@@DSperformance96 That is a tough search. I do think this ranger is quite distinct though. Hard to find something truly original. More important is how one does it.
I'm blown away. Been watching donut since the beginning, and it's incredible how far it has come! From a few regular dudes making silly car content for other regular dudes, to regular dudes essentially re-engineering an entire vehicle. 3 years ago, I would have said "none of these guys have any business tackling a job more difficult than brake pad swaps." Now, those same guys have the resources to take on whatever job their brains can come up with. Kudos 👏
“We’ve got some learning to do” is such a great quote, because it’s easy to watch these guys and feel like they’re experts and know everything but they don’t shy away from reminding you that no matter how much of an expert you may be, there’s always something new to learn!
Yep at some point they need to learn they are going to have to box in those frame rails, but yeah, they are definitely taking it to the extreme and learning a ton!
@@Lupzyedits failure as if your going into back-hafting it 4-link or IRS time not leaf's 🍁🤦🏻♂basically got the vin/truck for a vin at this point but hay maybe my background around 5+ modified vin's are influencing me 2 of them are mine a charger and a off-road/lifted-tow-pig*&daily k1500 1980's
@@NinjaAdorableA tuning parts supplier / mod shop for mostly German vehicles. If you don't buy from FCP Euro or OEM, you buy from ECS for most of your parts replacements or go fast goodies (for German cars)
Love seeing Jimmy's character arc coming together. That speech was pure leadership, exactly what the boys needed, and a great milestone for his development that everyone should be proud of keep hammerin!!!(literally)
I bet you the Ford employee's who designed and built that Ranger never dreamed someone would put a 15,000$ suspension kit on it. It's the Little Ranger that could and I love it. Great content Donut as always.
@@DroneStrike1776 They know who to ask to borrow it since they were all just together in Colorado when I saw them last hahah. CMON CLEEET FER THE CONTENT.
Great to see you guys building offroad vehicles now. Just a few quick tips. 1st when you're off road, things that you think shouldn't move, move. When you are making clearance for moving parts, give it a little extra. Especially tires! Being offroad, not only will the tires expand at speed, but they will also take new unforeseen forms while going over terrain. 2nd, get rid of those stock tie rods and go with heims. Between the extra weight of the larger tires and just not being designed for heavy offroad use, they will break, and often. I look forward to seeing where this build goes.
Can I just say that having the whole donut crew in these videos and guest hosts makes it a very lively video to watch. It's a small miracle that you guys are still making fun videos and keeping things fresh even after all these years running! 👍🏽👍🏽
I have zero intention of applying ANY of the things I learn on here. Yet, I'll watch every episode from start to finish as if it was my job. There's only one RUclips channel in the world that can pull this off, and it's DONUT.
Years from now, you're car will breakdown on a highway, a highway to pain. In your darkest and most desperate hour, you will recall a gift the time spent on the channel has bestowed upon you. In a dark void you will find your salvation. pop-up, up and down headlights
Did this in high-school metal shop. My teacher was a rad Baja racer back in the day and never taught us anything out of the book. All hands on build and test. Gocarts, small rails ,4runners, and of course all the 90s kids had a ranger with fenders and a lift. The good old days
@@Donkeymaster9000 That's a better strategy, you buy 15 rangers and paint them the same, the moment you break one during the race you grab another one, with 15 for sure you get to the finish line 😂.
Great video guys. Definitely looks like a fun build. Just so you know you might want to rethink those rear shock upper mounts and also the shock placement. Have the resi inboard like that is not going to be good. Usually you want the resi in the rear behind the body. Having them inboard like that when you side load the axle in a corner it will shift the axle side to side and you will smash those reservoirs into the frame rails. Plus having that upper pivot bolt going forward to back means as the shocks are working they are moving forward and back so it will wear that upper uniball super fast vs if it was just moving with the race.
donut is notorious for their cars breaking down. With all the fabrication and "we've got some learning to do" just in this first video, I bet this truck is going to be a nightmare for them. I can't wait! 😂🤣
I put one these on my baha go cart and it was a beast and I had to bump up my 5 HP Briggs and Stratton to 8hp with a pro charger,added 19hp to my 8hp Briggs,,I just wasn't happy with my twin turbo set up,now hitting 50mph!! With Michelin pilot sport 2s but they are like 20 bucks a piece! Little high really,but my go cart is so insane now it gets looks from the gals no matter where I'm at,I past an 88 yr old lady today I had to max out the throttle but I got her by a headlight!!
Wish I could find a Ranger like that for $500. Cheapest I’ve seen is typically 3k or more and just about ready for a new engine or transmission. Really great video
Not wrong. I think it’s because people in the used market like to value their things for what they expect to get or expect it’s worth. It’s the buyers responsibility to avoid a trap. Some of those for $2500-4000 shouldn’t be any more than $1000. Especially when they expect you to tow that thing and do a fair amount of repair just to get it road worthy. Their problem is now yours haha I’ve seen some drivable ones for $2500-3500 though. If you’re going LOW LOW, I’d personally lowball the heck out of some until I get something I want, but I’m also not above being ruthless in the used market if there’s a deal to be had. There’s always another person selling another item. Shoot the shot, move on if you don’t get what you want.
I know VERY LITTLE about cars and even less about Trucks but your videos and cast are so entertaining that I just gotta watch everything. I cant wait to see this completed project
Usually the suspension upgrades are all plug and play but this was very very tedious. The level of hardwork and determination and patience that went into this video is unmatched
Not sure if you guys have done this already; But here's a vid idea... Make two or three teams, give each team a budget to build a car, and race across the country. Whoever gets to the finishing line first, wins. A team is allowed to fix their car and continue with the race if the car ever breaks down or stop for refueling. However, points to be deducted with each breakdown.
Ideally when setting your shock height. You want to leave only about 1/2" to 1" of travel before bottom out, and put your full compressed bump stop there. This ensures the most travel from the shock. Idealy when leaf and shackles are at full extension they are within the max range of the shock, if not, you need a belt to stop the shock from topping out. Topping out a shock is as bad as bottoming out one.
After the end of top gear this was the only channel that kept the car culture together, love the videos, love the editing, the team. I see you guys as the next top gear ❤
Wonderful amount of illustration for the short time of video! I know it’s all hard hard work between planning, fabbing, filming etc and we all appreciate the work!
this looks sick. i was putting off watching because i thought it was more than likely clickbait but this is actually really cool to see the process and seeing where it's gonna go from here is something i'm excited for. also dunno how it works in the background, but can't help but notice james is never around for anything on camera unless it involves something fancy / expensive / no effort. this kinda content flows a lot nicer imo without him standing in the corner cracking jokes randomly
I don’t understand most of this, but I don’t care. It’s fascinating to watch. The combination of brute force, precision and custom work/fabrication, and the math/engineering is impressive to see. I know next to nothing about cars and trucks, but this grabs my attention. Kudos, gents.
After barely a year of watching you guys, I went from only knowing very basic maintenance to removing a blown engine and installing a new engine on my own
![Stromae, Pomme - “Ma Meilleure Ennemie” (from Arcane Season 2) [Official Visualizer]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/1F3OGIFnW1k/mqdefault.jpg)
Dillon’s high quality whiteboard handwriting is the real hero here.
fr professors could learn from him
Or doctors
@@---l---nah man the writing style comes wit the job 😂
It's so cool so see Dillon here 😀 he's an absolute champ over on TJs channel
I'm glad someone said it
Moneypit is definitely my fav car series for sure. Is like combining Hi/Lo into Good/Good
ye
Can wait for them to get this monster truck running
It’s like living Gran Turismo, where you dump a bunch of money into a shitbox to beat much nicer cars
You're right. 8/10 for sure. For me its just missing a different kind of car than the complete youtube comunity
@@DSperformance96 That is a tough search. I do think this ranger is quite distinct though. Hard to find something truly original. More important is how one does it.
I'm blown away. Been watching donut since the beginning, and it's incredible how far it has come! From a few regular dudes making silly car content for other regular dudes, to regular dudes essentially re-engineering an entire vehicle. 3 years ago, I would have said "none of these guys have any business tackling a job more difficult than brake pad swaps." Now, those same guys have the resources to take on whatever job their brains can come up with. Kudos 👏
Ditto.
Frrrrr
Yup.. I think there was maybe, maaaaaybe 350k when I started watching. That was not that long ago.. maybe 2 or 3 years
They ain’t regular people 😂😂 they CRAAAYYZZZYY
I do miss “up to speed” really bad
“We’ve got some learning to do” is such a great quote, because it’s easy to watch these guys and feel like they’re experts and know everything but they don’t shy away from reminding you that no matter how much of an expert you may be, there’s always something new to learn!
Yep at some point they need to learn they are going to have to box in those frame rails, but yeah, they are definitely taking it to the extreme and learning a ton!
They did no hard work, they just paid money
Its a good attitude to have forsure
@@GardenGuy1942ok mr 100 hours a week
Today is my birthday and I have no subscribers 😢
Dylan poured his heart and soul out in that monologue, and you guys chopped my man up like sushi 😭
This explains why it took so long for a video on this. This was a crazy upgrade
That’s how this whole series will be when working on prerunners everything takes lots of money and time
@@Lupzyedits failure as if your going into back-hafting it 4-link or IRS time not leaf's 🍁🤦🏻♂basically got the vin/truck for a vin at this point
but hay maybe my background around 5+ modified vin's are influencing me 2 of them are mine a charger and a off-road/lifted-tow-pig*&daily k1500 1980's
@@richardprice5978 yeah I personally think they should have 4 linked the rear suspension but hey we’ll see how it goes in the future.
Hey it’s Kevin James! I loved you in Paul blart!
😂
Hiring Jobe is one of the best decisions donut made
Him leaving ecs was the best decision he ever made
@@spacepeople133what's ecs?
@@spacepeople133 Oh shit I didn't know he was there before donut lol super good for him for getting outta there!
@@NinjaAdorableA tuning parts supplier / mod shop for mostly German vehicles. If you don't buy from FCP Euro or OEM, you buy from ECS for most of your parts replacements or go fast goodies (for German cars)
FACTS
Did not expect to see Dillon on todays video 😂 that’s awesome
Tj said in his new vid “ go back to donut media “😂😂😂😂😂
I saw that video today, I was cracking up 😂
For the uninitiated. Who is he?
@@11202he is one of the mechanics who works with TJ Hunt
@@11202 TJhunt
No way they got Dillon. This build is gonna be sick.
the second best dillon
*Fr fr I loved dillion from TJ hunt he was funny as fuck 😂*
@@AFREAKINGLEMONjust curious. where do you see the extra "I" in the name "Dillon"?
Was so hyped to see this! The crossover I didn’t expect but now I want more of
@@CrowJamz The extra "i" is there because he's worth a Dillion bucks in knowledge.
This truck got outta hand REAL FAST.
Those wheels man!
Six months later, off-road engineering at its finest
As a midwesterner its crazy to see how good the underside of a $500 truck is when there isnt any snow around
"Snow is the path to the junkyard. Snow leads to salt, salt leads to rust, rust leads to scrapyarding." -Master Toyota
It's not the snow, it's the salt
@@jugo1944same fuckin difference
@@eskees9498not really. Some places don't salt
@@eskees9498 Nope. We don't have a rust problem here in CO and we get plenty of snow. We don't use salt.
Dillon has the exact right personality for this collab. Love it.
we need him back!
He’s on TJ hunts channel
Today is my birthday and I have no subscribers
Yes, I know and I love him there too!@@brianmaietta
Dillon looks like every ford ranger driver I’ve met combined into one dude
I'm a ford ranger driver and I aspire to be like Dillon
I've seen a woman drive a Ford ranger
Nailed it. He sure does.
Can confirm.
@swiftysloth3660, did she look like dillon??
Love seeing Jimmy's character arc coming together. That speech was pure leadership, exactly what the boys needed, and a great milestone for his development that everyone should be proud of keep hammerin!!!(literally)
I bet you the Ford employee's who designed and built that Ranger never dreamed someone would put a 15,000$ suspension kit on it. It's the Little Ranger that could and I love it. Great content Donut as always.
Ford started racing Baja in the 60's and has been running factory supported Rangers for decades.
plenty of rangers out there that are pretty much street legal trophy trucks
Dylan's gotta passed that y'all blasted through his explanation 😂
Time for a 7.3 Godzilla.
@@DroneStrike1776 They know who to ask to borrow it since they were all just together in Colorado when I saw them last hahah.
CMON CLEEET FER THE CONTENT.
Great to see you guys building offroad vehicles now. Just a few quick tips. 1st when you're off road, things that you think shouldn't move, move. When you are making clearance for moving parts, give it a little extra. Especially tires! Being offroad, not only will the tires expand at speed, but they will also take new unforeseen forms while going over terrain. 2nd, get rid of those stock tie rods and go with heims. Between the extra weight of the larger tires and just not being designed for heavy offroad use, they will break, and often. I look forward to seeing where this build goes.
I thought the same thing, if anything bends or moves even a few mm they are gonna be in trouble.
^what he said
Can I just say that having the whole donut crew in these videos and guest hosts makes it a very lively video to watch. It's a small miracle that you guys are still making fun videos and keeping things fresh even after all these years running! 👍🏽👍🏽
The more episodes that are produced with the core group, the better they get. Maniacal and informative, classy delivery.
It’s so awesome how donut is able to put out these almost tv show level quality videos. It’s really impressive
And all while not following the same top gear formula a lot of other channels started following.
Tv show would show less build process and add some bs drama, narrative....
@@matisssvehs5094yeah, the only drama I want is when stuff doesn't go as planned, and the thought process behind fixing it.
what's TV?
agreed. it reminds me of old horsepower tv but with a sense of humor.
I have zero intention of applying ANY of the things I learn on here.
Yet, I'll watch every episode from start to finish as if it was my job. There's only one RUclips channel in the world that can pull this off, and it's DONUT.
Sounds like you could get into 'roadkill' hahaha. Another great series brought by motortrend
Years from now, you're car will breakdown on a highway, a highway to pain. In your darkest and most desperate hour, you will recall a gift the time spent on the channel has bestowed upon you. In a dark void you will find your salvation. pop-up, up and down headlights
You almost sound relegious saying this 😅@@t00_eazy
The effort that goes into these projects is insane
yea this was a huge endeavor. a huge shout out to Mike for sure!!!!
I wish they left in the explanation - apparently they think we are too stupid
at this point i just think ur stalking me lmao
@@mycosys I think it's because this is already 25 minutes, viewer retention and all that
@@albertxion513 Thats what i said
Did this in high-school metal shop. My teacher was a rad Baja racer back in the day and never taught us anything out of the book. All hands on build and test. Gocarts, small rails ,4runners, and of course all the 90s kids had a ranger with fenders and a lift. The good old days
Jerry crossing stuff off the list that’s not done is actually pretty hilarious😂
I couldn't tell if the Topo Chico was a hard seltzer but something tells me it was, which makes it even funnier. 😂
@@40ozPres Agreed, Jerry seemed a little sloshy
15k buys you like 7 more ford rangers
More like 15 more lol
It's a write-off for Donut.
😂 fr
I always surprise how expensive their upgrade is
Compare to where I live you could build like 10 crazy machines for the same amount they spend lol
@@Donkeymaster9000 That's a better strategy, you buy 15 rangers and paint them the same, the moment you break one during the race you grab another one, with 15 for sure you get to the finish line 😂.
This is why I LOVEEEE this channel! No BS "wheel reveal", "supension part 102"video, just all in one and qualityyyyy❤
and no goonzquad giveaways
DILLON!! Love that guy! Glad we get some great Donut colab content!
Great video guys. Definitely looks like a fun build. Just so you know you might want to rethink those rear shock upper mounts and also the shock placement. Have the resi inboard like that is not going to be good. Usually you want the resi in the rear behind the body. Having them inboard like that when you side load the axle in a corner it will shift the axle side to side and you will smash those reservoirs into the frame rails. Plus having that upper pivot bolt going forward to back means as the shocks are working they are moving forward and back so it will wear that upper uniball super fast vs if it was just moving with the race.
donut is notorious for their cars breaking down. With all the fabrication and "we've got some learning to do" just in this first video, I bet this truck is going to be a nightmare for them. I can't wait! 😂🤣
Lol you can already see the flaws in their plans it's gonna be hilarious
Donut media: On today’s video of YT’r builds that need to chill.
Also Donut Media: We spent $14k on a $500 bucket truck. 😂
for real 😂
Hah, though this feels like by the end it's going to be "Trophy Truck With Retro-style Cab" than anything else.
@@wraithcadmustrophy trucks are way crazier and more in the 100k+ range to build
@@TheChicagOP true, but they're easily going to blow past 50k the rate this is going. I'm excited to see it.
I put one these on my baha go cart and it was a beast and I had to bump up my 5 HP Briggs and Stratton to 8hp with a pro charger,added 19hp to my 8hp Briggs,,I just wasn't happy with my twin turbo set up,now hitting 50mph!! With Michelin pilot sport 2s but they are like 20 bucks a piece! Little high really,but my go cart is so insane now it gets looks from the gals no matter where I'm at,I past an 88 yr old lady today I had to max out the throttle but I got her by a headlight!!
baha
This is a build I've been dreaming of doing since high school. I'm living vicariously through these guys.
Great to see Sandro and Angelina included at the Cruise In. Definitely deserve the recognition as part of the Donut crew.
I have a green 96 ranger as my farm toy and I've been looking at this exact $15k king setup. I feel like this episode was made for me! Thank you
Wish I could find a Ranger like that for $500. Cheapest I’ve seen is typically 3k or more and just about ready for a new engine or transmission. Really great video
Not wrong. I think it’s because people in the used market like to value their things for what they expect to get or expect it’s worth.
It’s the buyers responsibility to avoid a trap. Some of those for $2500-4000 shouldn’t be any more than $1000.
Especially when they expect you to tow that thing and do a fair amount of repair just to get it road worthy.
Their problem is now yours haha
I’ve seen some drivable ones for $2500-3500 though.
If you’re going LOW LOW, I’d personally lowball the heck out of some until I get something I want, but I’m also not above being ruthless in the used market if there’s a deal to be had.
There’s always another person selling another item. Shoot the shot, move on if you don’t get what you want.
Giving MCM a strong competition for the best 4WD channel on RUclips! :D Looking forward to this build :)
You wash your mouth out.
They dont hold a candle to 4wd/247
@@SantiSpeed1 brother you missed the joke
@@sparkie5571 you missed MY joke lol, 4wd 247 responded to MCM and said that THEY were the best 4wd channel on the internet
@@SantiSpeed1 oh yeah i didn’t see that
I know VERY LITTLE about cars and even less about Trucks but your videos and cast are so entertaining that I just gotta watch everything. I cant wait to see this completed project
This video is like the old 90s japanese car makers: "We lied about how much we spent. We spent even more" 🤣
Usually the suspension upgrades are all plug and play but this was very very tedious. The level of hardwork and determination and patience that went into this video is unmatched
You should get sponsored by TacoBell or Mt. Dew and then it could be the ‘Baja blast’
Where'd you get a $500 car?
Probably Facebook 😂
@@AncientRe 20k is an extreme exaggeration lmao
junk yard… lol
Probably Facebook but there’s a high chance that it’s not gonna work without some work or it’s on deaths doorstep with needing some really big repairs
Its Just amazing, 17k $ worth of suspension is worth more than half our cars costs in Kenya, our average car cost is like 12.3k $. Love Donut.
$2,000 in tax and shipping?? Damn.
This build will be absolutely INSANE! Looking forward to seeing the work and precision y'all will come out with
I love how these young men work towards one goal and overcome all obstacles together.👍🥇
Mikes' welds are some of the most consistently beautiful I've ever seen, solid work man. Honestly makes me want to start learning how to weld
I mean you learn it pretty fast, not that complicated, with MIG just press the button and move at a consistent speed
Not sure if you guys have done this already; But here's a vid idea...
Make two or three teams, give each team a budget to build a car, and race across the country.
Whoever gets to the finishing line first, wins.
A team is allowed to fix their car and continue with the race if the car ever breaks down or stop for refueling.
However, points to be deducted with each breakdown.
The level of detail and precision in this build is truly impressive, real shoutout to the team for taking on such a challenging project!
This channel has evolved through the years and I'm here for it. Love these guys and wish them all of the success that they deserve. Keep it up!
Ideally when setting your shock height. You want to leave only about 1/2" to 1" of travel before bottom out, and put your full compressed bump stop there. This ensures the most travel from the shock. Idealy when leaf and shackles are at full extension they are within the max range of the shock, if not, you need a belt to stop the shock from topping out. Topping out a shock is as bad as bottoming out one.
That Ranger sitting on those honkin' tires looks so awesome. Way to go all of you Donut guys, looking forward to the next episode
Being a truck guy and a car guy this warms my soul to see a balance of truck and car content
I'm excited for this build. I hope you guys are gearing that thing up and putting some more power down to compensate this monster.
Better than any “short”. Keep it up, one hell of a build. My dad drove one of these when I was younger.
Love to see your never-too-serious team workflow!
After the end of top gear this was the only channel that kept the car culture together, love the videos, love the editing, the team. I see you guys as the next top gear ❤
Good to see Angelina and Sandro at the donut cruise in
Love this series. Just like the HiLo tacos, these are really interesting in that at least the Ranger platform (not the mods) is attainable for many!
Wonderful amount of illustration for the short time of video! I know it’s all hard hard work between planning, fabbing, filming etc and we all appreciate the work!
The amount of content in this one video is crazy. Love watching a build come together
this is an insane amount of fabwork, both quality and amount accomplished in 7 days
Nice to see Dillon here! Stoked on the NSX build !
i don’t think i’ve been more excited about a donut build. keep it up gang
These episodes remind everyone of watching all the car rehab shows we used to watch everyday.
this looks sick. i was putting off watching because i thought it was more than likely clickbait but this is actually really cool to see the process and seeing where it's gonna go from here is something i'm excited for.
also dunno how it works in the background, but can't help but notice james is never around for anything on camera unless it involves something fancy / expensive / no effort.
this kinda content flows a lot nicer imo without him standing in the corner cracking jokes randomly
proud of Dillon don’t know your entire story. but in a few short years you have hit you tube gold. and you rock on camera.
DILLOOOOONNN!!! The crossover I never knew I needed
I think it's awesome to give this beautiful old truck some love and upgrades
It’s a dope crossover episode when Dylan from tj hunt’s team shows up for an episode
I don’t understand most of this, but I don’t care. It’s fascinating to watch. The combination of brute force, precision and custom work/fabrication, and the math/engineering is impressive to see. I know next to nothing about cars and trucks, but this grabs my attention. Kudos, gents.
i need a donut media x tom’s refurb project collab. the chaos of tom’s refurb and the resources of donut would be both incredible and awful
Please make a ton more of these upgrade videos! I’m really enjoying just from these 2 ranger videos so far
This probably one of the most impressive things I've ever seen donut do
Thanks!
I love watching step by step, keep it up Donut Media, love watching you guys!
No matter if it’s LZ or TJ even donut is like Dylan you go to deep
Not wrong
@@Helmofterror but some of us like to listen to the in-depth makes me look further into things
Jimmy and Job’s relationship is my favorite 😂
3:30 in and I already feel like Dillon is perfect for the channel.
this has to be one of the most epic projects these guys have done!!
Legit just finished watching a TJ Hunt video, came to see Donut, and I see Dillon again😂 so dope!
Dillon seems like a cool ass dude, you guys should definitely have him back on.
"17K worth of high end suspension for a 5k truck that's 30 years old" is the reason why I love Donut
After barely a year of watching you guys, I went from only knowing very basic maintenance to removing a blown engine and installing a new engine on my own
The raptor absolutely killed pre runner builds. Love seeing this again
I love how 2 videos on an old ranger have made it onto trending
I remember buying BMW parts off of Mike when he lived in RI . Just blew my mind seeing him in this video , dudes a legend
I actually love how much of genius Dillion while ate the same time he’s a goofygoober
I love how they say how ridiculous it sounds in the beginning, just to do it anyway cuz it’s awesome!! Love all of y’all at Donut 🍩 ❤
Good to see the boys wrenching again on a big project!
Such a relaxing thing to sit back in bed and watch one of these episodes
This is going to be an AMAZING series. Glad Yall decided to venture into this alley. I see lots of builds to come lol
24:25 Thanks Jimmy👍
Wooo upgraded to the big kid work! Love to see a major project like this done in one video, massive congratz and nice welds.
This was by far the most insane set of mods you guys have done
The more episodes that are produced with the core group, the better they get. Maniacal and informative, classy delivery.kkk
Patiently waiting for am update on the ranger
Dillon being the Chad he is
I haven't been this excited to see how this turns out since the Miata. Great job guys.
My boy Dylan!!! Wasn't expecting to see him on here!! Hell yeah
Getting all of that together in 1 video is wild - could have been an entire spin off series 😂
I bought a 2008 Mazda B4000 in October and when you guy's announced the ranger as the next project I got so hyped