(On Friday of April 7, 2023). On the Matter of Essentials of Neuroanatomy (Updated 2023) by MD Paul W. Bolin (CRASH! Medical Review Series): 1) Brain Structure and Physiological Correlation: a) Frontal Lobe; b) Parietal Lobe (Sensory Function); c) Occipital Lobe; d) Temporal Lobe (Auditory Function); e) Brain Stem; f) Insula and Basal Ganglia (Putamen and Internal Structure of Core Brain Area); 2) Pathology of Brain: 1) Huntington Disease with Hydrocephalus due to Degeneration of Cortical Structures; 2) Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) along with Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) can Significantly impair Cognition and Movement Function; a) Saccular Aneurysms or Berry Type Dilatations/Hemorrhage usually Involve the ACA (30%) or Posterior Communicating Artery (PoCA at 25%) along the MCA Territory (20%); 3) Vascular System of the Brain: a) Anterior Cerebellar Artery (ACA); b) Posterior Cerebellar Artery (PCA) supplied via Anterior Spinal Artery and Vertebral Artery with Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) Basilar Artery And Pontine Arteries to Medulla and Pons Respectively Brain Stem Structures; and c) Middle Cerebellar Artery (MCA); d) Internal Carotid Artery with the Aforementioned Terminal Arteries; e) Furthermore Artery Correlation with Manifestations: 1) MCA will have Contralateral (C/L) Upper Extremity (UE) Weakness, Sensory Loss, Aphasia, C/L Hemianopsia; 2) ACA will have C/L Lower Extremity (LE) Weakness (Asthenia), Sensory Loss, and Bladder Incontinence; 3) Opthalmic Involvement would manifest as Monocular Blindness, Ocular Pain, and Retinal Pallor; 4) Anterior Spinal Artery would have Paralysis and Loss Of Pain/Temperature Sensation Below Lesion, sparing the DCML; 4) Vertebral would have Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency with Vertigo (Dizziness), Diplopia, Dysarthria, Dysphagia as Signs of Disease; 5) Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) manifests as Lateral Medullary Syndrome (LMS) with Ipsilateral (Same Side) Facial And C/L Body Pain/Temperature Loss, Dysphagia; 6) Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) would have Lateral Pontine Syndrome (LPS) with SSx of I/L Facial and C/L Body Pain/Temperature Loss, And Hearing Loss; 7) Basilar Pontine Arteries would Correlate with Locked-in Syndrome (LS) with SSx of Loss of All Voluntary Muscles (Paralysis) Except Extraocular Muscles (EOMs); 8) Superior Cerebellar would have Cerebellar Stroke with Vertigo, Headache, Vomiting and Ataxia; 9) Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA with Atherosclerosis, Small Artery Syndrome, Embolus Strokes) has C/L Homonymous Hemianopsia with Macular Sparing, Vision Loss and Prosopagnosia (Inability to Cognitively Differentiate Faces usually due to Stroke, Brain Trauma/Injury or Neurodegeneration); 4) Spinal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System (CNS): 1) Cranial Nerves (CNs) and their Respective Foramina (Skeletal Orifices): 1) Cranial Nerve I has the Cribriform Plate where Olfaction Sensation Signal Transduction Occurs within the Nasal Cavity; 2) Cranial Nerve II (CN II) or Merely a Continuation of the Brain since Glial Cells And Oligodendrocytes rather than Schwann Cells Myelinate this Beauty via the Optic Canal has the Optic Nerve with Vision Sensation Signal Transduction Locus; 3) Superior Orbital Fissure with CN III, CN IV, CN V1, CN VI or Oculomotor, Trochlear, Ophthalmic (First Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve with Quantious Sensory Innervation to the Eye, Skin of the Upper Face, Anterior Scalp), Abducens (Abduction Motor Function) Respectively with Mostly Motor Eye (Muscles) Innervation; 4) Foramen Rotundum has the CNV2 of the Maxillary Nerve (Trigeminal Neuralgia, Tic Douloureux, Prosopalgia), And Second Division of the Trigeminal Nerve with 17 Innervations Anterior to Cavernous Sinus, strictly Sensory Functions All; 5) Foramen Ovale of the Sphenoid Bone from the Infratemporal Fossa with the Mandibular Nerve (Third Division of the Trigeminal Nerve [CNV]) Posterior and Anterior Divisions with only Afferent Nerve Function of which Mastication is most Important (Both Sensory and Motor Functions) and Parasympathetic NS Innervation of the Glands of Salivation (Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual); 6) Internal Acoustic Meatus Of Cranial Nerve VII (Facialis Nervus or CNVII) and Vestibulocochlear (CNVIII) has Motor Function, Sensory Function (Anterior 2/3 Of Tongue) and Parasympathetic Function (Lacrimal Gland, Sublingual Gland [Unencapsulated 3-5% of Saliva Biosynthesis] and Submandibular (Most Significant Biosynthetic Saliva Organ at about 75% weighing 15 grams Each); 7) Jugular Foramen with Glossopharyngeal (CNIX), Vagus (CNX), and Accessory (CNXI); 8) Hypoglossal Canal Cranial Exit Point of the Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII); 5) Tracts of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and CNS: 1)Sensory and Ascending Pathways of Afference: 1) Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) has Fine Touch (Tactilis Finus), Propioception And Vibration Signal Transduction with Gracile Fasciculus (GF) and Cuneate Fasciculus (CS) where Dorsal CNS Entry upto Medulla Oblongata Decussation Situs to the Thalamus (Ventroposterolateral Thalami or VPL Thalamus) to Somatosensory Processing of the Cortex (Parietal Lobe Pars of Post Central Gyrus); 2) Spinocerebellar Tracts of Posterior (Dorsum Orientation) and Anterior (Ventral Orientation); 3) Anterolateral System with Lateral Pars (Medial Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, To Sacral Lateral Pars); and Anterior Pars or As Herein Illustrated the 2) Spinothalamic Tract (Pain Temperature Crude Touch [Nociception]); 3) Corticospinothalamic Tract with Lower Medullary Decussation (Crossing with the Medulla Oblongata Brain Stem Structure) Therefore, Contralateral Manifestation of Paralysis of the Affected Cortical Area or Entry Dorsally and Decussating Therein then a Straight Trajectory up to the Thalamus and therein Radiation to Somatosensory Area; 4) Spino-Olivary System; Then Motor Pathways and Descending Directionality: of Efferency: 1) Pyramidal Tracts with Lateral Corticospinal Tract (Lateral Sacral Pars [For Some the Coccygeal is the Onset (Coccyx)], Lumbar, Thoracic, and Cervical); and Anterior Corticospinal Tract; 2) Extrapyramidal Tracts: a) Rubrospinal Tract; b) Reticulospinal Tract; c) Olivospinal Tract; and d) Vestibulospinal Tract; Goodness, the Neurology of Somatic NS is One Evolutionary Step to the Semi-autonomous Escherichia coli-Mediated Mesenteric NS. I fret the day Man Builds Conscientia Monerae (Digression to A Happier, Primitive Life: Ultra-Homospiency). MD Paul W. Bolin, es geht Sehr Gut aber man auch muss lernen was Gut ist niemal soll andere oder vershieden Sein. Heil!
Step 1 is a basic science examination that U.S. medical students take between their second and third year (of four years total). It tests the scientific foundation of medical science, but not clinical medicine itself. Since 2022, it's a pass/fail test. Step 2 is a clinical science examination that U.S. medical students take at some point during their fourth and final year. It tests one's proficiency to make clinical decisions under supervision. It's much more of a "medicine test" than Step 1. It is graded. Step 3 is another clinical science examination that is taken at some point during residency. It is very similar to Step 2 but it contains a computer simulation portion where you're expected to manage a patient, as sort of a computer game. It's not multiple choice. If you hear me referring to "CCS", that's what I'm talking about. Passing Step 3 is the final legal hurdle, as far as tests go, to obtain full medical licensure in any U.S. state. Most people say that the Steps get easier, with Step 1 being the hardest and Step 3 being the easiest. Though that may be because nobody really cares about their Step 3 score.
(On Friday of April 7, 2023). On the Matter of Essentials of Neuroanatomy (Updated 2023) by MD Paul W. Bolin (CRASH! Medical Review Series): 1) Brain Structure and Physiological Correlation: a) Frontal Lobe; b) Parietal Lobe (Sensory Function); c) Occipital Lobe; d) Temporal Lobe (Auditory Function); e) Brain Stem; f) Insula and Basal Ganglia (Putamen and Internal Structure of Core Brain Area); 2) Pathology of Brain: 1) Huntington Disease with Hydrocephalus due to Degeneration of Cortical Structures; 2) Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) along with Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) can Significantly impair Cognition and Movement Function; a) Saccular Aneurysms or Berry Type Dilatations/Hemorrhage usually Involve the ACA (30%) or Posterior Communicating Artery (PoCA at 25%) along the MCA Territory (20%); 3) Vascular System of the Brain: a) Anterior Cerebellar Artery (ACA); b) Posterior Cerebellar Artery (PCA) supplied via Anterior Spinal Artery and Vertebral Artery with Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) Basilar Artery And Pontine Arteries to Medulla and Pons Respectively Brain Stem Structures; and c) Middle Cerebellar Artery (MCA); d) Internal Carotid Artery with the Aforementioned Terminal Arteries; e) Furthermore Artery Correlation with Manifestations: 1) MCA will have Contralateral (C/L) Upper Extremity (UE) Weakness, Sensory Loss, Aphasia, C/L Hemianopsia; 2) ACA will have C/L Lower Extremity (LE) Weakness (Asthenia), Sensory Loss, and Bladder Incontinence; 3) Opthalmic Involvement would manifest as Monocular Blindness, Ocular Pain, and Retinal Pallor; 4) Anterior Spinal Artery would have Paralysis and Loss Of Pain/Temperature Sensation Below Lesion, sparing the DCML; 4) Vertebral would have Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency with Vertigo (Dizziness), Diplopia, Dysarthria, Dysphagia as Signs of Disease; 5) Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) manifests as Lateral Medullary Syndrome (LMS) with Ipsilateral (Same Side) Facial And C/L Body Pain/Temperature Loss, Dysphagia; 6) Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) would have Lateral Pontine Syndrome (LPS) with SSx of I/L Facial and C/L Body Pain/Temperature Loss, And Hearing Loss; 7) Basilar Pontine Arteries would Correlate with Locked-in Syndrome (LS) with SSx of Loss of All Voluntary Muscles (Paralysis) Except Extraocular Muscles (EOMs); 8) Superior Cerebellar would have Cerebellar Stroke with Vertigo, Headache, Vomiting and Ataxia; 9) Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA with Atherosclerosis, Small Artery Syndrome, Embolus Strokes) has C/L Homonymous Hemianopsia with Macular Sparing, Vision Loss and Prosopagnosia (Inability to Cognitively Differentiate Faces usually due to Stroke, Brain Trauma/Injury or Neurodegeneration); 4) Spinal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System (CNS): 1) Cranial Nerves (CNs) and their Respective Foramina (Skeletal Orifices): 1) Cranial Nerve I has the Cribriform Plate where Olfaction Sensation Signal Transduction Occurs within the Nasal Cavity; 2) Cranial Nerve II (CN II) or Merely a Continuation of the Brain since Glial Cells And Oligodendrocytes rather than Schwann Cells Myelinate this Beauty via the Optic Canal has the Optic Nerve with Vision Sensation Signal Transduction Locus; 3) Superior Orbital Fissure with CN III, CN IV, CN V1, CN VI or Oculomotor, Trochlear, Ophthalmic (First Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve with Quantious Sensory Innervation to the Eye, Skin of the Upper Face, Anterior Scalp), Abducens (Abduction Motor Function) Respectively with Mostly Motor Eye (Muscles) Innervation; 4) Foramen Rotundum has the CNV2 of the Maxillary Nerve (Trigeminal Neuralgia, Tic Douloureux, Prosopalgia), And Second Division of the Trigeminal Nerve with 17 Innervations Anterior to Cavernous Sinus, strictly Sensory Functions All; 5) Foramen Ovale of the Sphenoid Bone from the Infratemporal Fossa with the Mandibular Nerve (Third Division of the Trigeminal Nerve [CNV]) Posterior and Anterior Divisions with only Afferent Nerve Function of which Mastication is most Important (Both Sensory and Motor Functions) and Parasympathetic NS Innervation of the Glands of Salivation (Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual); 6) Internal Acoustic Meatus Of Cranial Nerve VII (Facialis Nervus or CNVII) and Vestibulocochlear (CNVIII) has Motor Function, Sensory Function (Anterior 2/3 Of Tongue) and Parasympathetic Function (Lacrimal Gland, Sublingual Gland [Unencapsulated 3-5% of Saliva Biosynthesis] and Submandibular (Most Significant Biosynthetic Saliva Organ at about 75% weighing 15 grams Each); 7) Jugular Foramen with Glossopharyngeal (CNIX), Vagus (CNX), and Accessory (CNXI); 8) Hypoglossal Canal Cranial Exit Point of the Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII); 5) Tracts of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and CNS: 1)Sensory and Ascending Pathways of Afference: 1) Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) has Fine Touch (Tactilis Finus), Propioception And Vibration Signal Transduction with Gracile Fasciculus (GF) and Cuneate Fasciculus (CS) where Dorsal CNS Entry upto Medulla Oblongata Decussation Situs to the Thalamus (Ventroposterolateral Thalami or VPL Thalamus) to Somatosensory Processing of the Cortex (Parietal Lobe Pars of Post Central Gyrus); 2) Spinocerebellar Tracts of Posterior (Dorsum Orientation) and Anterior (Ventral Orientation); 3) Anterolateral System with Lateral Pars (Medial Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, To Sacral Lateral Pars); and Anterior Pars or As Herein Illustrated the 2) Spinothalamic Tract (Pain Temperature Crude Touch [Nociception]); 3) Corticospinothalamic Tract with Lower Medullary Decussation (Crossing with the Medulla Oblongata Brain Stem Structure) Therefore, Contralateral Manifestation of Paralysis of the Affected Cortical Area or Entry Dorsally and Decussating Therein then a Straight Trajectory up to the Thalamus and therein Radiation to Somatosensory Area; 4) Spino-Olivary System; Then Motor Pathways and Descending Directionality: of Efferency: 1) Pyramidal Tracts with Lateral Corticospinal Tract (Lateral Sacral Pars [For Some the Coccygeal is the Onset (Coccyx)], Lumbar, Thoracic, and Cervical); and Anterior Corticospinal Tract; 2) Extrapyramidal Tracts: a) Rubrospinal Tract; b) Reticulospinal Tract; c) Olivospinal Tract; and d) Vestibulospinal Tract; Goodness, the Neurology of Somatic NS is One Evolutionary Step to the Semi-autonomous Escherichia coli-Mediated Mesenteric NS. I fret the day Man Builds Conscientia Monerae (Digression to A Happier, Primitive Life: Ultra-Homospiency). MD Paul W. Bolin, es geht Sehr Gut aber man auch muss lernen was Gut ist niemal soll andere oder vershieden Sein. Heil!
I am grateful Dr Bolin. Thank you so much
Thank you very much for this
Great lectures. Concise and to the point. Dr. Sanjay Murthy, MD, MPH&TM
Thank you
6:17 I'm really confused with the pictures I'm seeing
First! so excited for this series!
I am new here but what is being referred to when you say "Step one", or "Step two", and so on?
Step 1 is a basic science examination that U.S. medical students take between their second and third year (of four years total). It tests the scientific foundation of medical science, but not clinical medicine itself. Since 2022, it's a pass/fail test.
Step 2 is a clinical science examination that U.S. medical students take at some point during their fourth and final year. It tests one's proficiency to make clinical decisions under supervision. It's much more of a "medicine test" than Step 1. It is graded.
Step 3 is another clinical science examination that is taken at some point during residency. It is very similar to Step 2 but it contains a computer simulation portion where you're expected to manage a patient, as sort of a computer game. It's not multiple choice. If you hear me referring to "CCS", that's what I'm talking about. Passing Step 3 is the final legal hurdle, as far as tests go, to obtain full medical licensure in any U.S. state.
Most people say that the Steps get easier, with Step 1 being the hardest and Step 3 being the easiest. Though that may be because nobody really cares about their Step 3 score.
@@pwbmd Thank you. I am actually a 10th grader in Canada so I had no idea what that meant
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