Just so you know, I'm coming from 70 years of life, and my beginning in electronics with tubes started in 1965 working on TRF radios like Atwater Kent and RCA! I just love this video! I just love the low orange glow of that tube doing what its supposed to do! And that sound! Don't get me started!!
A good way to learn is buy books of amplifier builds from the 1940s and 1950s Heathkits and draw out the schematics and get a few bins and save up parts and build it’s a fun hobby I need to start selling
Great Work! Actually Fender used 68K input resistors but wired in in parallel when you plugged in the high impedance jack making it a 34k R, So when building a single input and still wanting to stick to Fender specs you would use a 34k (33k is closest) R.
Great video ! I've been building small to mid size transistor audio amps for a year or so and I've wanted to make a tube amp for a while . This is a big help to me . I also play guitar so It will be cool to build an amp to play through . Tube amps are so expensive this will be a rewarding and cost effective alternative to buying one . Thank you !
Every time I see something like this I am always curious what provokes these responses. RUclips comment sections uses to be entertaining. Now they just delete all the offensive shit. Lol
This is the exact thing I've been looking for. Gonna attempt my first recap of a vintage Marshall and I really like understanding the circuity. This explains it so easily. Thanks!
This is awesome! Wish I found it earlier. Simple and excellent tutorial. I have a tombstone radio chassis that I want to become a Bluetooth receiver and an MP3 or other type player. I have wanted to use a tube amp setup, I want a rich and not tinny sound. Yes I know I can buy one, but so much better to build. I'm retired from the aerospace industry, not an engineer but a builder for the engineers which included some electronics. I was certified in soldering. This is exceedingly helpful. Thank you.
I have watched a TON of videos trying to understand signal paths in tube amps and they always start with an existing schematic with complicated preamps, etc. This was an extremely helpful 16 minutes! Thank you!!
Awesome video explaining everything & it's purpose clearly. So far the best fundamental explanation video I have found thank u for clearing up a ton of things for me. I am now a subscriber
Paul, I love the glow of tubes. It has been a very long time since I worked on a Fender amp. The Champ is a classic. I would use the feedback resistor, but put a switch in to take it out when you want or make it variable. Since you said the amp could be used with other input devices, I would recommend a blocking cap on a second input port to protect the input devices. I would hate to see any stray voltages get loose. I hope the dentist trip goes well and you have a safe trip there and back.
My father had a Champ that I used as a boy to amplify the minute signals from my home-built crystal radio receiver. The night I heard, from way down in Mississippi, the top-forty music from WLS Chicago got me hooked forever in electronics! That glow of those tubes in the Atwater Kent and RCA TRF radios I worked on was magic!
subbed 👍 I've been repairing amps for a number of years simply off experience of years using amplifiers with basic knowledge of components and the components purpose. however the actual signal path and wiring has been such a mystery and you have taught me more in 15 minutes about that then I've learned in the last 5 years. I believe this is because I do not know how to read schematics and do not have electrical background but your tutorial did not require that and it tied so much up in my understanding thanks a lot bud great video!
@@learnelectronics thank you, is there another circuit diagram one for the power supply/distribution to all tubes? I might be being blind but I can't see it?
i recently took apart a 1950's lemco model 45 ignition coil/condensor tester that uses a ken-rad 6-48 4 pin vacuum tube but cant find info on specs but the heater is ok @ 5.0-5.5v. i dont know tubes very well but im wanting a vacuum tube tesla coil. could I use it for a vttc??? any info would help .thank you paul!
I just found your channel!!! I am now a new subscriber!!! Bless you for taking your time explaining the schematic, I am old and I am a visual learner:) Bless you for sharing your wisdom with us:)
I used to assemble tube Amplifiers years ago, using 6V6, 6L6, EL 84, EL 34, mostly in push pull for higher output. The cost was largely dependent on the requirements of the guitarist. I see that in your 6V6 grid, there is no grid leak resistor. Is that done on purpose or otherwise? I used grain oriented stampings, for the output transformer. Heavier bass response!! I am now running 80 years and this my obsession!!!! I now use 5200 and 1943 Toshiba Transistors. They are Heavy duty and give astounding Bass! Drives a 12 inch DJ speaker.
Great video on showing just the signal chain but why doesn’t the grid of the output tube reference ground thru resistor like for the grid on 12AX7 but with a fixed resistor rather than variable resistor for volume control?
Thank for sharing knowledge! Could someone ecplain what c1 is for and if r1 ist just current limmitation or something else with the cap in parallel. Thanks in advance
I love the video and am interested in part 2 and beyond. Others have asked so I guess I'm not the only one that can't find it. You reply "playlist" but I cannot find part 2 to this in your playlist. Can you please provide a link? Or say what the name of it is? Thanks! Looking forward to it.
Hey, I am having huge difficulty with op amp circuit used in TA7642 radios, I cannot figure out how to attach the lm386 chip to have a gain of more than 200 (10 u cap between pin 1 and 8) if I give it too much signal in 50 k ohm pot then the radio just makes a farting noise. My problem is that I need to figure out which lowpass or highpass filtrations between the speaker pin 5 and the 470 n capacitor and which resistors I need to reduce the hissing noises without any distortion or clipping when I try to make it louder
Moist Andy The gain cap for an LM386 is 200. To remove the distortion, you either need to cap the gain at a level below 200 by using a fixed resistor in series with the 10uF cap or adding a gain pot. You’ll need a 1k pot for a smooth transition. Check out the datasheet! Also, for the Zobel Network from pin 5, the resistor-cap to ground, the datasheet recommends 10ohms.
I got a Weller soldering iron for Christmas and now I have to figure out what to do with it! This video is such a great introduction, but way over my head! I'm going to subscribe and thumbs up to help your channel! Any suggestions for a good beginner project? I have a couple dead speakers. Any suggestions? Thanks again!
Hi. Thanks for the video. very helpful. Are Capacitors C1 to C5 coupling capacitors or electrolytic capacitors? Also are 2 watt resistors power rating sufficient for all of the resistors in the design? David.
Very nice video !! Thank you for sharing your knowledge and explaining in details how the signals work and get amplified. Can you say what the rating for the transformer should be. The main and the output. Please! :) .
That will not affect the input impedance, which is determined by the source. If it's from a phonograph, then you will want an inverse RIAA filter added to the circuit.
Question: how do I take a 5 watt circuit like demonstrated in the video and bump it to 15 watts? What kinds of changes are needed? More tubes? Different (more powerful OT? & if I can raise the wattage, do I need to change the caps/resistor values ?
In my Champ 5F1 build I needed to change the value of the cathode bias resistor from 470 ohms to 750 ohms in order to reduce the plate dissipation to 12 watts from the 19 watts I got with the 470 ohm.
So all that did was shift you right along the loadline for that stage and decrease your quiescent plate current. Did you notice any decrease in distortion? It may have been more appropriate to adjust your load resistor instead.
Great video. I've always had an interest in guitar amp design, pedals, etc. I find electronics, circuit boards etc very fascinating and mysterious. How does one begin with designing a guitar amp? Should a degree in electronics engineering be pursued, or is there a specialized certification for audio equipment electronics? I'd love to hear from you! -Felix
Nice video! Can you tell me what is the purpose of the bypass capacitors which connect in parallel to the ground resistors? And how can you determine capacitance value? Thank you.
Any reason why a tube head wouldn't switch from clean channel to distortion channel ? Bought a used blue voodoo 60. Had no sound but fixed that, second problem it won't switch channels
Excellent video. One suggestion. If you can have another video where you could explain how do we arrive at those resistor & capacitor values & the reason or logic to use it. In fact that’s the fundamental aspects of circuit design. Thanks for uploading wonderful videos.. Keep up the good work..
This is to do with the tube characteristic curves, these determine how anode voltage and current behave for a given load. vrps.org/documents/TubeTheory/TubeTheory.html The curves for a given tube are the key to determining the values for the cathode resistor and anode resistor. On another note, the coupling capacitors and grid leak resistors have to be chosen carefully as they act as a high-pass filter and the wrong values can lead to them lopping off the lower frequencies of your signal.
Is there a follow-up to this video. I found your other videos that predate this video, but they just describe what takes place in a tube amp and you building the "Bud Tube Amplifier". I am having trouble finding the video on adding power and soldering the components on your PCB from PCBWay in your usual educational method. Just curious.
Do you have any videos that speak to the different caps, and depending on where in the circuit,and the preferable cap materials that better handle sonics vs just being a workhorse. I hear different interjections on this subject but haven’t found a good explanation of except when folks rave about bumblebee caps in the Paul’s. Maybe I’m. It searching correctly. Fantastic walk through. Cheers-
I've learned more about guitar amps from this video than anything else. I've been playing rock'n'roll for 40 years. COVID has me doing more stuff at home, including electronic projects. I'll watch the rest of these videos, but can you point me to a resource that explains *why* components are used? In particular, I'm curious as to why the capacitor is in parallel (?) with the pot. Thanks for this.
Use Ohms law to solve for the current through each component. You know the voltage, you know the current you want, so you solve for the resistance. As for the caps, different caps for different frequencies.
Good to see you doing tube stuff, not too common nowadays. But if this was the whole designing part, hadn't it been good to also include a explanation to how you got your component values and why they are needed?
Amp design is actually pretty difficult. To explain why some values are chosen can really amount to a lot of just trial and error. I'm an electrical engineer and I find tube amps can be pretty challenging to build because every small change effects another part of the circuit. Its really hard to explain the selection of a lot of these components without going deep into tube behavior. If you really want to know though go research tube characteristic curves and loadlines, they are the key to how tube amps work.
was never really into tubes but thats coz i never seen them explained before. i know they can do loads of stuff like, transistors, op amp's, diodes, amplifiers, im sure voltage regulators & current too, and much more.. what im trying to say is i think!! NO!!! i know i like them now!! thanks again Paul.. : )
Yes, you can. But, to do that you would need one tube to use as a phase inverter, and you would be losing a gain stage so you might want to add another tube.
Excellent video, I've studied electronics on my own for a bit, in the schematic I'm assuming that the electrons are coming from the GROUND and feeding into the cathode in order to get the electrons going via cathode-grid-anode ? Thanks............Jay
Just so you know, I'm coming from 70 years of life, and my beginning in electronics with tubes started in 1965 working on TRF radios like Atwater Kent and RCA! I just love this video! I just love the low orange glow of that tube doing what its supposed to do! And that sound! Don't get me started!!
yes great another old schooler
Please make a part 2 to this! I'm down the rabbit hole on amp builds and this is so helpful!!
A good way to learn is buy books of amplifier builds from the 1940s and 1950s Heathkits and draw out the schematics and get a few bins and save up parts and build it’s a fun hobby I need to start selling
Great Work! Actually Fender used 68K input resistors but wired in in parallel when you plugged in the high impedance jack making it a 34k R, So when building a single input and still wanting to stick to Fender specs you would use a 34k (33k is closest) R.
Great video ! I've been building small to mid size transistor audio amps for a year or so and I've wanted to make a tube amp for a while . This is a big help to me . I also play guitar so It will be cool to build an amp to play through . Tube amps are so expensive this will be a rewarding and cost effective alternative to buying one . Thank you !
@Gerald Fisher stfu
Every time I see something like this I am always curious what provokes these responses. RUclips comment sections uses to be entertaining. Now they just delete all the offensive shit. Lol
Have you built your tube amp yet? How did your project turn out?
This is the exact thing I've been looking for. Gonna attempt my first recap of a vintage Marshall and I really like understanding the circuity. This explains it so easily. Thanks!
This is awesome! Wish I found it earlier. Simple and excellent tutorial. I have a tombstone radio chassis that I want to become a Bluetooth receiver and an MP3 or other type player. I have wanted to use a tube amp setup, I want a rich and not tinny sound. Yes I know I can buy one, but so much better to build. I'm retired from the aerospace industry, not an engineer but a builder for the engineers which included some electronics. I was certified in soldering. This is exceedingly helpful. Thank you.
I have watched a TON of videos trying to understand signal paths in tube amps and they always start with an existing schematic with complicated preamps, etc. This was an extremely helpful 16 minutes! Thank you!!
Ben, I agree 100%
excellent video, hours worth of learning in 16 minutes.
Dude thank you for this video. Really into wiring up stuff and you helped me understand how those paths work and why they work a little better.
Nice, simple and elegant. Tubes are so nice to work with.
Thanks this is great
Finally someone explains this clearly
I am engineer and this 16 minutes video was the best master class in tube amplifier
No you are not.
This video was very helpful, thank you! I’m looking for part 2 now but not having any luck, do you have a link by chance?
Awesome video! Thanks Paul!
Awesome video explaining everything & it's purpose clearly. So far the best fundamental explanation video I have found thank u for clearing up a ton of things for me. I am now a subscriber
Just nice! Simple and easy.
Thanks man. You helped explain a big part of what I wasn't understanding
A great easy to understand video you have a great teaching method. Thanks for your instruction.
Paul, I love the glow of tubes. It has been a very long time since I worked on a Fender amp. The Champ is a classic. I would use the feedback resistor, but put a switch in to take it out when you want or make it variable. Since you said the amp could be used with other input devices, I would recommend a blocking cap on a second input port to protect the input devices. I would hate to see any stray voltages get loose. I hope the dentist trip goes well and you have a safe trip there and back.
My father had a Champ that I used as a boy to amplify the minute signals from my home-built crystal radio receiver. The night I heard, from way down in Mississippi, the top-forty music from WLS Chicago got me hooked forever in electronics! That glow of those tubes in the Atwater Kent and RCA TRF radios I worked on was magic!
Pretty simple and easy to understand, thank you.
This will be fun. I've never seen how to design and build with vacuum tubes. Stay safe.
subbed 👍
I've been repairing amps for a number of years simply off experience of years using amplifiers with basic knowledge of components and the components purpose. however the actual signal path and wiring has been such a mystery and you have taught me more in 15 minutes about that then I've learned in the last 5 years. I believe this is because I do not know how to read schematics and do not have electrical background but your tutorial did not require that and it tied so much up in my understanding thanks a lot bud great video!
Great video exactly what I was looking for! Looking forward to part 2!
The whole series is there
@@learnelectronics thank you, is there another circuit diagram one for the power supply/distribution to all tubes? I might be being blind but I can't see it?
@@learnelectronics I cannot find part 2?
i recently took apart a 1950's lemco model 45 ignition coil/condensor tester that uses a ken-rad 6-48 4 pin vacuum tube but cant find info on specs but the heater is ok @ 5.0-5.5v. i dont know tubes very well but im wanting a vacuum tube tesla coil. could I use it for a vttc??? any info would help .thank you paul!
Awesome!
This is a good video. I have been trying to learn about tubes and this helps
Excellent! What programme did you use for the schematic?…
What a great video - thanks a lot !
Look forward to the second video...building amps is addicting
And expensive
Thanks! I am learning every day and am pleased that I was able to follow you through each step and actually understand what the circuit was doing.
I just found your channel!!! I am now a new subscriber!!! Bless you for taking your time explaining the schematic, I am old and I am a visual learner:)
Bless you for sharing your wisdom with us:)
Welcome aboard
I used to assemble tube Amplifiers years ago, using 6V6, 6L6, EL 84, EL 34, mostly in push pull for higher output. The cost was largely dependent on the requirements of the guitarist.
I see that in your 6V6 grid, there is no grid leak resistor. Is that done on purpose or otherwise?
I used grain oriented stampings,
for the output transformer. Heavier bass response!!
I am now running 80 years and this my obsession!!!!
I now use 5200 and 1943
Toshiba Transistors. They are
Heavy duty and give astounding Bass! Drives a 12 inch DJ speaker.
Very cool!!!
Thanks so much!
A video from learnelectronics about a guitar amp? Auto-like! :)
Thanks, very informative.
nice video, which program are you using to visually create your schematic?
how did you determine the values of the resistors and bypass caps?
Fantastic. Anybody knows what software was used above?
Well explained :)
Is there a part two to this video. It was one of the best. I’m finally understanding and this confirmed it.
Thanks for the hard work. Stay safe
You bet
Thanks for the great video; what's the name of the computer program you're using to lay out the amp schematic?
Great video on showing just the signal chain but why doesn’t the grid of the output tube reference ground thru resistor like for the grid on 12AX7 but with a fixed resistor rather than variable resistor for volume control?
Great video,, thank you so much
Glad you liked it!
do you plan to heat the 12axy as a 12 volt filament [pin 9 not used] or a 6 volt filament?
Thank for sharing knowledge!
Could someone ecplain what c1 is for and if r1 ist just current limmitation or something else with the cap in parallel.
Thanks in advance
Great video, thank you for sharing. Question: what program did you use to draw this project.
Easyeda
Very educational!
Unlike AC circuit math, I get this. What class amp is it? Could it handle a 1.2v input signal. My Icom 7610 generates little volume.
what program are you running for the schematic design.
I love the video and am interested in part 2 and beyond. Others have asked so I guess I'm not the only one that can't find it. You reply "playlist" but I cannot find part 2 to this in your playlist. Can you please provide a link? Or say what the name of it is? Thanks! Looking forward to it.
Great video sir. Keep the videos rolling, I really appreciate them. Thank you for the effort
Hey, I am having huge difficulty with op amp circuit used in TA7642 radios, I cannot figure out how to attach the lm386 chip to have a gain of more than 200 (10 u cap between pin 1 and 8) if I give it too much signal in 50 k ohm pot then the radio just makes a farting noise. My problem is that I need to figure out which lowpass or highpass filtrations between the speaker pin 5 and the 470 n capacitor and which resistors I need to reduce the hissing noises without any distortion or clipping when I try to make it louder
Moist Andy The gain cap for an LM386 is 200. To remove the distortion, you either need to cap the gain at a level below 200 by using a fixed resistor in series with the 10uF cap or adding a gain pot. You’ll need a 1k pot for a smooth transition. Check out the datasheet! Also, for the Zobel Network from pin 5, the resistor-cap to ground, the datasheet recommends 10ohms.
Excellent!
I got a Weller soldering iron for Christmas and now I have to figure out what to do with it! This video is such a great introduction, but way over my head! I'm going to subscribe and thumbs up to help your channel! Any suggestions for a good beginner project? I have a couple dead speakers. Any suggestions? Thanks again!
Hi. Thanks for the video. very helpful. Are Capacitors C1 to C5 coupling capacitors or electrolytic capacitors? Also are 2 watt resistors power rating sufficient for all of the resistors in the design? David.
C2 is a coupling capacitor. The rest are bypass capacitors, and their values pretty much dictate the use of electrolytics.
How do you determine the values of the resistors and caps?
how you get values for components could be nice to know...but great approach, keep up the good videos!
There are thousands of amplifier designs
@@jimcatanzaro7808 I meant specifications, references like frank.pocnet.net/sheets/049/1/12AX7A.pdf
Old circuit designs not too hard just keep trying
Very good video. Just wondering what program do you use
Where (or in what date range) can I find the next video in this series? I don’t see it in the playlists… Thanks!
That is an iconic way to start a video
Very nice video !! Thank you for sharing your knowledge and explaining in details how the signals work and get amplified.
Can you say what the rating for the transformer should be. The main and the output. Please! :) .
Thank you for explaining the tube basics, very cool. When I use a chinch input, is the input impedance right or what needs to be changed. Great video.
That will not affect the input impedance, which is determined by the source. If it's from a phonograph, then you will want an inverse RIAA filter added to the circuit.
Question: how do I take a 5 watt circuit like demonstrated in the video and bump it to 15 watts? What kinds of changes are needed? More tubes? Different (more powerful OT?
& if I can raise the wattage, do I need to change the caps/resistor values ?
A pair of 6V6’s or EL 84’s make 15 watts in amps like mini-Marshall’s or the EVH 3. Likely in a push-pull configuration.
Do you have a playlist of videos for building and testing this design? Awesome. This video says it’s part 1.
Can you tell me what software you used to create the schematic?
In my Champ 5F1 build I needed to change the value of the cathode bias resistor from 470 ohms to 750 ohms
in order to reduce the plate dissipation to 12 watts from the 19 watts I got with the 470 ohm.
So all that did was shift you right along the loadline for that stage and decrease your quiescent plate current. Did you notice any decrease in distortion? It may have been more appropriate to adjust your load resistor instead.
Hello, what software do you use for drawing the schematics? Is it freeware? Does it have all the elements in the library?
I enjoyed this video! Great job!
OK, where did you get the software to do this?
I like it
The most helpful video I’ve ever watched for a novice
Where would the tone stack go?
Between the pre and power amp sections
Great video.
I've always had an interest in guitar amp design, pedals, etc. I find electronics, circuit boards etc very fascinating and mysterious.
How does one begin with designing a guitar amp? Should a degree in electronics engineering be pursued, or is there a specialized certification for audio equipment electronics?
I'd love to hear from you!
-Felix
Nice video! Can you tell me what is the purpose of the bypass capacitors which connect in parallel to the ground resistors? And how can you determine capacitance value? Thank you.
As per my knowledge , the capacitor is used for better frequency response as well as gain.
Nice explanation, thanks brother from India.
Any reason why a tube head wouldn't switch from clean channel to distortion channel ?
Bought a used blue voodoo 60. Had no sound but fixed that, second problem it won't switch channels
Excellent video. One suggestion. If you can have another video where you could explain how do we arrive at those resistor & capacitor values & the reason or logic to use it. In fact that’s the fundamental aspects of circuit design. Thanks for uploading wonderful videos.. Keep up the good work..
This is to do with the tube characteristic curves, these determine how anode voltage and current behave for a given load. vrps.org/documents/TubeTheory/TubeTheory.html
The curves for a given tube are the key to determining the values for the cathode resistor and anode resistor. On another note, the coupling capacitors and grid leak resistors have to be chosen carefully as they act as a high-pass filter and the wrong values can lead to them lopping off the lower frequencies of your signal.
Thanks dude very helpfull
Hopefully your Dentist visit went well. Take care and save
i was thinking about taking out the feed back loop in my amp to get more gain,,you dont need it ,,correct
Good job as usual. BTW what software were you using to draw schematic? Thanks.
EasyEda
Love the video was there ever a part two? I can't find, with the power supply?
Is there a follow-up to this video. I found your other videos that predate this video, but they just describe what takes place in a tube amp and you building the "Bud Tube Amplifier". I am having trouble finding the video on adding power and soldering the components on your PCB from PCBWay in your usual educational method. Just curious.
There's a playlist
Can you tell me the purpose of the bypass caps and R1?
Great video! I was wondering what circuit diagram software you are using. I really like that it has tubes as an option!
Hi sir, can you send links for the next part of your video
Do you have any videos that speak to the different caps, and depending on where in the circuit,and the preferable cap materials that better handle sonics vs just being a workhorse. I hear different interjections on this subject but haven’t found a good explanation of except when folks rave about bumblebee caps in the Paul’s. Maybe I’m. It searching correctly.
Fantastic walk through. Cheers-
looking forward to part 2
All 4 parts are available in the playlist
I've learned more about guitar amps from this video than anything else. I've been playing rock'n'roll for 40 years. COVID has me doing more stuff at home, including electronic projects. I'll watch the rest of these videos, but can you point me to a resource that explains *why* components are used? In particular, I'm curious as to why the capacitor is in parallel (?) with the pot. Thanks for this.
can i use one cathode bypass for two cathodes?
Where can I find part 2?
Very well done. May I ask what software you are using?
Great video. What schematic software are you using? Thank you, Dave
I think Paul is using EasyEDAa
EasyEDA
How do you determine the needed values for the resistors and capacitors?
Use Ohms law to solve for the current through each component. You know the voltage, you know the current you want, so you solve for the resistance. As for the caps, different caps for different frequencies.
Good to see you doing tube stuff, not too common nowadays. But if this was the whole designing part, hadn't it been good to also include a explanation to how you got your component values and why they are needed?
Amp design is actually pretty difficult. To explain why some values are chosen can really amount to a lot of just trial and error. I'm an electrical engineer and I find tube amps can be pretty challenging to build because every small change effects another part of the circuit. Its really hard to explain the selection of a lot of these components without going deep into tube behavior. If you really want to know though go research tube characteristic curves and loadlines, they are the key to how tube amps work.
he's pretty much copying the values of a fender champ, this is just a simplified version of the amp and would probably sound like shit.
was never really into tubes but thats coz i never seen them explained before. i know they can do loads of stuff like, transistors, op amp's, diodes, amplifiers, im sure voltage regulators & current too, and much more.. what im trying to say is i think!! NO!!! i know i like them now!! thanks again Paul.. : )
Could you use the two sides of the 12AX7 to handle the left and right channels of a stereo signal?
Yes, you can. But, to do that you would need one tube to use as a phase inverter, and you would be losing a gain stage so you might want to add another tube.
What software were you using for making the schematic?
what wattage should the 1 meg pot be?
Excellent video, I've studied electronics on my own for a bit, in the schematic I'm assuming that the electrons are coming from the GROUND and feeding into the cathode in order to get the electrons going via cathode-grid-anode ? Thanks............Jay
Yep
@@learnelectronics Thank you , I've always thought of ground as a positive source--you cleared that all up for me....