Is it worth- 1 year MBA | IIMA PGPX | ISB PGP | 1 year MBA ROI Calculator | Financial Model for MBA

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  • Опубликовано: 27 авг 2020
  • Is it worth- 1 year MBA | IIMA PGPX | ISB PGP | 1 year MBA ROI Calculator | Financial Model for MBA'
    Financial Model for 1 year MBA | Is it worth going for 1 year MBA | IIM Ahmedabad PGPX | ISB PGP'
    Link to Download Model
    topmate.io/anuragsingal/513542
    #career #mba #PGPX #EPGP #MBAEx #ISB
    1yearmbaadmissions.blogspot.com/
    Financial Model for 1 year MBA
    Financial Model for 1 year MBA | Is it worth going for 1 year MBA | IIM Ahmedabad PGPX | ISB PGP'
    This model will help you calculate the ROi
    Input Metrics
    Loan Taken
    Cost of Program Fee (INR lacs)
    Incoming CTC Pre 1 year MBA
    Increase in CTC in Campus Placement
    Annual Salary Increment
    Interest Rate on SBI Loan
    Tenure of Loan
    Marginal Rate of Tax for Section 80E Deduction
    Average Tax Rate on Salary
    Output metrics
    Average CTC Post 1 year MBA
    Monthly payment
    Number of payments
    Total interest
    Total cost of loan
    IRR (excluding Terminal Value)
    Loan Taken
    Yes
    No
    Financial Feasibility of 1 year MBA as you make this huge decision
    Fees paid for 1 year MBA
    Opportunity Cost : Post Tax Salary for 1 year ( 20 lacs * (1-Tax Rate))
    Living Expenses for 1 Year
    Loan Related Calculations:
    Collateral Free Loan from SBI
    EMI Paid
    Tax Saving on Interest u/s 80E
    Salary Related Calculations:
    Incremental Salary Post One Year MBA
    Less Taxes on Incremental Salary
    IRR excluding Terminal Value ( i.e. beyond 10 years post 1 year MBA)
    Loan Summary
    Monthly payment
    Number of payments
    Total interest
    Total cost of loan

Комментарии • 209

  • @sanjaychhibber7434
    @sanjaychhibber7434 3 года назад +50

    Anurag, great video , I did my PGPX from IIM Ahmedabad and IMHO with benefit of Hindsight after 12 years , I would still go and do the PGPX even if I was unemployed after passing out . The earning in terms of knowledge and attitudinal change is immense. You would be able to get a higher yield on savings and you start thinking in terms of numbers and see the big picture and don't miss the forest for the trees. It will enhance your self confidence and communication skills improve tremendously.

    • @adarshkumar693
      @adarshkumar693 3 года назад

      please guide me i am having 8 years of experience in banking

    • @shikhasharma8678
      @shikhasharma8678 Год назад

      Hi Sanjay...i need some suggestions please help let me know the suitable time to connect

  • @sarveshmutha5003
    @sarveshmutha5003 3 года назад +2

    Superb stuff Anurag.. keep up the good work.. always waiting for a video from this channel

  • @sarthakjhaldiyal7058
    @sarthakjhaldiyal7058 3 года назад +8

    Thanks alot!!..this model was alot of help for planning personal finances before going for and MBA. Much much appreciated 🙏🏾

  • @manavjoshi1050
    @manavjoshi1050 3 года назад +1

    Excellent Video, even during MBA people have this fear about ROI. This would definitely help to make informed decisions.

  • @jayantmukherjee7995
    @jayantmukherjee7995 3 года назад

    Thanks Sir, for a analytical approach towards the situation.

  • @amanmantri7102
    @amanmantri7102 3 года назад

    This work is amazing Anurag...
    Thanks for this.. really

  • @ysswarnaprabha
    @ysswarnaprabha 3 года назад +3

    Thankyou sir. It's excellent & very insightful. Request you to please make a video about the E-PGP offered by IIM's at local study centres. Thankyou.

  • @amiyakjena
    @amiyakjena 3 года назад +2

    Appreciate your effort. Thank you.

  • @vishexh
    @vishexh 3 года назад +59

    This model is better than my whole life.

  • @pratikshaha6419
    @pratikshaha6419 2 года назад

    Nice content. found it helpful. Thank you Anurag.

  • @AbhayVerma-hd5eu
    @AbhayVerma-hd5eu 3 года назад +5

    Very very few youtubers provide such rich content . Awesome content 👍🏻👍🏻

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  3 года назад +2

      Yes, but they get more traffic :)

  • @taqwin1
    @taqwin1 3 года назад

    Hi Anurag, following you on linkedin and now here too! Thanks for the amazing model.

  • @jigargajaria
    @jigargajaria 3 года назад +2

    This is really insightful. However one question, what about opportunity cost for owned funds in scenario 2? Is that baked in?

  • @wellnesssanju7038
    @wellnesssanju7038 Год назад

    Thank you so much Sir, it is very useful for us.

  • @sunilkyadav1
    @sunilkyadav1 3 года назад

    Thanks Anurag, very helpful

  • @prathmeshupadhye2804
    @prathmeshupadhye2804 3 года назад +1

    Thank you for your efforts to make this model available for everyone 🙏🏻

  • @saibharatkumar1859
    @saibharatkumar1859 2 года назад

    Thank you very much Anurag. It was really helpful and inspiring

  • @shekhar089
    @shekhar089 3 года назад +1

    great model , thank you very much

  • @no-nonsense8743
    @no-nonsense8743 3 года назад +2

    Thanks Anurag for the insightful information!
    I think one needs already good salary pre MBA to make most of it and the industry one work on also play a role.

  • @souravkundu9602
    @souravkundu9602 2 года назад

    From the bottom of my heart - thank you Mr Anurag. :)

  • @shubhambharat4770
    @shubhambharat4770 3 года назад +2

    Thanks for this video and the sheet. It gives a good insight for decision making.
    I wanted to ask, how do I use this methodology for 2 years MBA course? I want to know about the loan repayment time.

  • @trueadvisers
    @trueadvisers Год назад +1

    Sir, I was just wondering if you have considered the increase in the salary in comminng years without going for this course while calculating the incremental salary.

  • @vivek1692asd
    @vivek1692asd 3 года назад +2

    Mujhe pakka laga tha koi baniya e soch sakta ye sab. Great video, I always thought of returns but not up to your level of analysis.

  • @AnuragSingal
    @AnuragSingal  3 года назад +1

    Mentorship pages.razorpay.com/anuragsingal
    topmate.click/a3s00
    Link to Download Model
    topmate.io/anuragsingal/513542
    Subscribe anuragsingal.substack.com
    Courses
    Financial Modeling & Valuation bit.ly/2KfdnKm
    Finance for Non Finance bit.ly/2ViK0gk
    Job Interview - bit.ly/2wXipIs
    Personalized Admissions Help 1yearmbaadmissions.blogspot.com/p/videos.html
    Phone consultation: CallMe4 app bit.ly/37x4cyv ID: anuragsingal@cm4

  • @DTechLady
    @DTechLady 2 года назад

    Hi Anurag, I have around 10 years of experience in IT( Support plus sales) want to undergo PGPX, how much should I invest in GMAT preparation, seems to be hard for me, have lost touch with basics.

  • @artvlogs497
    @artvlogs497 2 года назад

    This really helps..Thankyou

  • @keshavagarwal8145
    @keshavagarwal8145 3 года назад +1

    VERY BEAUTIFUL CALCULATION.

  • @vikramag6910
    @vikramag6910 2 года назад +4

    I guess inflationary factors also need to be considered.
    Great video though..thanks for the insight

  • @ArvindSharma-wi4ld
    @ArvindSharma-wi4ld 3 года назад

    Great effort put in and Awesome Calculation

  • @kushagragupta2683
    @kushagragupta2683 2 года назад

    Sir I am not able to understand your calculations of Principal and interest amount can you please share the excel sheet with me.

  • @TheAdhi20
    @TheAdhi20 3 года назад +1

    Please do this financial model for the 2 year MBA program i.e. PGP program. Thanks in advance.

  • @byjuvc
    @byjuvc 3 года назад

    Nice model! Excellent aid for decision making. Thank you 👌

  • @shantanugawade9121
    @shantanugawade9121 3 года назад +8

    Hi Anurag, the subsequent salary hike we are considering here is only on the salary hike obtained after Executive MBA rather than actual salary. With this, we are only considering an actual hike of 3-4% on actual salary. Would this be accurate as the hike we are going to get from the organization would differ the current calculation in place since they are hiking the actual salary.

    • @sukarangrover4175
      @sukarangrover4175 22 дня назад

      If continued the older job, it would have also garnered you the subsequent increments and hence is only applied on the difference that is 10 lacs.

  • @21jagans
    @21jagans 3 года назад

    This model is really helpful and gives a good indication of post MBA expectation. Would it be possible to share this sheet?

  • @naveenmathew4800
    @naveenmathew4800 3 года назад

    Sir, how to repay the loan..if the company fires in the name of cost cutting..?

  • @sarimkhan4265
    @sarimkhan4265 3 года назад

    Hi Sir,
    If my current package is 10lpa , how much increment i can expect post pgpx.

  • @tawfeeqkhan9947
    @tawfeeqkhan9947 3 года назад

    Awesome!!

  • @rajathslr
    @rajathslr 3 года назад +1

    Sir, one thing is sure, after seeing this I have decided not to opt for PGPX or any full time MBA program. I earn little more than 20lpa(10yrs experience). I am currently thinking of a part time MBA, just for the IIM brand. Sine you were on campus for a while, I request you to comment, how could one make best of part time/weekend mba programs

  • @sourabhlahoti7466
    @sourabhlahoti7466 3 года назад

    I am not able to change the CTC post MBA. what is the Password to unprotect the sheet?

  • @parasbhasin1580
    @parasbhasin1580 3 года назад +15

    Pls make video on top evening/ weekend MBA colleges and their placement

    • @SS5Suny
      @SS5Suny 3 года назад +1

      There is no placements.

    • @parasbhasin1580
      @parasbhasin1580 3 года назад

      @@SS5Suny Thanks for the reply

  • @sandeepsalunkhe4070
    @sandeepsalunkhe4070 3 года назад

    Superb Calculator Anurag. It will be a great help if you can share it with me? Thank you.

  • @souravbanerjee8387
    @souravbanerjee8387 Год назад

    Sir i have an question.....that if someone have done their mba from a tier 2/3 college......so after some years of job can he do pgpx from isb or iim a ....?...

  • @Hk64
    @Hk64 3 года назад

    Is it good to do mba from JBIMS, Mumbai instead doing this kind of program

  • @nishantkhosla4117
    @nishantkhosla4117 2 года назад +1

    Is ISB worth it for someone with 2.5 years of work ex earning less than 10 lpa? Thanks in advance! :)

  • @chandrasekharandagun
    @chandrasekharandagun Год назад

    Hi Anurag, i have 17 yrs of IT experience. I'm now 40yrs, Persuing executive MbA / PGP Pro is worthwhile?

  • @RajatKumar-ie1ux
    @RajatKumar-ie1ux 3 года назад

    Hello sir
    I am CA final student
    Want to build a career in ib after coming CA final exams scheduled in Nov 20
    Kindly suggest how to proceed to be in ib job?

  • @sourabhpattanshetty4012
    @sourabhpattanshetty4012 Год назад +2

    I understand that you have considered quite a few factors here. But for a person who earns 30 LPA, one year of employment loss is about 24 Lakhs post taxes. Plus the MBA fees and his stay(etc) cost amounts to about 60 lakhs (including everything). Once you are married, this figure grows even more. My question is " Is the degree Exec MBA from any IIMs full time worth 60 lakh rupees of ROI? "

  • @smitmehta5247
    @smitmehta5247 3 года назад +1

    Hi Anurag, does current CTC considered during placements? I have an MBA from tier 2 college with 6 years of experience and aiming for an executive MBA..

    • @ankitpaliwal966
      @ankitpaliwal966 Год назад

      Which college did you passed out from? What was your fees? And what placement did you got, e you satisfied with what you got as salary in the firat year? Please i need guidance brother, i am a fresher

  • @harshitchowdhary6877
    @harshitchowdhary6877 Год назад +2

    But sometimes, if we switch a job, then also we can get 40-50% hikes, although that cannot be compared with having an MBA byt just a financial standpoint

  • @adarshkumar693
    @adarshkumar693 3 года назад

    I am working for last 8 years in nationalised bank as manager and i want to do pgp ex mba is it good to do please guide

  • @LouDFrog15
    @LouDFrog15 3 года назад

    Nice insight's

  • @mananloonker3184
    @mananloonker3184 3 года назад

    Thanks sir for the amazing analysis!! Kindly also share this calculator.

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  3 года назад +2

      Link to Download Model
      drive.google.com/file/d/1CT91ttOOt1mWStI_z0vgGUco1jLBcc7c/view?usp=sharing

  • @RaviSharmaa
    @RaviSharmaa 2 года назад

    i think once you go beyond 40/50 lpa package... the increment per year will no more 10% each year... it would be much less.... that's just my opinion

  • @nitipriyasingh1387
    @nitipriyasingh1387 3 года назад

    This is best Calc video for 1 year MBA. Great job. I don't think most of people would have salary above 10lakhs for pgpx. I would like to check the Calc for 5 lakhs P. A incoming sal.

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  3 года назад +1

      Average incoming should be in 15-20 lacs range

  • @pragatiaggarwal8103
    @pragatiaggarwal8103 2 года назад

    Sir, my current CTC is 3.5 lakh. Workex around 3.5. is it good idea for me to do 1 yr mba in terms of finances. What will be my financial future after 1 yr mba if I hv such low CTC right now. How much will I be benefitted

  • @mohitrajai6801
    @mohitrajai6801 3 года назад

    Very innovative!

  • @gopalkrishnan3239
    @gopalkrishnan3239 3 года назад

    Good Effort !!

  • @shirilsaju6048
    @shirilsaju6048 3 года назад +2

    This is great. Really helpful in decision making. I have one doubt. Does the incoming salary play any role in campus placement or outgoing salary?

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  3 года назад +2

      Not really

    • @vireshsingh6438
      @vireshsingh6438 3 года назад

      @@AnuragSingal sir can you please share some views on IIM Kozhikode 1 yr PGP BL program

  • @ankitaghose3648
    @ankitaghose3648 3 года назад

    Hi...kindly share the excel model if possible

  • @BloomingWorld1
    @BloomingWorld1 4 месяца назад

    What is the placement scenario at IIM abc for epgp ?

  • @dishitaganesh9062
    @dishitaganesh9062 Год назад

    Hello sir I have four years of experience in B2B sales and I came from BSC background I have an interest in to pursue Higher education
    Can u give me some advice for me
    I'm confused whether to take an Executive MBA or MBA

  • @varunsuryavanshi649
    @varunsuryavanshi649 2 года назад

    Hi Anurag, Great Video and input. I want understand I am in HR from last 8-9yrs can I go for this ?

  • @ShivamThakur07
    @ShivamThakur07 Год назад

    Will it be worth to go in with incoming CTC of 32 LPA with 4.5 years of work experience in Banking?

  • @imranhussainfca
    @imranhussainfca 2 года назад +4

    The calculation is wrong because a person on 20 lacs would also be in a position to jump jobs and make atleast 10 to 15 percent every 2 to 3 years. So your IRR would drop to half. MBA is never justified financially

    • @sharmas7586
      @sharmas7586 7 месяцев назад

      Bhai MBA is justified when you do it as early as possible.....may be within 30 yrs of age for 1 yr mba and within 27 yrs for 2 yrs

  • @leeladharthada4694
    @leeladharthada4694 2 месяца назад

    I have experience of 3.5 years? Would it be best time to do PGPX for me ?

  • @electricaldesigningbasics
    @electricaldesigningbasics 3 года назад

    can u plz share the working excel for putting my scenario & analyse.

  • @rajeev172
    @rajeev172 Год назад

    Hi Anurag ji. I am an officer with GOI. Can i get a chance to switch job in one year PGPX. I am 40 years old with 12 years experience.

  • @inevibeatle
    @inevibeatle 3 года назад

    How can taking loan giving much higher return? Whats the fundamental.

  • @gauravsharma5225
    @gauravsharma5225 3 года назад +1

    Superb, cleared a lot things, can you please share this excel as well

  • @mayankshuklaYT
    @mayankshuklaYT 3 года назад

    Anurag - Living expenses will always be there whether I do mba or job.

  • @pratspathak8003
    @pratspathak8003 3 года назад

    What if your salary is 8L , how much will be the increase.

  • @DevrajSingh-yq4fu
    @DevrajSingh-yq4fu Год назад

    Sir Should I go for PGP of one year from IIM Shillong.

  • @paras7av
    @paras7av 2 года назад

    Hi Anurag Sir, been following your videos for quite some time now. I really appreciate your effort and way of delivering the message. Today I need a valuable suggestion of yours, actually I would be starting Senior Leadership Prog. @IIM Lucknow next month. Is it advisable to continue with it and prepare for GMAT so that I can achieve my ultimate dream of getting into IIMA PGPX? (Profile - B.tech, 14.5 yr work ex. in manufacturing)

  • @akshaypai2096
    @akshaypai2096 3 года назад

    Is yearly 10percent realistic ? Just curious

  • @RahulYadav-bj3jn
    @RahulYadav-bj3jn 3 года назад

    Do past acads matter in pgpx admission

  • @farazfoodnetwork1836
    @farazfoodnetwork1836 10 месяцев назад

    after executive mba(from top 20 B schools) will open you as Business leader
    we can not judge it on the basis of salary only

  • @jayasheelvarma963
    @jayasheelvarma963 Год назад

    Please do a video on 1 year courses from IIM L,I,K

  • @manishsharma-fp7bj
    @manishsharma-fp7bj Год назад

    is it worthwhile one year mba for 12 years expeeience working professionals

  • @ronakprajapati1445
    @ronakprajapati1445 3 года назад

    Please share unprotected sheet. This one is asking for password.

  • @ankitnagar8318
    @ankitnagar8318 2 года назад

    One counter question you have consider entire money as take home which is not real you have to deduct 31.2 percent and variables are huge on executive ladder as you grow up forex I may have 10 percent variable as a junior manager but 20 percent as senior manager at senior level.

  • @rohitdhiman7625
    @rohitdhiman7625 Год назад

    Hi Anurag, highly informative . It would be great help if you can share this calculator.

  • @nikhilka
    @nikhilka 3 года назад +1

    Nice job with the model.
    Few issues, I felt are more prominent and one should consider.
    People not doing an MBA, are most likely to have done some switch anyway and have got increased their base also.
    Tax saving on increment salary is 30% as HRA stops increasing after a point, especially at higher base your actual rent payment never increase and actual rent minus 10% basic... Some times reduces...
    The more the base, the lesser the anual hikes becomes, which may erode the true value of ROI.

  • @arunvignesh25
    @arunvignesh25 3 года назад +4

    Inflation cost should also be considered which is around 8% PA. That ll reduce the returns hugely.

  • @shanilranka1683
    @shanilranka1683 3 года назад

    Superb

  • @manuj.sachdeva
    @manuj.sachdeva 3 года назад

    Amazing model...

  • @kartikarora2175
    @kartikarora2175 2 года назад

    When does it make sense to go fo MBA for a 23 Year old who has just qualified CA. Whether should we go for 2 years programme or 1 year? Does it make any sense to go for MBA after CA? I have not decided a career path for myself and finding it really hard to finalise my decisions. On one hand I sometimes find it lucrative to join my dad in practice after 2-3 years in big four on other hand thinking of exploring MBA after big four. Also starting a conventional business comes into mind because my home city (Ludhiana) is hub of different businesses. Need your guidance sir.

    • @classScribbler
      @classScribbler 2 года назад

      I always recommend 1 year MBA to students if they are able to get a good job after undergrad. 2 year MBAs are on a decline globally- and it's only a matter of time before the trend catches up in India. The 2-3 years you spend amongst colleagues after undergrad is a great grooming experience and makes you understand business with fresh mind. Devoid of that- the MBA experience will be lacking.
      PS- Go with 1 year program of IIMs rather than ISB. The later is hyped up baloon thanks to marketing budget.

  • @divyachaudhary720
    @divyachaudhary720 2 года назад

    Will my existing incoming salary affect my placement salary? Like if someone earns around 8 lakh before pgpx, will it have a negative impact on placement salary after completing pgpx?

  • @ashuetrx
    @ashuetrx Год назад

    I have 16 years of experience in IT and I am working in germany in IT. I am taking an equivalent of 35 to 40 L. I would like to return back to India and start in a business profile . Please suggest if it will meet my goal of changing profile and probably hit similar salary ?

  • @iftikharkhan664
    @iftikharkhan664 2 года назад

    Sir ..mba is traditional now...please make out some good course which does mot take such huge fee...i mean its a business take admission for 10 rs n get 5 rs per year...its complete business..

  • @sakshamgupta931
    @sakshamgupta931 3 года назад

    Nicely done sir... 👍👍 kindly share the link🙏

  • @vasimpunasiya9910
    @vasimpunasiya9910 2 года назад +1

    Only 3.36 lpa is it worth doing Pgpx

  • @satundhal6477
    @satundhal6477 Год назад

    Is isb PGP pro is good?

  • @kunalghorpade7205
    @kunalghorpade7205 3 года назад

    Hello video was very helpful,but mainly i was impressed by the excel file,i wanted to see what formulas and calculations you have made but the cells are locked. if you will please help with that it will be very great for me to learn.Thank You.

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  3 года назад +1

      It’s part of my Udemy course on Financial Modeling

  • @jaisharma5671
    @jaisharma5671 3 года назад

    Sir I am from Haryana , please guide best way to learn SAP module.

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  3 года назад

      Even I am from Haryana - open.sap.com/courses

  • @abhinav_a98
    @abhinav_a98 2 года назад

    Should I go for pgpm my late 20s like 28-29 with being married with kids and old parents? If I'm already earings 20lpa base salary?

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  2 года назад

      Absolutely, it's an investment for life

  • @devikapotdar8484
    @devikapotdar8484 3 года назад +1

    Hi Anurag, great video. Kudos! Is it fruitful to join IIMA PGPX program with incoming package of 5 LPA and 5 years of experience? Does the incoming package affect the post PGPX placement/ package? Thank you in advance! :)

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  3 года назад +2

      No harm

    • @piyushshukla3812
      @piyushshukla3812 Год назад

      Hey Devika, I'm in a similar boat too. My current CTC is 8LPA and after watching this video I'm very sceptical if I can even repay the loan as even if I get a 100% increase; 16LPA is not enough to live comfortably with a loan on the head.

  • @gulshansharma4437
    @gulshansharma4437 3 года назад

    Sir can I pursue MBA on the basis of ACCA degree if I have no graduation degree

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  3 года назад

      I think yes - will have to check

  • @coolcat-lo3gc
    @coolcat-lo3gc 3 года назад

    Hello sir, I'm currently pursuing CA. I'm doing my last 6 months of articleship from a big 4 and my attempt is due in May'21. Can I join the one year MBA program before getting an actual job? Or should one have to have a minimum work-ex? Kindly help.
    Thank you

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  3 года назад

      Work ex of 4-5 years for IIMs and 2-3 years for ISB is necessary

    • @coolcat-lo3gc
      @coolcat-lo3gc 3 года назад

      @@AnuragSingal Oh okay sir, thank you for responding.

  • @vishaljadhav119
    @vishaljadhav119 3 года назад

    Hi,
    Is outgoing salary decided based on Pre-MBA salary during placement?

    • @AnuragSingal
      @AnuragSingal  3 года назад +5

      No, depends completely on how you perform in campus placement interviews - so lets say its Amazon hires, it will give you INR 25 lacs p.a. ireespective of your past base
      I have seen people moving from 17 lacs p.a. pre-MBA to 55 lacs p.a. post MBA

    • @vishaljadhav119
      @vishaljadhav119 3 года назад

      Thank you so much for your swift response.

  • @rashid5271
    @rashid5271 3 года назад

    what are your thoughts on Cma USA v Mba /one year mba in general?

    • @pinkfloydbigfan
      @pinkfloydbigfan 3 года назад

      They cant be compared. Cma us is a certification. MBA is a degree. Cma US can give entry into finance kpos at assosiate level. But it wont be enough for long term career growth.
      Fees , curriculum , course structure , salary , roles offered post qualification in both courses are at different levels

    • @rashid5271
      @rashid5271 3 года назад

      @@pinkfloydbigfan that's correct i am not comfortable taking a loan for Mba so that leaves me with other options