Entropy: Origin of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
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- Опубликовано: 2 июл 2024
- How did Clausius create entropy and why? I read his original papers to follow how possibly the most confusing concept in Classical Physics was created.
My Patreon Page (thanks!):
www.patreon.com/user?u=15291200
The music is from the awesome Kim Nalley of course www.KimNalley.com
Some references:
“to cast the theory of Carnot overboard…” Clausius, R “First Memoir” (1850) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 17
In August, 1850 Rankine wrote to William Thomson thanking him for “calling my attention to the paper by Clausius … I approve of your suggestion to send a copy of my paper either to Clausius or Poggendorff” Found in Smith, Crosbie Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin (1989) p. 320
“There is no doubt that Clausius…” Truesdell, C The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics (2013) p. 204
“…[Clausius’s] hypothesis is so mixed…” Found in Smith, Crosbie Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin (1989) p. 343
“rare modesty “ Robert Clausius “Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased” Proc. Royal Society of London Vol. 48 (Dec 31, 1891) p. 292-3
“this form…. is incomplete…” Clausius, R “Fourth Memoir” (1854) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 111
“simply the absolute temperature…” Clausius, R “Fourth Memoir” (1854) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 135
“the algebraic sum of all…” Clausius, R “Fourth Memoir” (1854) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 133
“Heat cannot by itself…” Clausius, R “Fourth Memoir” (1854) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 117
“the disgregration is not accompanied …” Clausius, R “Sixth Memoir” (1862) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 222
“a general property of… transformations …” Clausius, R “Sixth Memoir” (1862) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 244
“the algebraic sum of all the transformations…” Clausius, R “Sixth Memoir” (1862) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 247
“it may be proved to be impossible practically to arrive at the absolute zero…” Clausius, R “Sixth Memoir” (1862) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 250
“bring the second fundamental theorem…” Clausius, R “Ninth Memoir” (1865) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 327
“intentionally formed the word entropy…” Clausius, R “Ninth Memoir” (1865) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 357
“1. The energy of the universe is constant. 2. The entropy …” Clausius, R “Ninth Memoir” (1865) The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1867) p. 365
“waste of mechanical energy available to man …” Thomson, W “On a Universal Tendency in Nature to the Dissipation of Mechanical Energy” The Philosophical Magazine Vol. 4 No. iv (1852) p. 304
“the second great law of thermodynamics…” Thomson, W “On the Age of the Sun’s Heat” Macmillan’s Magazine vo. 5 (March 5, 1862). P. 388
The song from the Talking Heads is "Wild Wild Life" from
• "Wild Wild Life" by Ta...
There are tens of thousands of science and physics channels on this platform.
However, none so concise, so informative and so enjoyably understandable as Professor Kathy's. This level of intellectual clarity in all things 'physics' is a rare treasure.
I'm just leaving a comment to bump your rank, because far more people need to see your videos.
thank you as always
The Count if Dracula is increasing the rank count. Saw it here first.
Kathy, four years later Youtubing "Rudolf Clausius" and your video is first. You've had such reach! Thank you for all your work over these years.
I have a PhD in chemical physics, decades ago, retrained as an epidemiologist, now retired. And I am cycling back to physics and having so much fun with your videos. I think more teaching of science from a historical perspective would enhance understanding and definitely enhance retention. All of us scientists stand on the shoulders of giants and those of lesser contributors, but both need to be recognized and studied as to how they came up with all this stuff. Thank you for making these wonderful videos.
Hear! Hear!
Qapla’!
You have a PhD in narcissism.
I am a 36 year old research chemist, sadly I only have a Bachelor's degree. I love learning though, and I completely agree with you. Increasing the number of different contexts in which you learn something certainly makes it easier to retain. It also helps you understand the logic of it all. I was always wondering "but why did they do this, and what was the use for it?" during my college classes. The nice woman who makes these videos has really helped me get a better grasp of some of the physics I wasn't exposed to as a biochemistry major.
Physics, when taught along how it came to be the way it is, becomes one of the most beautiful things in the world! Love this video, ma'am. Amazing work!💎💎
Vishank Patel thank you for the lovely comment.
@@Kathy_Loves_Physics My pleasure!
Well said
@@David-km2ie Thanks man!😄
On science, I side with the British, they invented science. German are the followers in science. They are leaders in music, almost as good as Italians.
I’ve studied physics for so many years on my own, this is probably the best channel i’ve come across. I cherish your work Kathy.
BSChE 1989. Going to retire and go back to Michigan Tech to get a degree in Physics. I have two years to relearn Diff Eq, Fourier this and that, Legendre's polynomials, and matrices!, etc., before I take a class. When I went to school, seems all I did was learn math equations and be certain I could pass the test. It's all these background stories that add so much to the basic lectures. ya know? Thank you Kathy.
When i was teaching thermodynamics I explained entropy as a measure of the quality of heat and gave an example of pouring a cup of hot water into a tub of cold water. The heat had not gone anywhere, but its value or quality had been reduced as its entropy increased.
That is a very good example.
In Engineering we have a term called exergy to describe the quality of energy, you mentioned.
If you changed that to the 'quantity' of heat rather than the 'quality' of heat I could agree with you. By summing infinitesimal quantities of heat, (integral dq), Clausius regarded entropy as a summation of heat quantities.
I just want to say that the clarity of your exposition and the correct stress on the important conceptual parts reveal how deep is your understanding of physics. Everybody has something to learn from your videos, from high school students to professors.
That was such a lovely comment, thank you.
Entropy is without doubt one of the most amazing facets of Physics, and your explanation of the history of its discovery is fascinating and very well researched.
Every physical chemistry student learns the three laws of thermodynamics in the first week: of class 1: You can't win. 2: You can't break even. 3. You can't get out of the game. Thank you for a truly delightful tour of some of the most interesting and important aspects of the discovery and articulation of some of our most basic physical laws. Many years ago I was taught the Carnot cycle and phenomenological differential equations of entropy as an undergraduate. It wasn't until graduate school that I was introduced to statistical mechanics, canonical ensembles, and partition functions. It was all a very satisfying theoretical unification of macroscopic and microscopic behavior of molecules, but the macroscopic equations were much more useful in the laboratory, especially delta S = integral of heat capacity/T x dT. We used a scanning calorimeter to measure heat capacity as a function of temperature during a solid-solid phase transition in certain polymer crystals, and were able to determine the entropy change between the two solid states, which we could also predict from molecular energy models.
I m a professor in mechanical & I see your videos for better explanation to my students. Good work done by u.
Thanks for this! Even with a master’s in mechanical engineering, this is one of the best explanations I’ve ever heard.
Excellent. As an engineer, through college, I was taught thermodynamics in the language of Kelvin and Clausius (it was long time ago, but not nearly in the 19th Century). I never fully grasped it until in grad school I picked up a book someone left in the lab. It was titled Something-Something Statistical Mechanics and it was a revelation!
OMG, I was going to write this exact same comment.
I never liked thermodynamics.
@@tupaicindjeke275 yeah, and i really hate gravity force every time i fall to the ground, but gravity doesn't care either.
Best regards, friend.
A miracle. Something on the internet that CLEARLY explains the second law of thermodynamics (and gives a history lesson). Find a way to stick some Jake Chudnow music in the background and you got something I could watch for eternity.
Alpha Saith turns out we have very different tastes in music but glad we agree on science and thanks for the lovely comment.
Listen to it for eternity? We can't escape the 2nd law..😜
Alpha Saith: Oh please, must everything be accompanied by music?? Some people would walk through a bird sanctuary with ipod and earphones, sigh.
A. Saith,
"Music " ?
Heavens NO !
Do people go to a rock concert to learn science ? Hell No !
Adding noise to learning is as sensible as taking a shower while eating spaghetti.
No, no, NO ! ...
Brilliant video! I'm a PhD student in Chemical engineering and I think you are the very first person on RUclips or any University I've even being (already 3), or even any book I've ever read who finally does a video with the correct interpretation of Clausius ideas.
I absolutely agree with you, this ideas cannot be fully understood without the historical background of the different scientist who participated on this revolution.
I wish with all my heart you could make a video explaining the second and first law combined. Where they finally concluded entropy is the conjugated variable of the temperature. I think every book has the mathematical derivation starting with dS= dQrev/T, dU = dQ + dW and dW=PdV to finally arrive with dU = T dS + PdV. However I think there is a lack of the fundamental understanding. I think somehow Clausius was thinking in the idea of disgregation and how by knowing the disgregation we could then know the temperature and vice versa.
As you mentioned this idea of disgregation is connected with the position of the particles (the possible positions) which is also connected with the Boltzmann equation.
I think this is all beautifully connected and I hope you can make a video talking about it =D
Thanks for your video. Great Job!!! Looking forward to see more of your content!
Edwin Rg so glad you liked it and thank you for the wonderful compliment. I usually try to limit the math in my videos as I want it to be accessible to all. See what you think of my next one on Boltzmann’s entropy equation and see if it connects things in a way you like
@@Kathy_Loves_Physics. Thanks Kathy. Looking forward to see more of your work!
Edwin Rg hi Edwin, I am a chemical engineering student ( undergrad ) and would like to hear from you tips/recommendation to get to know thermodynamics for chemEng. Can an undergrad chemEng student get to understand these laws by going back in history to have a knowledge on how they came? Any other tips regarding chemical engineering skills & or knowledges need to be very familiar with in the undergrad level will be much appreciated. Thank you in advance!
Edwin Rg, reduction of the Carnot Cyclic Engine in the limit to infinitesimal size produces the context of analyses of Clausius, and hence the equation dS
Edwin Rg, you would to keep in mind that Clausius did his work before the onset of the atomic age. The reduction of the Carnot Engine in the limit to infinitesimal size has a bound of the Continuum to support differentiability and is Newtonian.
Here is the imputation of the modern science that follows: The entropy of a matter increases as the internal energy content of matter increases. So the abstraction: dE
Another really good post. I think a historical perspective is valuable because to understand the answer you first have to understand the question. Indeed a correctly framed question is the necessary prelude to getting an answer to it. History gives us some, at least, of this element; plus of course the human interest. Other physics channels use this to some extent (Yong Zhong, Alexander Unzicker, Pierre Robitaile, all well worth checking out) but you Kathy are a master of this technique.
Having been magnificently click-baited previously, now I'm greatly fascinated, and looking forward to more of your work. How much easier it would have been to learn this stuff, which I did, as a schoolboy/student in the late 50s/early 60s if the teachers/lecturers had also related the wonderful stories behind these discoveries. It makes a whole lot of difference. Thanks. PS Clausius never got a mention when I was 'taught' Thermodynamics. Or maybe I forgot.
I agree. The history of science should be taught as a separate, adjunctive subject, for any student of the sciences.
You most likely forgot. You would have been, or should have been, taught the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship re vapour pressure
@@keithammleter3824 Actually it's possible that the 'authorities' may have failed to notify me. It was fifty years ago. I don't forget - or have I forgotten that I've forgotten?
@@petersack5074 Science branches naturally from Philosophy by applying it to the study of matter. Of course we should all take care, and science tells us what it is that we should care for. It's nice to see some passion about this. EXCEPT: a) Life *_emerged_* from non-life, just as previously suns and their planetary systems emerged from the ashes of exploding stars, just as later still Consciousness emerged in living beings. The Universe started simple, and emergent processes began of increasing subtlety and complexity. There is no reason to suppose that the Universe has stopped EMERGENCE, and there is at present, and probably there never will be, a way of predicting the manner of the next emergence - but maybe you're looking at its very beginning. God is a myth, of course, and b) _"forces which mankind cannot even begin to understand"_ - you haven't been listening. Go study.
The most educational and fun videos on the net. Keep up your great work .
I love your term 'messyness' for entropy. Never in a million years would I have made that connection.
However, I did teach my daughters that most games we played were high entropy to low entropy games. My PHd microbiology daughter knows now what that means.
I've listen to many of your talks. Outstanding!
I got that line from a student and I just thought it was perfect.
I always found it difficult to square in my head. Maximum entropy for a gas for eg. is in its lowest energy state where it is "equally" distributed. But to me that is a very "clean" arrangement not a "messy" or "disordered" one. The same goes for the universe. As everything spreads apart to my mind it becomes more uniform, or ordered in some sense. I know this just an artefact of my thinking, but I thought I'd share.
@@Celtic_Thylacine You are right, from my understanding it is not a increase in something being, "messy", or an increase in disorder, but I thought entropy was just an increase in more possible microstates of a system, an increase in possibilities! At least that is how my Thermal Physics class frames it. And I have a test tomorrow in it, which I should probably get back to studying for!
Thats how teachers explain it in uni or at least my teachers, entropy basically means the level of disorder .
Without question the finest history of thermo lesson I have ever witnessed. Add to that the *absolute clearest* explanation of the derivation and description of the 2nd Law. I will be looking for and using your videos in my Physics classes for sure!
I had completely forgotten when I understood this very important fact. Thanks for the tune up! As it turns out, in what I am attempting to accomplish right now, this becomes very important to me! Ain't energy science a blast??
The things you channel teaches us, or correct us on is amazing. Always something to learn for sure! Thanks Kathy!
Kathy I keep coming back, cannot skip keep your channel. I think I am in love with your presentation of physics and it’s history
Just discovered your channel a couple of days ago. I find your presentations both enlightening and engaging! I'm a frustrated former physics students from the mid 70's who had that pursuit close when it was discovered I have dyscalculia. So much for my dreams of being a working astronomer! However, throughout my life I've tried to keep as current as possible with both fields. I've always enjoyed rich science programs that respect the intelligence of the audience. Keep up the excellent work!
Excellent video, Kathy. I always learn a lot from your videos and you're an excellent narrator.
this, amongst others, was excellent, very pleased to have found you Kathy
i have never looked into these laws with such great detail as a student and after listening your explanation it makes way more sense and logic behind it... good work
Love the narration and the energy and the curious tale!
An outstanding and clear presentation - as usual. I never had any professors who were as good at explaining physic in a way it could be more easily understood.
You are clear, entertaining, informative and have a lovely voice. I frankly think this channel should have millions of views.
Thank you so much! Maybe, eventually I will have 1 million views who knows?
YOU DESERVE MY "LIKE".
Thank for such a wonderful and detailed video of thermodynamics.
I learned this in my school but i have enjoyed it today.
THIS is the the you tube channel where we rediscover the laws of physics.
I love the history of science and I love how you present it in your videos. For my learning, equations when worked with actual data examples, are always more effective teaching tools. Doing so makes the physics more accessible to my understanding. I have found that this is nearly always so for a certain percentage of my students as well.
Kathy, love your passion for the subject!!!! It's contagious!!!
Thanks Kathy for all your work on these interesting videos!
Thanks for making these videos. I love your enthusiasm
That's a wonderfully done video. Thank you very much and keep them coming.
I'm hooked on your videos and am watching with great interest to remember what I learned in physics and thermo classes and pick up on what went over my head or in one ear and out the other.
I just stumbled on to your channel and subbed. These videos are delightful! Thank you for doing them Kathy!
Fabulous. Your enthusiasm shows, and your explanation is very good. Although even as an engineer who learned this stuff 40 years ago I am now going to have to replay it a couple of times!
Keep them coming Kathy; fantastic as always.
Jr cary thomas thanks
Congratulations for your very clear and documented memos on the history of physics!
Just WOW! Thanks so much for this.
Back in the Sixties I did a school Subject called "Electricity and Magnetism". I also did Chemistry, Biology and Physics. Little did I know the "Elec & Mag" subject would lead me to remark at about 24yo during my training as a Telephone Exchange Technician "Doesn't everybody know this?" All the scientists mentioned here are "household names" to me, but this background to the discovery processes is just awesome and so enlightening.
I wonder how come we never learned all this. Could it be that if we had video presentations like this at the time we could have learned so much more in the time of just one class period?
Just discovered this channel and it's awesome. Keep doing the good work
Thanks
I love your videos, i can always understand and learn new things, Thank you!
you are welcome, glad you liked it
Absolutely LOVE your fascinating channel!
Thank you!
Thank you
Outstanding presentation on Entropy! Simply stated and succinct.
Thank you for sharing this know how.
Liked and subscribed.
Just found your channel. My thermo professor in college was excellent - but if he had shown this video before tackling entropy, I bet it would have sunk into my dense noggin more quickly. Great work! (I'm now subscribed)
A very clear and interesting presentation. Tnanks!
It amazes me that these guys were able to figure out something so strange and subtle. It's so much more complicated than the first law. I was sure that there must have been years of discussion and dead ends to arrive at it.
You make great sense, and thank you for all the hard work you clearly have displayed. This also fits In because so many cold hidden facts have warmed me with an abundance of potential knowledge!
Excellent, with great clarity. Thank you very much!
Kathy produces excellent content here. I get an additional kick out of the bright lamp's reflection in her eyes. Reminds me of a wildcat talking about physics.
Wonderful presentation. So informative and illuminating.
"Let's go!";) - Love it! So inviting, comforting, and powerful at the same time!
You have taught the subject so easy way. Mind-blowing job done by you for us so novish so inefficient in the world of science.
THANK YOU MR. SCIENTIST.
Thanks a lot. I finally grasp this mysterious concept
Very nice presentation on the origins of the second law. 👍
I think the quote "to cast the theory overboard" at @1:49 is in Clausius' 1851 paper "On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws..." I love your videos thank you. I will be signing up on Patreon!
Nathan Crock thanks for the correction. If you become a Patron maybe you can catch my mistakes before I publish! Thanks again.
What a great account of the history of entropy and very nice video
I made an account just to say that this is my favorite youtube channel. Amazing content Kathy!
That is. above and beyond- thank you!
I Just love ALL your videos, and I tend to watch several times some of them..;) thank you for your work, and keep doing it. hugs from Brazil.
I've been watching videos and didn't even realize I wasn't subbed. Wonderful video!
Thanks for that review. Loved it
What a fantastic channel, how could I ignore it?
This is an awesome video and channel. Going to end up whatching all your videos starting with the one on Tesla. Really good videos!! Keep at it and hope you and everyone are well.
The funny thing is that the second law can be stated in twenty ways. I remember my tutor at University use to say that you can teach about Thermodynamics without mentioning entropy at all but it would be harder.
Delightfully well done. TY
you are welcome, thanks for commenting
So good!!! Thanks for making these videos
uberfun2000 you are welcome
Great explanation! 😇
Our words provide a bold affirmation of our innermost thoughts; they are a confirmation to the world of how we see others and ourselves. What you say and do is an accurate indication of what is in your heart. Words shape how individuals think, act, and learn.
Kathy, you are awesome. Loved your video!
Thanks 😊
Beautiful video…made my day.
OMG Entropy is my favourite topic of all time - many thanks!
Robert McGeorge that is funny because entropy used to give me a bad feeling - seemed wishy washy to have equations for messiness but after reading Clausius I feel much better
This is so cool! Very informative. Thank you.
Very Great Content please keep it up .
Now that's one of the best video on entropy I've seen, simply because going back to the original papers helps so much understanding what went through the heads of the inventors of the concepts we learn today and since the formulas such as "Q/T" are just given without any explication at all, this helps a lot.
Not too long ago I had decided to check by myself some of the original papers on friction laws (Coulombs) and it helped a lot and was surprisingly pretty fun and interesting to go through. I think this approach should be used a LOT more in schools and in general as it puts focus on undertanding WHY and HOW such concepts are created.
I’m so glad you liked it and obviously I hundred percent agree about using the original papers in the history to understand the situation. It’s amazing how much it helps.
Wonderful explanation of how we eventually came up with the concept of entropy, which is probably one of the most misunderstood concepts around to this day 🙂
I enjoyed school physics, but that’s as deep as I got. So understandably I can’t grasp all of your lectures. However when you come back down to my modest level, I’m back at school again in the 1960”s. Enthralled . Thanks Kathy. Keep it up.
Love the references to the actual research papers. These are so cool. I have Dirac's seminal 1928 paper on "The Quantum Theory of the Electron." One of these days.... (and I can assure you it will take me a long time to understand the math (esp. the 4x4 matrices) but... I will be retiring soon)
Great video, Couldn't comment on the video on Einstein which you did on your birthday, so a belated happy birthday, and keep up the good work. Blessings.
Another excellent video! Clear and entertaining at the same time
Pietro Spagliardi so glad you liked it.
Yess,work and heat excellent demonstrated in armswings!
Just found this channel.
Love it.
Nice Talking Heads reference!!! We're getting old.
Excellent video. Thank you!
Thanks for the history, I really enjoyed it.
Kathy you're the best! Your videos are so enjoyable and engrossing. Nice haircut too!
So glad you liked it (the video and the haircut)!
I love your explanations.
Love your enthusiasm!
Thank you for clarifying.
So good! Keep up the good work!
KATHY; when I was a freshman at university, a professor explained the potential for the Heat Death of the universe. The lecture room had hundreds of freshmen. When he finished the explaination I suddenly laughed outloud. No one else had made a sound ! This brought that memory back !! Little did I know !
Awesome videos! Thank you!
Your videos are amazing!
Great video Kathy!
Very nicely done
Loved your interesting presentation
Wow. Fantastic video.
Kathy is the clearest science presenter on youtube. I understand this when I didn't think it was possible.
I learned of Clausius after college when i found a large publication on thermodynamics online that devoted 100+ pages to the history of the first people to conceptualize and attempt to give mathematical construction to what they were experiencing during the 1800s.
this was fabulous, thank you
Nicely done, Thanks.
How good are your videos! Thanks.
"how Boltzman got credit for an equation and a constant … _next time!"_ is the nerdiest cliffhanger ever. thankfully, I'm watching this 2 years in the future and won't have to wait.