetosphere and its effect on their climate models.
I'm over seventy and have a graduate degree in sciences. I watched the great Sagan and now watch you and several others. I just wanted to say thank you for all the knowledge and insights you've imparted. Your teaching style is excellent.
If you're over seventy, you should remember the coming ice age we had to prepare for, how are those preparations coming along?
It's like the guy I heard around 10 + years ago said, scientist are downplaying the positive feedback loops in their models. It was a safe bet that unknown positive feedback loops would pop up from out of nowhere, not sure if they could add unknowns into a model.
Unknowns are included in the error bars. Betting on unknown positives is a very risky play.
As is betting on unknown negatives.
@@mattleathen445
Unknown positives and negatives are hard to track.
From what I remember from middle school they basically said 2 billion people will die very quickly. And I've always believed it. Just waiting for it to fully kick into high gear.
Those unknowns are what make the model results probabilities instead of certainties, the model makers may talk about probabilities in their professional papers but it never makes it to the headline or the policy debate.
2023 was the warmest on record
and 2024 has already had at least 6 record warm days in my area. Usually cold and snowy in January and February but most days have been above zero
Curious about the particulates issue. While we’ve been successful in reducing pollution and possibly also reducing the particulates generated by that, has that been offset to any degree by the very significant increase in recurring forest fires which were at a historic level in 2023 (and the particulates generated by that)? I appreciate that’s a highly complex variable with related questions of carbon and the respiration effect of that many trees trees being removed from the system annually.
That may well depend on what sort of vegetation you are talking about. So, for example, native Australian schleophyll (gum tree) forests depend on fire for propagation, nearly always survive them, and regenerate strongly in the years that follow major fires. They give off carbon dioxide and ash during fires, then sequester it during the regeneration process. The trees are not 'removed from the system'. That will be different in different types of vegetation.
I've been curious about recent climate models! This was brilliant to hear! Thanks guys!
Prediction model say for 2050 ... just wait, in 2050 comes confirmation or denial. Same for 2100.
Sir, you are doing a great service to the world. People need simple. You obviously get it. Keep it simple, and keep it coming. Great job!
I don't think there is a right or wrong direction of prediction failures. The most important take-away from all this is that the previous models can't properly predict the temperature based on current science. I think it is extremely honest by Gavin Schmidt to admit this. Back to the drawing board.
*RE: " I think it is extremely honest by Gavin Schmidt to admit this. Back to the drawing board."*
If at first you don't succeed, fail fail again as long as someone else is footing the bills.
In Seattle we have the same climate that I had growing up in south louisiana
Thank you again Neil, Paul, Gavin and everyone that makes this channel happen
9:17 This brings to mind the lecture of Guy McPherson on the Global Dimming Effect... from a decade ago.
Neil, I think another interesting Star Talk would be if you had Sir Brian May, guitarist of the legendary band Queen on as a guest. Most people don't know that he has a PhD in Astro Physics as well and collaborates with NASA in his "spare time".
In 2023 there were a lot of temp. anomalies in my country. That was the coldest spring and summer I remember. Many crops suffered because of it. Also, snow came much earlier and stayed for longer than in the past few decades too. I'm talking my local observations though...
🤡🤡🤡🤡🤡
Superb, comprehensible explanations of the current situation. Thanks folks! 🖖
I must have missed, the part where they explained anything.
Co2 can add on 3,6 W/m2 if we double it from now. That is nothing.
There was no mention of the fact that there's been no increase in the melting of the Arctic sea ice since 2012. I'd like to see that addressed.
I really appreciate you educating us with clarity even while half asleep!
And you were able to sleep afterwards?
If you call this one education you need to educate yourself, and not be "educated" by those likes, irresponsible maniac scientists in my book.
Anyone know where to find that model shown @1:07 (and again @4:08) by chance?
Every time I hear him say this is StarTalk, I always imagine Neil saying, this is Sparta lol.
I would love to hear Gavin talk about what all the inputs and variables are that he uses for his model.
Me too! Also explanations about temp. measurements. The city can be warmer by 10C than a nearby forest. If weather station 60 years ago was still in the forest, but now the city surrounded it - how do they adjust? In that case temperature change has nothing to do with increased CO2 levels, but more tarmac and concrete around the station.
@@hotbit7327 I don't remember where I saw it originally, but there was a clip out there describing the process as first breaking Earth's surface into a large number of grids (imagine longitude and latitude lines, but finer resolution / smaller scale). Temperatures are measured within those grids and we take the average to get an idea of the temperature. This is done worldwide, constantly. So your inner-city high temperatures would likely get averaged out by the lower forest temperatures, to yield some value in between them.
Not sure how altitude comes into play, but we've also got weather balloons and other depth/height-sensitive equipment for things like that
The heat Island effect is a well known problem & controlled for, like solar cycles .. kinda basic stuff, but deniers think they are smart enough to think of this & professional climate scientists are not!
I would also like to know what assumptions - and how many assumptions - are used in climate modeling.
I'm glad you put down the argument for Eco Engineering: The complexities are well beyond human social capacity for good management. We could introduce a regulatory fix like we did with ozone depleting aerosols and leaded benzene - but the expense of maintaining it while also tracking the multi-order effects would be a recipe for systemic failure.
Not to mention a golden opportunity for bad actors, if we could control it good enough (and if we can't, too).
Only one Ice age, which is coming to an end. Why ???? We are burning fossil fuels and returning those precious elements, to the atmosphere. The result is the world is greening again
Regulatory fixes cannot apply to the largest producers of CO2, China and India. Hence the comment about "we" in the video.
The earth has a huge loss of CO2, and other elements buried in the fossil fuel layer, since burning fossil fuels, some of those elements are returning, and greening the earth again. @@BenotzJoe
Nice to see folk talk about geoengineering. Even if just joking about it
Messaging felt incomplete here. Yes removing aerosols can result in increased warming, but no one mentioned that in most cases it is a major health issue (such as the sulfur dioxide ban on heavy oil used in cargo ships).
Also, important to contextualize that although decreasing atmospheric pollution can sometimes simultaneously lower greenhouse gases as well as aerosols, aerosols typically have a short term impact while greenhouse gases have a long term impact. So in most cases, it is a net decrease in climate change effects.
Really appreciate Gavin's tempering the geo engineering suggestions. It is more risky and complicated than most realize.
I loved the British reaction to saying that he doesn’t have hair and "we are all fffed.
I love that you see this situation with humour cause yes, we'll need a lot of it! :'D
Also, it now makes a tons of sense that the time around COVID also had us see warmer and warmer years. We reduced pollution significantly around this time. Also with all the weather and stuff going nuts ... I guess we also saw population decrease - I'd assume? Which again likely affected pollution, no?
There are other factors in the recent warm weather you forget to mention other than a reduction in air pollution. We're at the maximum of the Gleissberg cycle, plus the recent eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha‘apai increased water vapour in the atmosphere by about 10%. I wouldn't extrapolate too much from the past few years - quite a few events including El Nino have coincided over that time to make it unusually warm.
Changes we are seeing in the atmosphere caused by Tonga are highly likely short term, as that eruption might raise the risk that at least one year in the next five will temporarily exceed the 1.5C warming threshold.
Most of the water vapour that didn’t make it into the stratosphere from the Tonga eruption a year ago has already rained out.
That being said, if the Tonga eruption does push the global mean temp up globally temporarily; still insignificant in regard to long-term climate trend, but not for the stratosphere, as it has created a wide range of potential long-lasting repercussions for its global composition and dynamics. A much bigger concern is how its chemistry affects ozone variations causing an impact on sea ice and sea surface temperature.
There is a reason why some climate deniers start their trend line in 1998; because it was the strongest El Nino of the 20th century, but of course they also didn't notice or ignore the fact the the next El Nino was much stronger. La Ninas and El Ninos cancel each other out, except for the long-term trend, which is warming. El Ninos are growing stronger, La Ninas weaker. The trend is global warming.
@@rps1689 There is zero evidence linking co2 levels with warming trends. Co2 is at historically low levels today. So there we have it the science is settled.
I understand that one problem with the climate models is the Climate Sensitivity factor( the Plank constant of climate modeling) which was a constant for 150K years, but now is a larger number and can dramatically affect predictions. Also, my understanding is that particulates in the atmosphere are not just reflectors of light, but also act a points of coalition for ice particles and water and that produces a complex condition to model.
As a novice I've been studying climate change since I was 11 years old. One of the big problems here with respect to the drastic rise in temperature in 2023 is that no one is factoring in the massive amounts of methane being released by the melting of permafrost.
atmosphere is already saturated with methane when it comes to absorption of infrared light
Look into methane sink in greenland
@@ChaosQueen040bserver?
You are not telling climate researchers something they don't know here. Of course that is factored in, and to imagine nobody else is thinking about something you happen to have heard about is ridiculous.
You're a novice. Your opinion is irrelevant.
Okay, this is the first honest and really scientific debate on this topic that I've ever attended. Thank you!
Seriously?
Debate?
Oh good, did they talk about why the cities aren’t flooded yet? Hint: It’s because the ocean rises 3mm/year so it will take 100 years to rise 1 foot. 😉
I wouldnt call it a debate as much as a little q and a with jokes.
@@Greg-yu4ij Except 1) Some cities will begin to see flooding at less than a one foot sea level rise, with some places seeing it at around 6 inches, and 2) As the climate continues to warm that 3mm per year will increase year after year with recent projections saying US coastlines could be approaching a one foot sea level rise from where it is now in as little as 26 years
There is an ongoing trend in agriculture/gardening to go no-till, which could effectively turn their soil into a carbon sink. With the growing concern of soil degradation and erosion, more and more farmers are cover cropping and using more direct seeding equipment to not disturb the soil’s ecosystem. The goal is to put more organic matter into the soil, as well as natural fertilization. It will be interesting to see how that trend continues and how big of an impact it will make on predictions.
You guys are surprised that the models didn't predict this? The IPCC, Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report declared: “The climate system is a coupled non-linear chaotic system, and therefore the long-term prediction of future exact climate states is not possible.”
Nice interview. I really would've liked to hear Gavin's take on climate aspects that cannot easily be reversed, such as snow albedo in the polar/mountain regions. Also the permafrost melt going on in the north, which is releasing buried methane and CO2 into the atmosphere. Even if we ended carbon emissions tomorrow, those processes would still continue, would they not?
All depends on whether the feedback loop is past the point of returning. Hope for the best, fear for the worst
Yup
So happy to have found this channel, I laughed and learned and feared the entire time :)
at 7:34 it bothers me that your sun graphic is shaded from the left