We hope you enjoy our latest episode covering one of Napoleon's most famous victories - The Battle of Marengo. If you want to try replicating Napoleon's glory at Marengo, or have a go at winning the day for the Austrians, then visit wargameds.com/pages/epic-history to buy Wargame Design Studio's Campaign Marengo with a special 25% discount for Epic History viewers. Thank you for watching, and of course a huge thank you to all our Patreon supporters. Get exclusive production updates, votes on future topics, as well as ad-free, early access to all our new videos by signing up here: www.patreon.com/EpicHistoryTV. What's been your highlight of the Marengo campaign? Let us know in the comments!
Since all main Napoleon campaigns are completed after Marengo, is there any chance for smaller campaigns on other theaters of Napoleonic Wars? War in other continents, war of 1812 in USA or smaller european theaters of war like for example Duchy of Warsaw vs Austrians during 1809 campaign. I asking for much i know but i love watching your videos from this era :).
“I lost the battle at 5 o’clock but I WON IT BACK AGAIN AT 7!” Seriously how badass d’you have to be for your troops to shout VENGEANCE when you fall rather than disintegrate? Brilliant as always the drama is palpable owing much to the script, an important yet often overlooked element.
@@Alvaro89Rus That’s what generalships is Desaix stopped because of high level of the river, when he heard gunfire he immediately sends courier to know the situation and napoleon also ordered every available division to come to him. Desaix knows the battlefield especially he wasn’t pursuing any force and gunfire from north alerted him. Desaix acted cleverly but your argument about Discrediting Napoleons on Marengo victory shows your credibility about battlefield knowledge. Napoleon always praises his generals for their good works and give rewards according to it. Stop spreading hate about Napoleon.
> and napoleon also ordered every available division to come to him. Is he, hm? Who was that guy then who told Desaix "battle is lost" then? And Desaix basically had to propose atack of his division himself, so in control Napoleon was of battle at that moment. You dare to talk about credibility along with straightaway calling critisim hate? I think we have case of Napoleon fanboy here
I love the immersion they provide. It's like you're there. No other channel can do that. If EHTV was a history teacher, people would love history. Instead usually it's most people lease favorite, it was one of mine in high school. The teacher just made it boring
Wild the sheer discipline from both armies. I've studied this battle a lot and its insane the French line was largely able to retreat in such good order for miles while being harrassed by cavalry, infantry and guns. Andrew Roberts attributes the final Austrain rout to them having dought so hard all day, slowly gaining ground and seeing victory at hand, only to then be punched in the nose and staggered. Really well done video.
Whilst the Austrians had not really slept much the previous night, it was really down to Command and Control. The Revolutionary French had a deliberate tactic of shooting senior mounted officers, as is obvious from the Austrian casualty roll. Beyond the Marengo farm, the area was covered in cereal crops, which grew 6-8ft tall in those days, hedges and ditches. some of the French also fell back into the vine belts (Vines hanging like curtains across mulberry trees). The cavalry had also been frittered away and was only operating in small units by the time of the Austrian advance from Marengo.
Kellerman's decisive charge, rallying troops and his own initiative enfaging the enemy was that sealed the deal. He's underrated, but it was the many actions of Napoleon's subordinates that won this, not just Napoleon's genius mind.
I think Marengo is the best possible explanation as to why Napoleon was such an incredible general, not only was he a military genius, but he was incredible at delegating and selecting an immensely professional and effective officer corps. Even today few armies have such confidence in their officers and have so many leaders who are willing to take initiative like Desaix and Kellerman, and really every french officer at Marengo
And thus the story is effectively complete. Napoleon's stunning career, from Toulon to Waterloo, now has all the key narrative pieces made about it. Marengo was the missing chapter. What a journey ladies and gents. What a journey.
@@KhotunKhantheGreatest and there is also the battle of Ulm in 1805 where Napoleon crushed the main Austrian army and took almost 30 000 prisoners. This battle helped Napoleon a lot to win the battle of Austerlitz.
Desaix rightly gets a lot of credit for this but Kellerman seems to me to be the absolute MVP. He positioned his cavalry exactly where they needed to be at every point during the battle.
He not only positioned it where they needed to be. He actually rallied 3 battalions of hussars, and right after the 6,000 Austrian grenadiers fired and all charged, he decided to make the charge. He did it in the perfect moment.
Got to remember that napoleon made desaix a hero after the battle only 2nd to napoleon himself. His propaganda campaign made Desaix the 2nd most important man on the field. Desaix still was very important, but I'd agree, Kellerman was the mvp of the battle
Kellerman intervened several times on the battlefield exactly where it was needed, but without the arrival of Desaix the battle was lost. It was Desaix's initiative and plan that ultimately won the battle. Napoleon met Desaix on his arrival and described the situation to him and asked his opinion. Here you have to realize the relationship of these men. Desaix respected Napoleon a lot, but it was also the other way around, Napoleon listened to Desaix's judgment several times and followed it. Desaix was one of the generals who were able to act independently and did not need Napoleon's direct control.
@@TheLaFleur there have been cases where such an ocasion caused a thirst to avenge their commander. Alexander the Great didn't die in battle but when his men believed he was dead in a siege that only drove them further forward to push into the city
This is practically United States doctrine nowadays. Officers hold their men back and Lord help the man that takes their leash off. Source- Middle East, the past 20 years.
Sometimes months pass where I haven't seen one of these and then I'm suddenly thrusted into the most immersive experience of bravery and hellfire, and end up binging a whole lot of Napoleonic content for the next couple of days. Truly epic.
This was the battle Napoleon bet all of his life, his consulship and hold on power as well as glory to save the French nation. It can be argued that theres a Napoleon before and after Marengo. What emerged was a man destined to be the Emperor four years later.
@@NobleKorhedron a street is named after him in Paris. In fact, many streets are named after general who served under Napoleon. The same goes for Napoleon's victories.
Honestly, every episode about Napoleon is better than the previous one!!! The epic music that puts you in the edge of your seat, the history details, the suspense, the effects. It feels like watching a movie!!! Amazing work! Kudos to you guys!!
Dont forget: the graphics. All we're really doing is watching what could be a boring tabletop reenactment-- but it's not. Somehow when those [/] boxes move rapidly across the field, I see cavalry. When, two swords clash, with the metal-on-metal sound effect, I see a battle. When a city, is encircled with a spikey graphic, accompanied with a staccato sound effect, I see a fortification. Engineers' hammers pound away, and a pontoon bridge is assembled. Ive watched every Napoleonic video and this visualization method just _works._
Honestly this might be my favorite video you guys have done. You guys have really gotten your timing down with the music, this really feels like a movie.
On August 24th I was in Marengo with my cultural association for the first official training like Napoleon's real soldiers. We visited the ossuary entitled "To the brave of Marengo" and the Marengo Museum. It was a beautiful day!
My God. I have been waiting for years for this detailed presentation of this legendary battle. For me this remains perhaps the most legendary battle of the modern world. A battle that shows that Napoleon was a master not only in the art of war but also in the selection of his Generals, Lannes, Desaix, Victor and also Murat and many more. Here Napoleon was surrendered but the skill of the French General made this battle turn from defeat to Victory. If Desaix had not fallen as a hero, this battle would hardly have been won. But what stands out again is General Lannes. The person who led Napoleon's army in the first 5 campaigns. Here again Lannes and also Victor his best friend were in the midst of the attacks of the Austrian cannon and soldiers, holding the line for hours until 5 PM, while Lannes had only 5,000 soldiers, against 16,000 of the Austrians. What a Man Lannes was. This shows that Lannes is truly the Key of Napoleon's success in every battle he fought till he died. No one else has risked, fought more than Lannes. This battle has shaken me and given me endless emotions. Thanks Epic History TV. Really. Thank you for this MASTERPIECE ❤
Leadership is indeed not the art of doing EVERYTHING alone. It's the art of finding the best man for the job and giving him free rein to express himself. His generals always showed incredible initiative
"I had thought to attack the enemy, they attacked me!" Marengo from initial disaster to success (with some luck) with Desaix and against all odds! Music is great and syncs with the scene! Great VIDEO!!!!
For sure I would love to see a Suvorov series and the reason is because he’s an interesting person as he faced a man who Napoleon admired and napoleon reportedly told his marshals while visiting the crypt of the man that he admired to take” Hats off gentleman, if he were alive we wouldn’t be here today” and the he that Napoleon is referring to was a man who was like napoleon in a ways but was more greater and this he was the one and only King Frederick The Great King of Prussia.
@@chasechristophermurraydola9314 if you are interested in Frederick the Great, there is already a 7 hours long series on RUclips about him, the only bad thing is that the Maps the use are atrocious.
@@Floppedd Easier to stay loyal and steadfast on the battlefield if you're being led by a commander whom you know came up the ranks and was put in charge of you and your unit on the basis of merit and not because he was favoured as being higher class/richer/well connected with others in high places.
I got chills from that epic moment the the guard was sent in. The music... the atmosphere... .also thinking back to older napoleon videos you almost never see them being commited (at least on a battle map)
But why does the film adaptation still have to be so much less epic than the actual story, if the film is made for a shallow audience? In favor of historical falsification? I think many Napoleon fans would have overlooked a lot if the film were at least made interesting.
Great video!! I've been waiting for Marengo for months I can't tell how many times I've wanted to watch it for it not to exist yet. Keep up the best history channel there is on any platform!! To the most gifted of the gifted!!
All right epic history fan lads...can we just appreciate how calm and composed General Desaix rescuing napoleon from total defeat..now i know where marshal davout learn from since desaix was his friend....he was such a big lose to napoleon..had he live longer he will be assured as future fieldmarshal..and probably will command the french center in austerlitz instead of marshal soult
I love everything about this series; music, narration, animation, and scripts!! Please consider doing this same treatment to the Seven Year's War! Poor Frederick the Great hardly gets any notice online...
Frederick the Great inherited a great army organised by his father. If we are honest at the end of the conflit he was totally beaten and saved only by a miracle, with the death of Elisabeth, the Russian Tsarina.
The victory at Marengo was certainly a great victory, and Napoleon used it well in propaganda. But the Battle of Hohenlinden is more important: firstly, it was larger, outnumbering the army at Marengo by 2-3 times; secondly, the direction of Moreau's army was more important, as it was closer to Vienna than the army in Italy; and thirdly, it was after the Battle of Hohenlinden that peace was concluded between France and Austria, ending the War of the Second Coalition. I hope you will make a video about this battle in the future.
more likely a shield and a spear , Marengo is like a shield blocked Austrian cemented in Italy and advance into southern France, while Hohenlinden is a spear thrusted through enemy's defense, exposed Austria . Both are important , but yeah I agreed with about Napoleon's propaganda.
this is so true. But Napoleon needed to win FIRST. Actually, even if Napoleon lost the battle of Marengo, the entire campaign was still won. In order of importance, 1) Hohenlinden 2) Pozzolo 3) Marengo
I saved this video all day. I could have watched it at lunch, after work, after dinner, but no. Snug in bed, the lights off, the hour is late. Now, we watch.
Desaix is always celebrated for turning a crushing defeat into a brilliant victory, but because of his quick and sudden death, général Boudet is the true unsung hero of Marengo, leading Desaix army to the offensive and victory.
I disagree, General Kellerman and his heavy cavalry carried out some pretty heroic acts at Marengo, to me, Kellerman and his cavalry are both the unsung hero’s of Marengo
I also disagree, all of the soldiers were heroes, but the leaders whose actions saved the battle were Kellermann, Saint Cyr, Lannes, Bessieres, Gardanne and of course Desaix for making it in time.
I suppose none would've guessed that exactly 7 years of the same date after this momentous triumph in Napoleon's military career, that another brilliant and decisive military victory would occur somewhere in East-Prussia that would bring great geopolitical and strategic benefits in the aftermath to his empire, and one that would also yet again solidify his position... not as first consul or emperor... but as Master of the continent... around a single town just besides a lengthy river... called Friedland
This is the sort of stuff that deserves a movie, like the battle of Lützen, the battle of Jutland, the Siege of Vienna, or the Battle of France. It has everything! Mistakes, strategem, drama and failure, commanders leading from the front, the exciting return of hope, the tragic death of a hero, unlikely accidents, and bittersweet victory. Who needs make-believe when you have history like this to work with?
@@Maslenain No it did not demoralize them, it did shock them as any major explosion would. After the explosion, General Boudet's division advanced towards the Austrians. How ever they became aggressive and made charges that made Boudet turn on the defensive. 6,000 of the Austrian's infantry literally all shot and started to charge at the French. This could've been disastrous if it wasn't for General Kellerman's perfectly timed charge that saved the battle. The blast clearly didn't demoralize them like at Rivoli where they turned tail.
@@NeverGoingToGiveYouUp000I must say that I see little to no difference in the manner in which the French turned the tide of battle at Rivoli and Marengo, since the Austrian rout started by a combination of infantry attacks, cavalry charges and the explosion of ammunition wagons in both cases, the destruction of the wagons being the last straw that broke the camel's back.
Woah this battle was massive! And what a moment for Desaix but sadly did not live to see its end! But you gotta give some props to Kellerman and his cavalry for keeping the Austrians in check in the early stages of the battle gdamn! And holy sht, after watching your series since Waterloo, when you started mentioning that Napoleon had to commit his last reserve, I mouthed "The Imperial Guard", forgetting we were still in the Consul period. But damn, those 900 men continued fighting knowing and probably seeing that they would be left on their own. You hit the Bravery and Tragedy well when they were brutally cut down and their spot in the map is marked with blood. The Granite Redoubt indeed. Absolutely glorious Epic History!
Even if the campaign in Northern Italy was ultimately a complete victory, I cannot emphasize enough the importance of Moreau and the campaign in Germany. Most of the battles and subsequently casualties were suffered and inflicted there. Battle of Pozzolo too, is great example of a battle almost no one knows about, but which was equally important for the coming peace treaty to be signed, where Brune crossed the Mincio and pushed the Austrians to Treviso to force an another armistice. There's a general lack of information though about the battles in Germany, even on books dedicated to Napoleonic Wars, sometimes there are not even straightforward numbers to be had. So I do understand why it is hard to make videos about such battles and why not as well write about said battles. Even Marengo from this war is a relatively uncovered battle on RUclips, only reasonably well put together video is from Kings & Generals from their early years. Excellent video though, well done as always!
The background music, sound effects and epic naration is making this channel priceless. I literally have goosebumps watching this in my room with good sound system speakers
"Napoleon added little to the victory." The battle was won by officers he chose with an army he molded from the morale and esprit de corp of his own. No other top general of the age could have relied on his subordinates to such a degree but then again, Napoleon was a thoroughly modern general choosing his subordinates based on merit.
I wish Napoleon had fought a hundred more battles just so we could get more Epic History videos. The Napoleon series is one of, if not the best on RUclips. I can't remember how many times I've re-watched it! Although I must admit, the Alexander Mutiny Speech is my single favorite Epic History video!
@@NeverGoingToGiveYouUp000 Dear lord, stop taking things so seriously. It was merely just a way to express how great this channel is. Imagine taking everything that is clearly not literal so literally. I've read a ton of stupid stuff in comments sections but your last comment may just take the cake.
@@Jon.A.Scholt I've commented on a ton of stuff that's hypothetical too, which would include wanting more battles that are hypothetical. But still hundreds more? That's hundreds of thousands of hypothetical lives you've just wished to die and suffer just to please your sense of wanting.
Every Napoleon videos you are making is just EPIC, always listening to it while working out in the gym or out for a run, just imagining my self being there, - making an effect on me I dont know how to describe.
If i had a nickel for every time a major Austrian advance in Italy was disrupted by an ammunition wagon exploding, I'd have two nickels. It's not much, but it's weird it's happened twice now lol.
Same thing in that other battle too. The Austrians were about to win, then a French last resort counter attack causes an Austrian wagon to explode and panic to ensue 😂.
@@TheZod00it's about dispersion and concentration of troops (operational warfare), as well as concentration of artillery (tactical warfare). Both were mastered by napoleon until 1812, when his enemies had learnt and his own army had gone down in quality. Though he would succeed at this one last time in the 1814 campaign, after his enemies became overconfident following the initial engagements.
@@lvl1_feral_druid это миф бонапартистской пропаганды. Мармон никого не предавал, по крайней мере у нас нет доказательств. Париж был сдан, потому что его уже невозможно было защищать, и приказ отдал Жозеф. А корпус на сторону союзников перевел Суам, в то время, пока Мармон отсутствовал. У нас нет доказательств того, что Мармон отдал приказ Суаму. Настоящий предатель - это Мюрат, он еще и командир бездарный, но его имя почему-то никого не смутило здесь, лол
@@ZacharieGartner Yeah I don't know, I don't like him very much, he let the second ottoman army without cavalry disembark at Abukir during the Egyptian campaign ; he did not succeed in Spain/Portugal, he voted favorably for the death of Ney.. and probably more that I forgot.
5:39 General Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak was son of Count András Hadik de Futak .He is famous for capturing the Prussian capital Berlin during the Seven Years' War.
Spectacular! I felt as if I was there, the bleakness of defeat, the sadness as Desaix fell, the anger with chants of Vengeance! And the glory of victory finally brought to completion. Coworker: what are you watching? Me: Epic History Coworker: what’s good on that channel? Me: EVERYTHING!
There are few history channels I find such warmth when new videos drop and Epic History is one of such, it continues to give a history buff like myself moments like these
great video. love you guys and Napoleon's battles. He is my idol. Some say he only led many people to their graves. But he is my inspiration. As said by narrator from a son of impoverish Corsican nobility to military dictator of France . great story. we always appreciate your hard work and dedication to make these videos possible. Vive la Empereur.
MARVELOUS. NEVER stop your miraculous work friend. Thank for another masterpiece. Can't wait for your next video. And when you are able, I would mean a lot to me if you make a video about the Greek War of Independence of 1821 or at least for one of it's best military leaders, such as Theodoros Kolokotronois, Georgios Karaiskakis and others in the future. Well done 😉👍👌.
Another outstanding and incredible documentary. Truly Epic History you are the master of the visual guide to the tactics, triumphs and dizzying strategies of the Napoleonic Age. I request only that you turn your attention to detailed coverage of the American Revolution and the Civil War of America in future.
Legendary battle for Napoleon and his commanders, on top of it the magnificent Desaix. Now after that it would be only waiting for remake of Waterloo campaign in more modern form.
Best channel in you tube, i watch your videos every day. If you wanted to resume Napoleon's battles, you need to make videos about such large battles as: Battle of Eckmule in Austria Battle of Krasny in Russia Battles of Lützen, Bautzen and Dresden in Germany Some major battles in France With love, your faithful fan❤
LEGENDARY Battle For Napoleón and his commanders and done by such a Legendary channel! Your Napoleónic content is second to none guys! Thanks For this! 🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉
Yep is the same. The son of the Marshall. He was a very talented cavalry officer. Probably competent to lead a cavalry corps. Napoleon awarded him with a promotion to General of division after this battle
We hope you enjoy our latest episode covering one of Napoleon's most famous victories - The Battle of Marengo. If you want to try replicating Napoleon's glory at Marengo, or have a go at winning the day for the Austrians, then visit wargameds.com/pages/epic-history to buy Wargame Design Studio's Campaign Marengo with a special 25% discount for Epic History viewers.
Thank you for watching, and of course a huge thank you to all our Patreon supporters. Get exclusive production updates, votes on future topics, as well as ad-free, early access to all our new videos by signing up here: www.patreon.com/EpicHistoryTV.
What's been your highlight of the Marengo campaign? Let us know in the comments!
You always make My day guys😊😊😊😊❤❤❤
Since all main Napoleon campaigns are completed after Marengo, is there any chance for smaller campaigns on other theaters of Napoleonic Wars? War in other continents, war of 1812 in USA or smaller european theaters of war like for example Duchy of Warsaw vs Austrians during 1809 campaign. I asking for much i know but i love watching your videos from this era :).
My highlight of the Marengo campaign has to have been Napoleons crossing of the alps.
I thank you for everything you teach me bro, i watch you sense i was are child. Thank you for everything,you channel is more than important to me
Pls take out a new series on the Thirty Years War and War of Austrian Succession.
"I've been in this position before at the battle of Marengo; I lost the battle at five o'clock, but I won it back again at SEVEN!"
Desaix won it.
Waterloo best movie of napoleon ever
@@Alvaro89RusDesaix was a french general serving Napoleon
@@Nobody-n7g4k ...who had to won battle for Napoleon.)
Still the best Napoleonic movie ever
Epic history's napoleonic wars series is literally the best series on youtube
I have to agree
They are the best
And it's not close. It is simply stunning. I can listen on repeat, and still pick up new bits of info
This is fax
💯💯💯💯💯
“I lost the battle at 5 o’clock but I WON IT BACK AGAIN AT 7!”
Seriously how badass d’you have to be for your troops to shout VENGEANCE when you fall rather than disintegrate? Brilliant as always the drama is palpable owing much to the script, an important yet often overlooked element.
Badass? Napolen properly lost this battle if not Desaix saving his ass
@@Alvaro89Rus Was Desaix a Austrian general ? He was a general of the french army if he did not come for napoleon aid who will come ? Your mother ?
@@Nobody-n7g4k Providing no argument how Desaix acting on his own is Napoleon achievment and going for "your mom"? Keep that high level.))
@@Alvaro89Rus That’s what generalships is Desaix stopped because of high level of the river, when he heard gunfire he immediately sends courier to know the situation and napoleon also ordered every available division to come to him. Desaix knows the battlefield especially he wasn’t pursuing any force and gunfire from north alerted him. Desaix acted cleverly but your argument about Discrediting Napoleons on Marengo victory shows your credibility about battlefield knowledge. Napoleon always praises his generals for their good works and give rewards according to it. Stop spreading hate about Napoleon.
> and napoleon also ordered every available division to come to him.
Is he, hm? Who was that guy then who told Desaix "battle is lost" then? And Desaix basically had to propose atack of his division himself, so in control Napoleon was of battle at that moment.
You dare to talk about credibility along with straightaway calling critisim hate? I think we have case of Napoleon fanboy here
“I Admit that Epic History is the Best Channel covering my name out there”
- Napoleon Bonaparte watching from elsewhere.
Video from british people? Nah he would not like it
@@applehead2004mj Then why would he throw himself to British mercy after Waterloo?
@@jonshive5482 because prussians would 100% execute him
"Britain is bad. Charles Nove is good."
- Napoleon on St. Helena.
Source: he told me
He’s watching from HEAVEN
“This battle is completely lost….. but there is time to win another.” pure badass statement
You forgot the fighter jets, which played an enormous part in this battle.
Source: Ridley Scott, 2023.
I heard the movie was bad but didnt know it was a comedy
well they didn't need to cover that since its common knowledge.
Love this 😂
who needs that boomer when you have Epic history TV
@@itseperkele181 It literally is a comedy there is no other way to see this film and not a good one at that
Desaix getting sniped only for his troops to literally roar "VENGEANCE" is something straight out of Warhammer 40,000.
"we die with vengeance on our lips"
ONLY IN DEATH DOES DUTY END
Lmao fr
+1000000000 morale
where do you think 40k gets all the ideas from?
“This battle is completely lost….. but there is time to win another.”
And then Desaix arrived and said "Over my dead body"
@@nicolasiiiletzar7984 NO Desaix literally said this to Napoleon
very Arbiter esque
In fact, Desaix, as a trained officer, could not have said this to the commander
@@YanqingChen-s7f yuh HUH
15:11 “Here they are. Here they are.” Even us the viewers felt the rejuvenation of hope.
Underrated comment.
I even cried I can only imagine the hunger of desperation than hope comes
Teared up myself 💪
I love the immersion they provide. It's like you're there. No other channel can do that. If EHTV was a history teacher, people would love history. Instead usually it's most people lease favorite, it was one of mine in high school. The teacher just made it boring
I felt that!!!!
Wild the sheer discipline from both armies. I've studied this battle a lot and its insane the French line was largely able to retreat in such good order for miles while being harrassed by cavalry, infantry and guns. Andrew Roberts attributes the final Austrain rout to them having dought so hard all day, slowly gaining ground and seeing victory at hand, only to then be punched in the nose and staggered.
Really well done video.
Whilst the Austrians had not really slept much the previous night, it was really down to Command and Control. The Revolutionary French had a deliberate tactic of shooting senior mounted officers, as is obvious from the Austrian casualty roll. Beyond the Marengo farm, the area was covered in cereal crops, which grew 6-8ft tall in those days, hedges and ditches. some of the French also fell back into the vine belts (Vines hanging like curtains across mulberry trees). The cavalry had also been frittered away and was only operating in small units by the time of the Austrian advance from Marengo.
The French spirit of resilience. The Italian called it « The Furia Francese ». The French fury.
Kellerman's decisive charge, rallying troops and his own initiative enfaging the enemy was that sealed the deal. He's underrated, but it was the many actions of Napoleon's subordinates that won this, not just Napoleon's genius mind.
Kellermann saves france in revolutionary wars in valmy 1792
@@SreevinayakM-s5r And then his son Etienne Kellermann goes on to help save Marengo.
@@NeverGoingToGiveYouUp000Kellermann son save the battle with Desaix
Napoleon contribute very little to this victory in fact
@@briantarigan7685 Yes, that's why I mentioned that it was the actions of his many subordinates that won the battle.
I think Marengo is the best possible explanation as to why Napoleon was such an incredible general, not only was he a military genius, but he was incredible at delegating and selecting an immensely professional and effective officer corps. Even today few armies have such confidence in their officers and have so many leaders who are willing to take initiative like Desaix and Kellerman, and really every french officer at Marengo
Patreon squad member that already watched it three weeks ago HERE TO WATCH IT AGAIN! This was your best work yet! Bravo!
@@SaintJust1214unfortunately no
Yup
Yeah
,
Or on Nebula
And thus the story is effectively complete. Napoleon's stunning career, from Toulon to Waterloo, now has all the key narrative pieces made about it. Marengo was the missing chapter.
What a journey ladies and gents. What a journey.
We could study the battle of Dresden in 1813 and Napoleon's end game in 1814 agains Blücher where he caused cassualties almost 1:10.
Don't forget they're working on the Battle of Trafalgar and remastering Waterloo! We'll hopefully get Trafalgar in 2 months.
@@KhotunKhantheGreatest and there is also the battle of Ulm in 1805 where Napoleon crushed the main Austrian army and took almost 30 000 prisoners. This battle helped Napoleon a lot to win the battle of Austerlitz.
@@rikuvakevainen6157Lutzen! Bautzen!
Hear hear!
Desaix rightly gets a lot of credit for this but Kellerman seems to me to be the absolute MVP. He positioned his cavalry exactly where they needed to be at every point during the battle.
He not only positioned it where they needed to be.
He actually rallied 3 battalions of hussars, and right after the 6,000 Austrian grenadiers fired and all charged, he decided to make the charge. He did it in the perfect moment.
Got to remember that napoleon made desaix a hero after the battle only 2nd to napoleon himself. His propaganda campaign made Desaix the 2nd most important man on the field.
Desaix still was very important, but I'd agree, Kellerman was the mvp of the battle
Etienne Kellerman is considered one of the greatest cavalry generals in history. He should have been made a Marshall by Napoleon based on his record.
Kellerman intervened several times on the battlefield exactly where it was needed, but without the arrival of Desaix the battle was lost. It was Desaix's initiative and plan that ultimately won the battle. Napoleon met Desaix on his arrival and described the situation to him and asked his opinion. Here you have to realize the relationship of these men. Desaix respected Napoleon a lot, but it was also the other way around, Napoleon listened to Desaix's judgment several times and followed it. Desaix was one of the generals who were able to act independently and did not need Napoleon's direct control.
Brilliant tactician!
Charging forward when you commander dies is amazing
pretty unusual also, usually the troops loose their moral when their leaders are wounded, not to mention when they died
@@TheLaFleur exactly, they must have really loved him
@@TheLaFleur there have been cases where such an ocasion caused a thirst to avenge their commander. Alexander the Great didn't die in battle but when his men believed he was dead in a siege that only drove them further forward to push into the city
@@masterplokoon8803that is a legend concocted much later by greek historians after his death.
This is practically United States doctrine nowadays. Officers hold their men back and Lord help the man that takes their leash off. Source- Middle East, the past 20 years.
Sometimes months pass where I haven't seen one of these and then I'm suddenly thrusted into the most immersive experience of bravery and hellfire, and end up binging a whole lot of Napoleonic content for the next couple of days. Truly epic.
This was the battle Napoleon bet all of his life, his consulship and hold on power as well as glory to save the French nation. It can be argued that theres a Napoleon before and after Marengo. What emerged was a man destined to be the Emperor four years later.
Can’t stop listening to the soundtrack at 13:35.
If you know the soundtrack, we would appreciate if you can share the name.
General Desaix's last fight - and what a performance!
If France awards honours retrospectively, he should get the Legion d'Honneur!
A true romantic hero
He died before the Legion d’Honneur was established by Napoleon.
Un rue porte son nom à Paris.
@sirusreed6102 Sorry, my French skills have seriously deteriorated; what's that? The street of Porte is named for him?
@@NobleKorhedron a street is named after him in Paris. In fact, many streets are named after general who served under Napoleon. The same goes for Napoleon's victories.
Honestly, every episode about Napoleon is better than the previous one!!! The epic music that puts you in the edge of your seat, the history details, the suspense, the effects. It feels like watching a movie!!! Amazing work! Kudos to you guys!!
Dont forget: the graphics. All we're really doing is watching what could be a boring tabletop reenactment-- but it's not. Somehow when those [/] boxes move rapidly across the field, I see cavalry. When, two swords clash, with the metal-on-metal sound effect, I see a battle. When a city, is encircled with a spikey graphic, accompanied with a staccato sound effect, I see a fortification. Engineers' hammers pound away, and a pontoon bridge is assembled. Ive watched every Napoleonic video and this visualization method just _works._
Honestly this might be my favorite video you guys have done. You guys have really gotten your timing down with the music, this really feels like a movie.
On August 24th I was in Marengo with my cultural association for the first official training like Napoleon's real soldiers. We visited the ossuary entitled "To the brave of Marengo" and the Marengo Museum. It was a beautiful day!
I love your content on facebook
My God. I have been waiting for years for this detailed presentation of this legendary battle. For me this remains perhaps the most legendary battle of the modern world. A battle that shows that Napoleon was a master not only in the art of war but also in the selection of his Generals, Lannes, Desaix, Victor and also Murat and many more. Here Napoleon was surrendered but the skill of the French General made this battle turn from defeat to Victory. If Desaix had not fallen as a hero, this battle would hardly have been won. But what stands out again is General Lannes. The person who led Napoleon's army in the first 5 campaigns. Here again Lannes and also Victor his best friend were in the midst of the attacks of the Austrian cannon and soldiers, holding the line for hours until 5 PM, while Lannes had only 5,000 soldiers, against 16,000 of the Austrians. What a Man Lannes was. This shows that Lannes is truly the Key of Napoleon's success in every battle he fought till he died. No one else has risked, fought more than Lannes. This battle has shaken me and given me endless emotions. Thanks Epic History TV. Really. Thank you for this MASTERPIECE ❤
If Desaix was not killed in Action at Marengo he will be a great marshal of France for sure
Leadership is indeed not the art of doing EVERYTHING alone. It's the art of finding the best man for the job and giving him free rein to express himself. His generals always showed incredible initiative
17:52 sweet transition. 10/10 work per usual
"I had thought to attack the enemy, they attacked me!" Marengo from initial disaster to success (with some luck) with Desaix and against all odds! Music is great and syncs with the scene! Great VIDEO!!!!
The BIG ONE! I really hope we get a Hohenlinden and Zurich episode as well to end the 2nd coalition, showcasing Masséna and Moreau.
Yeah me too there should be a series about Napoleon marshals, lieutenants and revolutionary wars generals important victories
Yepppp I want a Moreau series so bad even if it's only two parts
Yeah would love a hohenlinden episode since I think that was a larger contribution to ending the second coalition.
For sure I would love to see a Suvorov series and the reason is because he’s an interesting person as he faced a man who Napoleon admired and napoleon reportedly told his marshals while visiting the crypt of the man that he admired to take” Hats off gentleman, if he were alive we wouldn’t be here today” and the he that Napoleon is referring to was a man who was like napoleon in a ways but was more greater and this he was the one and only King Frederick The Great King of Prussia.
@@chasechristophermurraydola9314 if you are interested in Frederick the Great, there is already a 7 hours long series on RUclips about him, the only bad thing is that the Maps the use are atrocious.
The Morale of the French troops during the Napoleonic Era is TERRIFYINGLY high
Most of history, an army runs away when you kill the general
Not this army
@@josephguillerey4391 exactly the fact that they shouted VENGEANCE instead of fleeing still blows my mind
@@Floppedd Easier to stay loyal and steadfast on the battlefield if you're being led by a commander whom you know came up the ranks and was put in charge of you and your unit on the basis of merit and not because he was favoured as being higher class/richer/well connected with others in high places.
An army of lions freed from the chains of tyranny is capable of anything.
💯💯 True leaders lead by example.
I got chills when Napoleon's portrait on the map changed into the Emperor that we would know that would be from Austerlitz to Fontenbleau.
I got chills from that epic moment the the guard was sent in. The music... the atmosphere... .also thinking back to older napoleon videos you almost never see them being commited (at least on a battle map)
Loving the new sounds and graphics in this. Production keeps getting better and better. One of the best History channels out there.
The transition of the ammo cart explosion from painting to animated map was freaking awesome!
This channel is a gem 💎
12:01 Also is the music from the 14th "The Brave" at Rivoli. I need to know where to find this music.
*Epic History* is arguably the very best historical content creator on the platform, and inarguably, the most accurately named! Truly Epic!
The quality of these videos is outstanding! The art, commentary and attention to detail is incredible. Thank you as always.
The music at 18:36 gets me Every Single Time, Goosebumps!!!
"It's Maren-go time."
-Napoleon, watching the French Army deploy for battle on June 14th, 1800... probably.
And he Marengo'd all over the place
"I Lost the battle at 5 o'clock But i WON IT BACK AT 7!"
SUCH BADASS lines! 🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉
This is terrific content. The pacing, the voice work, the visuals. I actually got a goosebump watching a "documentary"
The potential of this channel is unbelievable
its the dramatic music. That is what makes this so exciting. Your videos are sooooo much better than any of the other military history channels
This 27 min video is 100 times better than Ridley Scott’s disaster
different target audience; movie is for people who might not know Napoleon at all, while this Epic's series is for history fans
But why does the film adaptation still have to be so much less epic than the actual story, if the film is made for a shallow audience? In favor of historical falsification? I think many Napoleon fans would have overlooked a lot if the film were at least made interesting.
Guess why 🤣😁 British movie maker but more disaster is that French people didn’t made any movie about Emperor 🫡😎😬
That movie was enjoyed by neither, history enthusiast nor not history enthusiast, besides the costumes, such a boring movie
“People love Napolean because he was a fearless and charismatic leader! Let’s make a movie where he’s a depressed whiney b**ch.”
I have been closely watching your videos about Napoleon and I have never seen series with such a quality. Awesome!
Great video!! I've been waiting for Marengo for months I can't tell how many times I've wanted to watch it for it not to exist yet. Keep up the best history channel there is on any platform!! To the most gifted of the gifted!!
Thank you I never knew much about merengo until this video. R.I.P. Desaix you should've been a marshal.
Kellerman should've been a marshal
All right epic history fan lads...can we just appreciate how calm and composed General Desaix rescuing napoleon from total defeat..now i know where marshal davout learn from since desaix was his friend....he was such a big lose to napoleon..had he live longer he will be assured as future fieldmarshal..and probably will command the french center in austerlitz instead of marshal soult
I love everything about this series; music, narration, animation, and scripts!! Please consider doing this same treatment to the Seven Year's War! Poor Frederick the Great hardly gets any notice online...
Frederick the Great inherited a great army organised by his father. If we are honest at the end of the conflit he was totally beaten and saved only by a miracle, with the death of Elisabeth, the Russian Tsarina.
Try house of history. They have completed frederick the great
at 12:44 the blood splatter detail is just another reason why I love this channel :(
16:37 when that music hits I get so hyped I almost want to charge the lines myself! 😂
My god do you guys know how to tell a story. Bravo.
Epic History videos blend history, art and music together to create something truly unique. Keep it up lads.
The victory at Marengo was certainly a great victory, and Napoleon used it well in propaganda. But the Battle of Hohenlinden is more important: firstly, it was larger, outnumbering the army at Marengo by 2-3 times; secondly, the direction of Moreau's army was more important, as it was closer to Vienna than the army in Italy; and thirdly, it was after the Battle of Hohenlinden that peace was concluded between France and Austria, ending the War of the Second Coalition. I hope you will make a video about this battle in the future.
И как всегда все забывают битву при Поццоло, где генерал Брюн разбил 50-тысячную австрийскую армию
Indeed, but napoleon was a god of propaganda and a fierce rival of moreu, a potential political rival. So he hyped marengo to all cost
more likely a shield and a spear , Marengo is like a shield blocked Austrian cemented in Italy and advance into southern France, while Hohenlinden is a spear thrusted through enemy's defense, exposed Austria . Both are important , but yeah I agreed with about Napoleon's propaganda.
this is so true. But Napoleon needed to win FIRST. Actually, even if Napoleon lost the battle of Marengo, the entire campaign was still won. In order of importance,
1) Hohenlinden
2) Pozzolo
3) Marengo
@@Some.cases.
The true list goes:
1. Marengo
1. Hohenlinden
1. Pozzollo
They were all equally important to the overall victory.
This might be your best Napoleon battle video so far. Incredible and intense animations, well done guys. Fantastic work.
I saved this video all day. I could have watched it at lunch, after work, after dinner, but no. Snug in bed, the lights off, the hour is late. Now, we watch.
Based
Desaix is always celebrated for turning a crushing defeat into a brilliant victory, but because of his quick and sudden death, général Boudet is the true unsung hero of Marengo, leading Desaix army to the offensive and victory.
I disagree, General Kellerman and his heavy cavalry carried out some pretty heroic acts at Marengo, to me, Kellerman and his cavalry are both the unsung hero’s of Marengo
I also disagree, all of the soldiers were heroes, but the leaders whose actions saved the battle were Kellermann, Saint Cyr, Lannes, Bessieres, Gardanne and of course Desaix for making it in time.
Here they are! Here they are!
Epic history is back with Napoleon!
I suppose none would've guessed that exactly 7 years of the same date after this momentous triumph in Napoleon's military career, that another brilliant and decisive military victory would occur somewhere in East-Prussia that would bring great geopolitical and strategic benefits in the aftermath to his empire, and one that would also yet again solidify his position... not as first consul or emperor... but as Master of the continent... around a single town just besides a lengthy river...
called Friedland
Friedland was a great victory but after the horrors of Eylau 4 months before, it felt like a cheap victory if I'm being honest.
@@inigobantok1579 No, this victory is complete, russian army was crushed and this battle make the end of coalition
@@inigobantok1579it was a triumph. The Russian army was destroyed. Trapped.
This is the sort of stuff that deserves a movie, like the battle of Lützen, the battle of Jutland, the Siege of Vienna, or the Battle of France. It has everything! Mistakes, strategem, drama and failure, commanders leading from the front, the exciting return of hope, the tragic death of a hero, unlikely accidents, and bittersweet victory. Who needs make-believe when you have history like this to work with?
There is a key double agent and plenty of infighting in the Austrian command too.
I have learned much more history on this channel than our university. Love from Iran🇮🇷🦁☀️🇮🇷
Did you know that Persia and France were allied during a period of time under Napoleon?
@@walideg5304 yes and i also know about napoleon's treason to us
Epic History TV is easily the best history channel on RUclips, the narrator, the music, the sound effects, perfection.
the Austrians and their ammunition wagons, they really have a bad luck
Just like in Rivoli.
The only difference is that in this battle it didn't demoralize them.
@@NeverGoingToGiveYouUp000 It pretty much did.
@@Maslenain No it did not demoralize them, it did shock them as any major explosion would.
After the explosion, General Boudet's division advanced towards the Austrians. How ever they became aggressive and made charges that made Boudet turn on the defensive.
6,000 of the Austrian's infantry literally all shot and started to charge at the French. This could've been disastrous if it wasn't for General Kellerman's perfectly timed charge that saved the battle.
The blast clearly didn't demoralize them like at Rivoli where they turned tail.
@@NeverGoingToGiveYouUp000I must say that I see little to no difference in the manner in which the French turned the tide of battle at Rivoli and Marengo, since the Austrian rout started by a combination of infantry attacks, cavalry charges and the explosion of ammunition wagons in both cases, the destruction of the wagons being the last straw that broke the camel's back.
Woah this battle was massive! And what a moment for Desaix but sadly did not live to see its end! But you gotta give some props to Kellerman and his cavalry for keeping the Austrians in check in the early stages of the battle gdamn! And holy sht, after watching your series since Waterloo, when you started mentioning that Napoleon had to commit his last reserve, I mouthed "The Imperial Guard", forgetting we were still in the Consul period. But damn, those 900 men continued fighting knowing and probably seeing that they would be left on their own. You hit the Bravery and Tragedy well when they were brutally cut down and their spot in the map is marked with blood. The Granite Redoubt indeed.
Absolutely glorious Epic History!
Even if the campaign in Northern Italy was ultimately a complete victory, I cannot emphasize enough the importance of Moreau and the campaign in Germany. Most of the battles and subsequently casualties were suffered and inflicted there. Battle of Pozzolo too, is great example of a battle almost no one knows about, but which was equally important for the coming peace treaty to be signed, where Brune crossed the Mincio and pushed the Austrians to Treviso to force an another armistice. There's a general lack of information though about the battles in Germany, even on books dedicated to Napoleonic Wars, sometimes there are not even straightforward numbers to be had. So I do understand why it is hard to make videos about such battles and why not as well write about said battles. Even Marengo from this war is a relatively uncovered battle on RUclips, only reasonably well put together video is from Kings & Generals from their early years. Excellent video though, well done as always!
Absolutely, Moreau’s brilliant victory at Hohenlinden is crucial
Let's appreciate Charles Nove epic voice, suited for an epic channel
The background music, sound effects and epic naration is making this channel priceless. I literally have goosebumps watching this in my room with good sound system speakers
"Napoleon added little to the victory." The battle was won by officers he chose with an army he molded from the morale and esprit de corp of his own. No other top general of the age could have relied on his subordinates to such a degree but then again, Napoleon was a thoroughly modern general choosing his subordinates based on merit.
Exactly, it is a merit itself
Marengo is basically "don't celebrate too early" and "don't give up already"
Kellerman's cavalry was a beast in this battle
this channel has the most addicting narration and story telling.
I wish Napoleon had fought a hundred more battles just so we could get more Epic History videos.
The Napoleon series is one of, if not the best on RUclips. I can't remember how many times I've re-watched it!
Although I must admit, the Alexander Mutiny Speech is my single favorite Epic History video!
He had 60 battles, enough to show
Imagine wanting more men to die just to glorify how epic battles can be
@@NeverGoingToGiveYouUp000 Dear lord, stop taking things so seriously. It was merely just a way to express how great this channel is.
Imagine taking everything that is clearly not literal so literally. I've read a ton of stupid stuff in comments sections but your last comment may just take the cake.
@@Jon.A.Scholt I've commented on a ton of stuff that's hypothetical too, which would include wanting more battles that are hypothetical.
But still hundreds more? That's hundreds of thousands of hypothetical lives you've just wished to die and suffer just to please your sense of wanting.
Every Napoleon videos you are making is just EPIC, always listening to it while working out in the gym or out for a run, just imagining my self being there, - making an effect on me I dont know how to describe.
I hope that other battles and campaigns of Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars will be covered as well!
If i had a nickel for every time a major Austrian advance in Italy was disrupted by an ammunition wagon exploding, I'd have two nickels. It's not much, but it's weird it's happened twice now lol.
Same thing in that other battle too. The Austrians were about to win, then a French last resort counter attack causes an Austrian wagon to explode and panic to ensue 😂.
@@TheZod00it's about dispersion and concentration of troops (operational warfare), as well as concentration of artillery (tactical warfare). Both were mastered by napoleon until 1812, when his enemies had learnt and his own army had gone down in quality. Though he would succeed at this one last time in the 1814 campaign, after his enemies became overconfident following the initial engagements.
What was the other battle?
@@bradleyboucher1996rivoli I believe
This series is so good that im ashamed that i can give only 1 like
when you have comanders like desaix, lannes, victor, kellerman, and murat working together in perfect harmony you simply cannot lose
And Marmont
@@sirgray2322 Marmont is a traitor, remember the campaign of France, 1814.
@@lvl1_feral_druid это миф бонапартистской пропаганды. Мармон никого не предавал, по крайней мере у нас нет доказательств. Париж был сдан, потому что его уже невозможно было защищать, и приказ отдал Жозеф. А корпус на сторону союзников перевел Суам, в то время, пока Мармон отсутствовал. У нас нет доказательств того, что Мармон отдал приказ Суаму.
Настоящий предатель - это Мюрат, он еще и командир бездарный, но его имя почему-то никого не смутило здесь, лол
@@lvl1_feral_druiddoesn't change the fact he was a vital asset until then and definitely in this campaign
@@ZacharieGartner Yeah I don't know, I don't like him very much, he let the second ottoman army without cavalry disembark at Abukir during the Egyptian campaign ; he did not succeed in Spain/Portugal, he voted favorably for the death of Ney.. and probably more that I forgot.
French army needs to be nerfed. They lose a commander and somehow gain more morale. This is not fair.
I have been waiting for this for 2 months! Amazing video Epic History TV! 🔥 btw, what's the soundtrack at 13:46? Thanks
"Premiers at 17:30"
You can't tell me that isn't a reference to when after Napoleon lost the battle at 5 o'clock.
But he WON IT AGAIN AT SEVEN!!!
Time zones.
@@KonstantinKonstantinovic-xf3qt It's a joke
Awesome! Thinking of supporting you all further, your videos are very high quality and I'd rather see them early!
5:39 General Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak was son of Count András Hadik de Futak .He is famous for capturing the Prussian capital Berlin during the Seven Years' War.
It would have been rather different that day, had he commanded the cavalry.
Man.. this episode sent shivers down my spine just like every other episode of Napoleon by EpicHistory, definitly the best series on yt!!
Desaix would have made for a legendary marshal, what a shame for Napoleon to have him killed at this terrible battle.
Excellent video as always!
The quality, presentation, and production value of these videos are unmatched! Patreon member here who is also watching them on again on YT!
Spectacular!
I felt as if I was there, the bleakness of defeat, the sadness as Desaix fell, the anger with chants of Vengeance! And the glory of victory finally brought to completion.
Coworker: what are you watching?
Me: Epic History
Coworker: what’s good on that channel?
Me: EVERYTHING!
There are few history channels I find such warmth when new videos drop and Epic History is one of such, it continues to give a history buff like myself moments like these
I Have Waited A Long Time For This Moment My Little Corsican Friend Emperor Palpatine
Palpatine???
@@generalgrenade6463 this is where the fun begins
great video. love you guys and Napoleon's battles. He is my idol. Some say he only led many people to their graves. But he is my inspiration. As said by narrator from a son of impoverish Corsican nobility to military dictator of France . great story. we always appreciate your hard work and dedication to make these videos possible. Vive la Empereur.
I agree
nice video ! what is the soundtrack at 13:46 ?
I'm looking for it too
Probably their original production
same here, can't seems to find it anywhere....
MARVELOUS. NEVER stop your miraculous work friend. Thank for another masterpiece. Can't wait for your next video. And when you are able, I would mean a lot to me if you make a video about the Greek War of Independence of 1821 or at least for one of it's best military leaders, such as Theodoros Kolokotronois, Georgios Karaiskakis and others in the future. Well done 😉👍👌.
WOW!!! JUST WOW!!! Best video yet in my humble opinion.
Another outstanding and incredible documentary. Truly Epic History you are the master of the visual guide to the tactics, triumphs and dizzying strategies of the Napoleonic Age. I request only that you turn your attention to detailed coverage of the American Revolution and the Civil War of America in future.
Legendary battle for Napoleon and his commanders, on top of it the magnificent Desaix. Now after that it would be only waiting for remake of Waterloo campaign in more modern form.
I want to confess my orgasm from listening to Napoleon's wars from you, it is unique. From Türkiye
hahahha ME TOO
Napoleon would be very pleased to be presented by such an epic narrator
Best channel in you tube, i watch your videos every day. If you wanted to resume Napoleon's battles, you need to make videos about such large battles as:
Battle of Eckmule in Austria
Battle of Krasny in Russia
Battles of Lützen, Bautzen and Dresden in Germany
Some major battles in France
With love, your faithful fan❤
“I’d lost the battle at 5 o’clock but I won it back at 7” -amazing man
Goosebumps, what a marvelously scripted and edited piece of art! Thanks Epic History!!
LEGENDARY Battle For Napoleón and his commanders and done by such a Legendary channel! Your Napoleónic content is second to none guys! Thanks For this! 🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉
In my opinion, the hidden protagonist of the epic battle of Marengo is Kellerman, who also played an active role in the battle of Quatre Bras.
He is so underrated cavalery general...
Yep is the same. The son of the Marshall. He was a very talented cavalry officer. Probably competent to lead a cavalry corps. Napoleon awarded him with a promotion to General of division after this battle
Kellerman: "Desaix!"
Victor: "He has fallen!"
The 9th Light Demi-Brigade: (fixed bayonets) "*VENGEANCE!!!*"