Epigenetics: Why Inheritance Is Weirder Than We Thought
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- Опубликовано: 13 сен 2024
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Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some keywords/phrases to get your googling started:
epigenetics: genetic control by factors other than an individual’s DNA sequence
epigenetic inheritance: transmittance of information from one generation of an organism to the next that affects the traits of offspring without altering the DNA sequence
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Omkar Bhagat (@TheCuriousEnggr)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Alex Reich (@alexhreich), Henry Reich (@minutephysics), Peter Reich and Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: / drschroeder
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References:
Dias B.G., Ressler, K.J. (2014) Parental olfactory experience influences behavior and neural structure in subsequent generations. Nature Neuroscience 17:89-96. www.nature.com/...
Holliday, R. (2006). Epigenetics: a historical overview. Epigenetics 1: 76-80.
www.tandfonline...
Jones P.A., Takai D. (2001) The role of DNA methylation in mammalian epigenetics. Science 293: 1068-1070. www.ufpe.br/bi...
Jones S.V., Choi D.C., Davis M., Ressler K.J. (2008) Learning-dependent structural plasticity in the adult olfactory pathway. Journal of Neuroscience 28: 13106-13111. www.jneurosci.o...
Kaati G., Bygren L.D., Edvinsson S. (2002) Cardiovascular and diabetes mortality determined by nutrition during parents’ and grandparents’ slow growth period. European Journal of Human Genetics 10: 682 - 688. www.ncbi.nlm.ni...
Morgan H.D., Sutherland H.G., Martin D.I., Whitelaw E. (1999) Epigenetic inheritance at the agouti locus in the mouse. Nature Genetics 23(3): 314-318. www.nature.com/...
Pembrey, M. (2002). Time to take epigenetic inheritance seriously. European Journal of Human Genetics 10: 669 - 671. moodle.unitec....
This is pretty much the best way you can explain epigenetics in less than 3 minutes. Well done minuteearth!
+Stupid Web Comics Thanks :)
I actually just did a report on this. They did a great job.
Initial explanation was great I agree.
But I left more confused than ever.
As learned in biology, DNA is hard coded...
But this video basically said that stuff you do tweaks your DNA.... Meaning it isn't hard-coded at all...
And that's it.
So very conflicting with the age old view.......
And left with so many questions...
+Carson Hunt Lets throw even more controversy into the mix with this explanation: Take the Koran, and pretend it's the DNA talked about here. What it says is fairly straightforward, but the Islamic State has been taking passages and twisting their meaning through deliberate misinterpretation of them, thus changing how the information in the Koran gets interpreted from one Muslim to another depending on whether they believe the IS's lies or not. Thus, in our comparison, the DNA never changes, but the interpretation of the DNA, what parts are used and which aren't, what parts are twisted and which are kept as they are, are all changeable.
+Carson Hunt Okay, I think you misunderstood some things. The actual DNA sequence is NOT being rewritten. The rats' adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are all in the same order. The alleles are all still the exact same. The term epigenetics means "above the genome." So, the epigenetic tags aren't that hard-coded nucleotide sequence you're thinking of. They're attached to it. Think of them like a sort of traffic light for DNA. They can say "stop" and have the gene turned off entirely, "slow" and have only a small amount of proteins coded from the sequence, or "go" and have a lot come from it. The epigenetic changes change how these stoplights act. In the rats' case, they went from a yellow "slow" light in the nerve genes to a green "go produce a ton of nerves!" light.
I've used this video in so many trainings I conduct regarding trauma, it's always a hit. It does such a great job illustrating and explaining a complex topic. Thank you!
yeah, me too!
Well, you shouldn't! She literally said this doesn't apply to humans. It's a pseudo-science myth that you can inherit trauma.
@@Hypercube1729humans have DNA and epigentic tags as well. We don't know how to pull the trigger. The Swedish famine proves this and yet your smart-ass after learning all this lead to pseudo science
Epigenetics is one of the most interesting things I ever learned about at university.
wow, your old
Sir how'd you get your smelling to be so accurate and strong?
Well my father decided to shock himself after smelling anything
OK that is cool! Almost makes me want to switch fields of study.
Do you now have insurmountable amounts of student loan debt?
@@Blade_Of_Heaven that comment is 5 years old
@@justsomeguywithoutamustach8197 I know.
@@Blade_Of_Heaven I think its the best time to ask the question tbh. I'm curious too!
now you are tuber
The cool thing about such epigenetic tags is that, once we work out which ones were altered to produce better health, we can then manually change them in everyone's genes, giving everyone better health.
I love how there was some dude or animal a LONG time ago that got really fucking scared and now we get scared of hieghts.
+Swarfly To be fair, heights aren't exactly healthy for you.
+Gareth Dean Heights are not healthy, nor unhealthy for you. Being at the top of a building isn't going to harm you. What is unhealthy, is falling from the top of the building. How ever the fall can scare you, and fear in a way can be a good thing. The fall though can also cause stress, which stress is indeed bad for your health. All of this doesn't matter though, because it's the abrupt stop at the end of the fall that is the most harmful to your health.
Draggon Reaper
Well that's an issue of semantics. Technically sharks aren't dangerous, bleeding to death is. Heights are risky things, they increase your level of radiation exposure for one thing and your exposure to carcinogens for another. All in all I prefer depths.
+Swarfly along with the common fears some people have of rats, dogs, snakes, spiders, other insects and phobias like needles, thunder, and germs or dirt? and what about social phobias?
I have noticed certain people with ancestry from certain parts of the world being more afraid of snakes than others. I believed this to be because of their ancestors living around deadly snakes. I live on a North West Coast Island beside Vancouver which has zero poisonous snakes and the spiders that can cause harm are extremely rare. I always wondered if a study could be done (or has been) on the local First Nations who have been here for thousands of years, to see if they have any fears of snakes or spiders, since technically there is no reason to be afraid locally.
This new knowledge of Epigenetics helps answer all that for me.
+Swarfly Well to be fair the fear of heights would have been an evolutionary advantage; being afraid of heights meant that early men stayed away from cliffs, therefore being less likely to fall off and die..
Interesting information. I hope the rats are OK.
+Eugene Khutoryansky Things don't work out well for the rats I'm sorry. They get 'ethically' killed after their part in the experiment is finished.
+MrSyco07, I am aware of what happens to the rats, which is precisely why I wrote that.
+Eugene Khutoryansky There are plenty of rats to go around.
+alex bro
Tell that to the ones that died.
+alex bro Oh.
LAMARK WAS RIGHT!
+TGGeko no he was wrong, just not completely wrong
+calvin armstrong Or you could say he was partially right; but I think it is important to note that in his time, there was no way for people to explain the mechanisms of inheritance. Lamarck's theory made sense given the evidence he had to work with at the time; he was later proven wrong, but our belief that he was completely wrong was then proven to also be inaccurate.
+tiaxanderson I get what you mean, but remember that he was proposing a theory of how inheritance works, not claiming that he had demonstrated it.
+calvin armstrong Lamark was mostly right for the time period he lived in. The Greeks were geniuses and parts of many of their ideas are still in use today. Any historically respecting scientist would not discredit the discoveries of people for their time.
+TGGeko for those saying Lamarck was partially wrong, the same goes for Darwin and current official theory of evolution that didn't take epigenetics into account since the beginning.
Does this mean that with therapy of certain chemicals applied across the population today, we can encourage genetic improvements in the population, leading to longer lifespans and overall improved health in the generations of the future? Someone needs to get science on this as soon as possible!
+Alexander Abrams-Flohr I'm putting this comment here to wait for replies.
+Alexander Abrams-Flohr That would be terrible. Imagine the overpopulation…
+Alexander Abrams-Flohr Yes, it's called 'good nutrition' and its done wonders for life expectancy, intelligence and physical fitness. Many believe the 'Flynn effect' is due to current generations being the most adequately nourished in history. (History looks a lot less stupid when you realize that for most of it a good portion of the population would be considered mentally disabled by modern standards.)
North Korea seems like it could be our best chance to get "isolated lab environment". Come on Kim jong un, do something for the human race!
helojoe92
Well, we have plenty of defectors that have trickled in to South Korea. They're known for their stunted height. I wonder if anyone has studied their kids?
Clearly didn't play Assassin's Creed... of course memories are passed down through DNA!
+supermanadamio if you look closely, you'll see it's a game!
+The Curious Engineer And if you look closely, you'll see it;'s a joke.
MrQwerty2524 if you look closely closely you'll see I know it's a joke :P
+The Curious Engineer If you look even closer you'll probably be able to see my phallus. (Only using the term phallus because its this channel, I'm actually a moron.... not that that word is sophisticated or anything...K ill shut up now).
+supermanadamio Assassin's Creed took that idea from Dune..... PEOPLE NEED TO READ MORE!
Attempting to condense a wide-scope field like epigenetics into a short youtube video is no easy task, but you seemed to pull it off regardless. It does't delve into the intricate details immediately, but then that wasn't the intention. Hopefully those people whose interest was peaked after watching this will explore the topic further. Good job!
My mind was blown away when I learnt how epigenetics worked (thanks youtube, again !), so thank you guys from MinuteEarth for this nice and fresh reminder. :)
+Piffrock glad to know that, thanks :)
2:18
Which switches the swedish famine flipped
Which swsch csha
Nope!
Which switches the swedish famine flipped
Which switches the swedish famine flipped
Which switches the fetus- fuck!
Which switches the Swedish famines flipped
Wheech sweeches the tchweechish -Dammit!
Which switches the swedish famine flipped
Sweet witches the swedish fish- can't do it!
Which thwitcheth... oh fuck.
Interstellar
Maybe the Swedish famine just killed the weaker ones, so the healthier and stronger lived to have kids who are consequently strong and healthy
+burt591 Normal selections seems to me a plausible explanation for this outcome. A third explanation could be that the people living through the famine changed their behaviour (eg. only alte vegetables but no meat / cake / soda since it was unaffordable). Their healthier lifestyle was partly passed on as habbit to their kids.
+Lu Bos Yeah, and could also be a combination of both factors
i know i'm late but:
Plz don't bullshit us LuBos
those who suffer from famine and got to survive passed a new modification to the genes: improved energy consumption.
When confronted to harsher environment only children who tend to spend less energy due to low nutrition income, tend to live more and due to that spread their own genes.
Evolution
+burt591 except I dont think the folks at minute earth are stupid enough to have not thought about that
Juju
I get so excited whenever I see a new MinuteEarth video in my inbox
I have always wondered why organs with the same dna are so different. Thanks for the video
That bit about the epigenetic component passed to offspring is super interesting.
I always felt that genetic was oddly simplistic for how complex life is. ATCG and that's it ?
It means we have a lot more possible combinations than just the gene itself.
omg, the drawing of the parent rat telling their kids about the scent was great!
+Danilo Teruya Thank you!
+TheCuriousEngineer Should have done an illustration showing the parent rat warning their offspring to steer clear of scientists.
We are living in a lab but we just don't realise...illuminati confirmed.
+The Flash ..Flash you're going too fast with that..
Haha!
+The Flash Are you really "the fastest man in the world"? ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
+MitchellVeyMC Well I have to be honest and say Zoom is much faster than me :(
Mice are merely the protrusion into our dimension of hyper-intelligent pan-dimensional beings who, unbeknownst to the human race, are the most intelligent species on the planet Earth. They spent a lot of their time in laboratories running complex experiments on humans.
The earth is just a big organic super computer....
+GorillaGuerilla Run by mice.
And they're about to get the question !
Unless...
I get the reference. I just don't remember the name of the movie.
+Interstellar bruce Or book. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
+Interstellar bruce Douglas Adams rings a bell?
+GorillaGuerilla If only those alien bastards didn't decide to make a intergalactic highway straight through the Earth...one could say the same for those fucking politicians making a highway straight through our economies!
Good ol' biology, just as you start thinking you have things figured out, there's an exception or things get more complicated. On the upside, biochemistry is probably the fastest progressing branch of science right now because there is just so much to work with.
-j--ust think, some day there might be totally legitimate lists online of things you can do to your self to increase your chances of having healthier kids.
neat.
now i'm wondering if you can undo that fear. like giving them a treat or something whenever the rats smell that scent.
Awesome! This means going through an extreme work-out routine your whole life could potentially benefit your children, despite what we thought up until now.
+Valentin Teslov Or it could harm them.
Tairneanach I'll go for the more positive attitude :P
Valentin Teslov And that's where most misunderstandings about scientific findings come from: People just interpreting them in a way that suits them best.
Tairneanach Man, I was just joking, chill
Well, not necessarily. But who knows. Discoveries are still being made.
I found this video interesting, but I know I wouldn't if my science teacher stretched it out for 2 class periods, instead of 3 minutes. Good job!
Love the science but hate the animal cruelty used in the process...
+Nammy Kasaraneni There's no other way, unfortunately.
+Nammy Kasaraneni The average lifespan of mice varies from 1.5 to 2 years. Taking away few months of their life allows us in developing huge steps in health, making people much healthier and coming up with cures to diseases. :)
+TheFishCostume There are other ways but not very efficient (yet).
+Nammy Kasaraneni I understand the sentiment, but rest assured that animal use in science is tightly regulated and one of the principles of these regulations is ensuring that animals are used as little as possible and only when there is no other viable way to acquire the knowledge.
+Nammy Kasaraneni
I know. I hope computer simulations will be able to replace rats one day.
I had a lecture on epigenetics where the lecturer explained exactly why this isn't Lamarckian evolution. It's a shame I don't really remember it because it was years ago. I think it was something like if epigenetic changes result in greater plasticity then you can't have permanent epigenetic changes, so it's not evolution. I think there was also something about epigenetic changes being removed during development and only leaving behind imprints telling you which parent they came from. I hope that helps as a starting point for anyone who wants to look into it.
Hey, I have something kind of similar with my mother, there was a piece of fat she didn't want to have to throw away so she tried eating it and threw up and couldn't eat animal fat anymore, both of my parents could eat it fine, but I think my mother having this change has definitely effected me as I can not eat fat without gagging, so maybe it can affect other people too.
There's a town I didn't expect to get mentioned...ever.
MUH ANIMAL TESTS!!!
The ending sucked. "We should be grateful" we dont live in controlled shock chambers like we force rats to live in. Nice...
+amadcarrot But it's true isn't it? Wouldn't it be hypocritical not to at least acknowledge that?
+amadcarrot Woe unto the ratkind.
Wait a second. Electric shocks and berries don't turn rats into Pikachus?!
Shut up you privileged patriarchal shitlord. I'll have you know I'm a bi-celled protist and identify as photosynth-kin. Watch my pronouns.
I wish you made this video 2 weeks earlier before my medical exam on epigenetics.
+vimu wijayaratne how was it :)
The exam was alright but I don't know my marks yet. But great video you covered through all the basics in a nicely animated short clip that explains a pretty new and complex topic in a way that anyone can understand.
so is it just sperm cells that gain epigenetic changes that get passed on to offspring? or do egg cells get altered too? Since egg cells are made before birth, I wonder if their epigenetic can be altered later in life. It would be really interesting if epigenetics were primarily passed on through sperm.
Yes, in fact even more often, because eggs develop in a female fetus so they definitely get passed on 2 generations. Sperm are actually harder to explain because they don't develop as early. Toxic stress in pregnant women being passed on to their babies in form of elevated stress hormones (and more) is quite common and easier to understand.
I love this channel not just for learning science but the puns
Epigenetics, aka "Holy shit, Lamarck was right after all!"
@TheDaniel366CobraI was thinking the same thing lol.
Well, sort of.
Lamarck was right?... that was sarcastic, is not it?
In case the answer is no, I would say the following:
Maybe epigenetic can direct some genes to express or not. A mother rat stressed by all these electric shocks may present specific hormone level to the placenta. If only the male rat got electro-tortured, it is harder to understand how these stressed animals still enjoyed sex with these sadistics humans watching every intromissions.... pervert!
In the video, they add: the same extra nerve cells developed in the olfaction area? I would be impressed if the technology is so precise to find that kind of fine detail.
I have tendency to consider those scientific claims like the incredible features of quantum physic ; some people need to study again science and reject magical though.
When we were learning medical genetics, our lecturer made this statement about Lamarck and epigenetics. We thought it was a good example of how rejected theories could resurrect in an altered form. Like in this case - not "exercise" like in classical Lamarckism, but still an "effect from the environment", affects the offspring without directly altering gametes.
He was already partially right in other ways. For example: How do you know that the battle of Hastings was in 1066 AD? Nobody is alive from then to have told you, not for generation upon generation upon generation. And dates of battles certainly aren't encoded in genes. You inherited it in other, non-genetic ways that we already knew about, and that were driven by active desire to have offspring inherit these things on purpose by those you inherited them from.
Of course many of the specific biological mechanisms he proposed in detail were totally wrong though, I just mean the general gist was partially correct already pre-knowing about epigenetics
(And cultural inheritance is not limited to humans by any means, although we are better at it than other species)
I once watched a lecture that, if I recall correctly, completely characterized the entire epigentics of a nematode, or some other very, very simple little worm, and the effect on its nervous system...which is about the simplest nervous system you can imagine. A sensing end and 2 nerves that control 2 muscles; one that contracts to the left and one to the right. Alternate and it swims straight, slightly more frequent on one side than the other, and it swims to that side.
The level of complication brought about by the changes to the translated proteins from epigenetics was STAGGERING. Nerve signal suppression. Muscle suppression. Nerve sensitivity. Muscle sensitivity. Sensing organ sensitivity. Muscle recuperation rate. And more than slips my mind now!
All of which coordinated to let an animal that has only 1 set of opposing muscles and only 1 innervation to each and only 1 sensing organ to move around in a 3D environment and seek out food and survive.
He just called the presentation, "How to Make a Really Simple Nervous System, Really, Really Complex." With the implication that if you expanded the variables out to a nervous system of a COMPLEX animal it would be ridiculously staggeringly complex. But it was an awesome presentation.
Drawings in this video are genious!
+vrstovsek thank you :)
I learned about this in Bio 2A today :) It really makes you laugh at people who say "It's my body I'll do what I want to it." Fine. Don't have any children then XD
in my opinion, EVERY single child should have their DNA scanned and physical, mental and personality traits written down soon after birth, so more research can be done and people can understand themselves better.
Sounds expensive and time consuming.
it is, but more its done easier it is and it will pay off, scientists could figure out more genetic diseases, they could actually prevent cancer caused by genetic problems rather than radiation and instead of relying on finger prints and passwords, DNA coding could be used.
thewanderandhiscomp and this is why religion is stupid and shouldn't exist, I wont force it, but I will persuade it, its slowing science and has even caused wars and many deaths even recently. can we all just get along, and go by 1 set of rules that aren't arbitrarily made up?
+JoJo Nice try, big bro.
🏉🎹
Very good and simple explanation. Allow me just to underline that at 0.49 the term "genetic code" is misused. What you probably meant to say is "genome"
Lamark wins! Suck it, Darwin!
+Shawn Ravenfire it's a tie, dammit, oh well, at least Tesla beat Edison
+Shawn Ravenfire This form of Lamarkian "evolution" arose because of Darwinian evolution, the ability to turn genes on/off being of much use to the organism therefore helping them survive. So Darwin still wins, and Larmark was able to predict the existence of a trait that many organism have.
+Shawn Ravenfire i have no idea how this happened, but from googling this and browsing wiki for a while I now wanna buy a gecko :D
1,000,001st sub! Congrats on 1 Million, MinuteEarth!!
Maybe we can ask Kim-jong-un for help with this. He has plenty of human labrats in a well controlled area.
Mahad Shaikh :damn.........
Animiles I was going to like this but it was at 69 likes so I left it alone. So have a fake like 👍
Ha!
north korea is basically a giant lab. The control group is in the south
Wow, that's a very good pronunciation of Överkalix. Kudos for making the effort!
Does the effect disappear after some number of generations, and how many if it does?
+lipsach we don't know.
+The Curious Engineer Im sure the information is somewhere. And based on basic biology, the trait probably disappears after a few generations of being unused. The trait becomes becomes rarer, with less rats being born with the trait.
Well, If my memory of Punnett Squares is correct, then its the same chance (50% or 25%, depending on the gene) that the newly learned gene will get passed along with each generation.
These traits could be lost after a single generation, or continue on for hundreds.
I wonder if that could also explain some phobias we have without been traumatised by the objekt of our phobia...
Alice yes
I think I'll implant my children with a really weird hypersensitivity to a specific smell, and never tell anyone.
+Edan Coll Too late, you parents already did that to you; you know how you are about pumpkin spice? Yeah that was their doing, I supervised the experiment.
+Edan Coll OK but that means you'll have to smell this smell first while torturing yourself a considerable amount of times. Need help?
What if you beat them everytime they smell grilled meat, then you can build generations of vegetarians
@Lucas Zhu i dont want to eat school.
We can see this epigenetic memory passed on for 16 generations in the worm C. elegans. This is because their lifespans are so short so it is easier to track. We have seen trauma from Civil War POW camps and WWII concentration camps passed down for at least 2 successive generations. We can actually observe changes in DNA methylation and stress hormone responses. The problem with studying this in humans is that we live so long that it is much harder to study in the long term 😅 I would imagine that humans can pass down complex patterns and experiences for many generations, but that is challenging to study because the generations are so long.
Would you happen to remember the name of the study of the worms? I would love to read it.
@Kirey Mojica "Transgenerational transmission of environmental information in C. elegans" Apologies...it was 14 generations...but still! 😅
Interesting video, thanks, I love your channel. But regarding the famines, I am quite skeptical about such a huge effect (+32 years of life expectancy? Really? This raises a red flag). The population of Överkalix today is ~4,000 people, not huge. I wonder what it was back then. In any case, with such as small town, I suspect a sampling bias. Perhaps the study only considered 100 people who suffered from famine, and they had few children and grand-children, who happened to have long lives, by pure chance. Even if the results are "statistically significant", the scientists may have been "torturing the data until it confessed", in other words looking for any interesting fact in the data. Or maybe hundreds of scientists researched this in various towns, and this one just happened to work (ie. how many negative papers were not published). In short, this effect needs to be confirmed in many other famines before jumping to the conclusion that it actually exists.
Plus, even if it is confirmed, I don't see any evidence that this is the result of epigenetics: kids presumably *did* know their parents, so it could just be cultural inheritance ("dear kids, I lost 5 brothers and sisters during this famine, so make sure you have less kids but you take good care of them"). Or it could just be survivor bias: if weak people died, perhaps it is no surprise that the survivors had "healthy" genes (but +32 years sounds excessive). Perhaps this number includes stillborn children?
Science is sooo hard, and so interesting. :) Could you please double-check this story?
Edit: epigenetics is a real thing, but it is certainly overrated. This article expresses this view pretty well: www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jul/19/epigenetics-dna--darwin-adam-rutherford
+Aurélien Geron
Thanks for your commentary! This little stupid Swedish study is mentioned everywhere though scientifically completely worthless!
Kind of makes me wonder what my grandparents went through to make me such an anxiety riddled mess!
Why do this to like, all the rats, and make the fear sense for foods we eat, but not the foods they eat, so that way they won't eat our food?
Crystal Lin we pretty much eat the same food and there are MILLIONS of rats in the world, so we can't do that. Correct me if i'm wrong.
what could work is the opposite: breeding rat which got -positive- feedback when eating something that smells/tastes exactly like poison. if they were also somehow given a genetic advantage, they would breed, and their children might eat poison and kill themselves more often.
well that would quickly be flushed out the gene pool because you know, the rats ate poison and die.
well, here's the trick: you give it a random chance. so in a litter of, say, 12 rat babies all of them have a large genetic advantage, but 10 of them will eat poison, and the other 2 will go on to reproduce more poison-eating rats.
So the idea is to just hope some of the poison loving rats won't kill themselves long enough to reproduce. yeah to random for anyone to invest in.
Thought experiment on using the info in this video:
1. create a bunch rats that are terrified of the fruity smell.
2. release them into an large area that is sub-dived into 2 smaller area's (zone a and b) that don't overlap.
3. zone a is a safe zone where rats can live free without out being deliberately hunters.
zone b you spare the fruit scent and actively hunt and kill rats as you
Could this lead to a scenario where released rats who fear the fruit avoid zone b and hence have a survival advantage over other wild rats, eventually this will cause the epigenetic markers (fear the fruit) to spread faster in the overall rat population. Goal would be to create populations that will avoid the fruit sent, so just spraying a substance that is nonpoisonous or harmful to the environment with fruity scent around a building would ward of rats.
But of course this could lead to a downside too while you try to scare them off with a scent of fruit...
There is nothing wrong with experimenting on animals that breed like mice, for example: mice.
Why?
*****
That only makes it more effective for mice to be tested on, not more ethical.
+Toah Ewok if we didnt ever test anything on mice , you wouldnt be alive. how about that?
Zeppelans
You can't possibly know that, my existence does not rely on mice.
+Toah Ewok theres a big chance it does though, small changes lead to big differences, and lab testing for the developement of new medicane and vaccines etc would cause a heavy increase in population growth
We should be grateful! Absolutely.
0:43
That lady's seen some shit
2:32 I'm not sure, if it's intentional, but neat Douglas Adams reference there.
Also: Witch switches the fedish... damn.
Free those rats! FREE THOSE RATS!!! FREE THOSE RATS!! ( I'm going on strike)
beautiful and simple explanation, great job!
I was about to say "time to STARVE THOSE KIDS!" but then you ruined it.
those who studied or artists or players as they have dna memory as relatives or grandchildren. that's why those who have the best and better than relative (when he or she was young as draw or play), what do you think your children have the ability to play or drawing better?
MinuteEarth, you may want to look into epigenetics and the r vs K reproductive strategies. The human studies are very interesting and bring with them the left vs right dichotomy.
Seems like Sweden's expanded to include, Åland, the Estonian islands and Borgholm. Öland apparently sunk to the bottom of the sea though.
That is exactly the best way to talk about epigenetics. Congrats.
funny story about epigenetics and famine, the dutch honger winter (lit. hunger winter) or winter of hunger in the last winter of WW2 was and is still used for epigenetics research, as it remains the only real winter famine (it has a human cause, but functionally the same) in a relatively well developed (at that time, its much more developed now) country to date
Something I'm not clear on. Do the epigenetic tags always stay on the bit of DNA they tweak? Even during replication? When that happens, what multiplies the tags? How does the new tag inherent the setting from the original tag? Isn't DNA somehow also the code that determines production and placement of those tags, if the DNA does not change then how can a new cell keep the same tag-setting?
Sooo much still unclear... :/
+ruolbu Yep the tags get replicated. It mentions that skin and nerve cells have identical DNA, but different tags. Each time the cell replicated, if they didn't also replicate the tags identically, that cell would change (from skin to nerve etc.).
How it's actually done is something that needs WAY more than 5 min heh. That's gets involved in proteins and enzymes etc. Because tags are dynamic in there's whole systems about it. As in how the stress of being zapped when smelling a smell can start a chemical system that changes your DNA tag.
And DNA doesn't code how DNA is made. DNA is replicated by splitting in half, and then having the second half duplicated and recombined
So long so long and thanks for all the knowledge
thank you for this video, and the video description. its informative.
We don't live in a well-controlled environment of a laboratory? Damn, so close! I wish we would.
Last year I was on a debate on this and I had to defend Epigenetics, twas fun, its a really interesting topic.
+NarkDights | JRkk7heGamer What was the opposing position? That epigenetics do not exist?
Chuck V No, we were debating Lamarck vs Darwin, I tied Epigenetics to Lamarck basically... No one else was up to that level of research doe
Oh yeah, especially a year ago. Good on you though.
Question time, answer, please.
1) Is it possible that an epigenetic change will occur in your offspring, but not in its gametes (so your grandchildren will not be affected)? How can we be sure that it is passed down on every generation?
2) Is there any chance that some phenotypes we've attributed to genes are actually the works of epigenetics? From what I know, in order to test whether a gene does X, scientists try to reproduce an organism, but without the gene they want to test each time. So maybe process X is connected to said gene, but its status can be changed by those 'switches' alone.
3) Can you think of an example where a useless or harmful epigenetic change may take place? (no human intervention, obviously the rats would be better off by not being repelled by fruits)
1:52 Yes! My grandpa was born in Siberia and i am super healthy too! I get sick 1 time in 2 years and still i get healthy super soon! Yes genes, yes!
That might explain phobias and fears that can't be explained. Especially if your parents didn't have them but your grandparents did. It might skip one generation and then settle in on the next one. Very, very interesting and food for thought.
For all my fears I'm going to blame my ancestors from now on
True. This feature is kinda limited by the DNA's information storage capacity.
I must say I am impressed at your pronunciation of Överkalix! =)
So smell is the sense most closely tied to memory, right?
Is it possible that's because most memories are reconstructed, they are "software" on our mental system, but part of our response to a scent gets "hardwired" genetically into our mental system?
Smell is closely related to taste correct?
Does this explain cultural palate distinctions in cuisine?
Are we born liking most of the foods our parents like genetically?
so many questions.......
This is the only channel that makes learning fun...
....Yeah take that school
Didn't a group at RSNA do a study in 2013 showing that a 16 week severe CR diet (500 calories per day) will "flip a switch" and reduce pericardial fat build up in relation to other fat build up? I admit to only reading the press briefing and not the full paper so it may not be related but it seems like that would suggest that the starvation doesn't necessarily need to be prolonged and could provide a benefit on the genetic level to heart health.
I'm crying the way you pronounced Överkalix x)
Amazing, thanks for making this video!
+Nee ik ben het niet welcome :)
Thanks!! Very informative!
The example of the Swedish famine just sounds like regular natural selection to me. The ones who survived the famine tended to be the most healthy. The vid was a bit vague on exactly how they were healthy though.
The Dutch Hunger Winter is also a prominent example.
I feel like this was more MinuteBiology than MinuteEarth.
now i know the reason why people say "i have got a bad feeling about this"
Great explanation!
That hitchhikers guide reference in the end tho
I took a nap and then woke up and realized that I fell asleep during 46 videos (I fell asleep with the phone in my hand)
At this point I think RUclips is stalking me, I am going to do an apresentation about epigenetics in January, and this randomly pops up when resting from working in the script
I feel like we should allow more human testing to learn more about stuff like. I hate how taboo human experiments can be but as long as they consent we should allow it
+Soulless MrMe The problem there though is coercion and understanding. A lot of our medications are tested on the homeless and unemployed because they can pay well (Or at least provide food and shelter.) These are not the kind of people to know what they're getting into or to think dispassionately about the tests.
*Imagine what epigenetic tags will be swith on/off to people affected by today's war. What consequences this could bring?*
2:30
is that a hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy reference?
Dune had the idea of "memories" passed down through the genetic line long before Assassin's Creed :P FRANK HERBERT WAS A GENIUS!
How many times do you think that humans have done this process to get to where we are? Man, humans are amazing!
+avishek acharya we are!
my brother wasn't kidding about the deja vu explaination
I think, that for people it is not only the controlled enviroment, but also the fact that you need to wait about 25 years for next generation of humans to resolve your experiments. Not to mention the problems with mating control.
great video with information...
INheritance goes well beyond epigenetics, too. For example, if you teach your offspring a skill after birth by observation, that is inheritance without genetics OR epigenetics. Or simply laying eggs in a certain place like turtles can force them to develop skills in a trial by fire at birth. Etc. etc. You inherit a LOT of things other than genes and proteins and such.
Does that mean that some kind of an ancestral memory is possible? Like intuitively responding to collective thoughts or myths of past generations?
Red Ink Do I sense an assassins creed fan here lol
The ending made me think of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy