There are tens of thousands of science and physics channels on this platform. However, none so concise, so informative and so enjoyably understandable as Professor Kathy's. This level of intellectual clarity in all things 'physics' is a rare treasure.
BSChE 1989. Going to retire and go back to Michigan Tech to get a degree in Physics. I have two years to relearn Diff Eq, Fourier this and that, Legendre's polynomials, and matrices!, etc., before I take a class. When I went to school, seems all I did was learn math equations and be certain I could pass the test. It's all these background stories that add so much to the basic lectures. ya know? Thank you Kathy.
I just want to say that the clarity of your exposition and the correct stress on the important conceptual parts reveal how deep is your understanding of physics. Everybody has something to learn from your videos, from high school students to professors.
Physics, when taught along how it came to be the way it is, becomes one of the most beautiful things in the world! Love this video, ma'am. Amazing work!💎💎
On science, I side with the British, they invented science. German are the followers in science. They are leaders in music, almost as good as Italians.
Entropy is without doubt one of the most amazing facets of Physics, and your explanation of the history of its discovery is fascinating and very well researched.
When i was teaching thermodynamics I explained entropy as a measure of the quality of heat and gave an example of pouring a cup of hot water into a tub of cold water. The heat had not gone anywhere, but its value or quality had been reduced as its entropy increased.
If you changed that to the 'quantity' of heat rather than the 'quality' of heat I could agree with you. By summing infinitesimal quantities of heat, (integral dq), Clausius regarded entropy as a summation of heat quantities.
Every physical chemistry student learns the three laws of thermodynamics in the first week: of class 1: You can't win. 2: You can't break even. 3. You can't get out of the game. Thank you for a truly delightful tour of some of the most interesting and important aspects of the discovery and articulation of some of our most basic physical laws. Many years ago I was taught the Carnot cycle and phenomenological differential equations of entropy as an undergraduate. It wasn't until graduate school that I was introduced to statistical mechanics, canonical ensembles, and partition functions. It was all a very satisfying theoretical unification of macroscopic and microscopic behavior of molecules, but the macroscopic equations were much more useful in the laboratory, especially delta S = integral of heat capacity/T x dT. We used a scanning calorimeter to measure heat capacity as a function of temperature during a solid-solid phase transition in certain polymer crystals, and were able to determine the entropy change between the two solid states, which we could also predict from molecular energy models.
Brilliant video! I'm a PhD student in Chemical engineering and I think you are the very first person on RUclips or any University I've even being (already 3), or even any book I've ever read who finally does a video with the correct interpretation of Clausius ideas. I absolutely agree with you, this ideas cannot be fully understood without the historical background of the different scientist who participated on this revolution. I wish with all my heart you could make a video explaining the second and first law combined. Where they finally concluded entropy is the conjugated variable of the temperature. I think every book has the mathematical derivation starting with dS= dQrev/T, dU = dQ + dW and dW=PdV to finally arrive with dU = T dS + PdV. However I think there is a lack of the fundamental understanding. I think somehow Clausius was thinking in the idea of disgregation and how by knowing the disgregation we could then know the temperature and vice versa. As you mentioned this idea of disgregation is connected with the position of the particles (the possible positions) which is also connected with the Boltzmann equation. I think this is all beautifully connected and I hope you can make a video talking about it =D Thanks for your video. Great Job!!! Looking forward to see more of your content!
Edwin Rg so glad you liked it and thank you for the wonderful compliment. I usually try to limit the math in my videos as I want it to be accessible to all. See what you think of my next one on Boltzmann’s entropy equation and see if it connects things in a way you like
Edwin Rg hi Edwin, I am a chemical engineering student ( undergrad ) and would like to hear from you tips/recommendation to get to know thermodynamics for chemEng. Can an undergrad chemEng student get to understand these laws by going back in history to have a knowledge on how they came? Any other tips regarding chemical engineering skills & or knowledges need to be very familiar with in the undergrad level will be much appreciated. Thank you in advance!
Edwin Rg, reduction of the Carnot Cyclic Engine in the limit to infinitesimal size produces the context of analyses of Clausius, and hence the equation dS
Edwin Rg, you would to keep in mind that Clausius did his work before the onset of the atomic age. The reduction of the Carnot Engine in the limit to infinitesimal size has a bound of the Continuum to support differentiability and is Newtonian. Here is the imputation of the modern science that follows: The entropy of a matter increases as the internal energy content of matter increases. So the abstraction: dE
Excellent. As an engineer, through college, I was taught thermodynamics in the language of Kelvin and Clausius (it was long time ago, but not nearly in the 19th Century). I never fully grasped it until in grad school I picked up a book someone left in the lab. It was titled Something-Something Statistical Mechanics and it was a revelation!
I love your term 'messyness' for entropy. Never in a million years would I have made that connection. However, I did teach my daughters that most games we played were high entropy to low entropy games. My PHd microbiology daughter knows now what that means. I've listen to many of your talks. Outstanding!
I always found it difficult to square in my head. Maximum entropy for a gas for eg. is in its lowest energy state where it is "equally" distributed. But to me that is a very "clean" arrangement not a "messy" or "disordered" one. The same goes for the universe. As everything spreads apart to my mind it becomes more uniform, or ordered in some sense. I know this just an artefact of my thinking, but I thought I'd share.
@@Celtic_Thylacine You are right, from my understanding it is not a increase in something being, "messy", or an increase in disorder, but I thought entropy was just an increase in more possible microstates of a system, an increase in possibilities! At least that is how my Thermal Physics class frames it. And I have a test tomorrow in it, which I should probably get back to studying for!
A miracle. Something on the internet that CLEARLY explains the second law of thermodynamics (and gives a history lesson). Find a way to stick some Jake Chudnow music in the background and you got something I could watch for eternity.
A. Saith, "Music " ? Heavens NO ! Do people go to a rock concert to learn science ? Hell No ! Adding noise to learning is as sensible as taking a shower while eating spaghetti. No, no, NO ! ...
Another really good post. I think a historical perspective is valuable because to understand the answer you first have to understand the question. Indeed a correctly framed question is the necessary prelude to getting an answer to it. History gives us some, at least, of this element; plus of course the human interest. Other physics channels use this to some extent (Yong Zhong, Alexander Unzicker, Pierre Robitaile, all well worth checking out) but you Kathy are a master of this technique.
Having been magnificently click-baited previously, now I'm greatly fascinated, and looking forward to more of your work. How much easier it would have been to learn this stuff, which I did, as a schoolboy/student in the late 50s/early 60s if the teachers/lecturers had also related the wonderful stories behind these discoveries. It makes a whole lot of difference. Thanks. PS Clausius never got a mention when I was 'taught' Thermodynamics. Or maybe I forgot.
@@keithammleter3824 Actually it's possible that the 'authorities' may have failed to notify me. It was fifty years ago. I don't forget - or have I forgotten that I've forgotten?
@@petersack5074 Science branches naturally from Philosophy by applying it to the study of matter. Of course we should all take care, and science tells us what it is that we should care for. It's nice to see some passion about this. EXCEPT: a) Life *_emerged_* from non-life, just as previously suns and their planetary systems emerged from the ashes of exploding stars, just as later still Consciousness emerged in living beings. The Universe started simple, and emergent processes began of increasing subtlety and complexity. There is no reason to suppose that the Universe has stopped EMERGENCE, and there is at present, and probably there never will be, a way of predicting the manner of the next emergence - but maybe you're looking at its very beginning. God is a myth, of course, and b) _"forces which mankind cannot even begin to understand"_ - you haven't been listening. Go study.
Just discovered your channel a couple of days ago. I find your presentations both enlightening and engaging! I'm a frustrated former physics students from the mid 70's who had that pursuit close when it was discovered I have dyscalculia. So much for my dreams of being a working astronomer! However, throughout my life I've tried to keep as current as possible with both fields. I've always enjoyed rich science programs that respect the intelligence of the audience. Keep up the excellent work!
KATHY; when I was a freshman at university, a professor explained the potential for the Heat Death of the universe. The lecture room had hundreds of freshmen. When he finished the explaination I suddenly laughed outloud. No one else had made a sound ! This brought that memory back !! Little did I know !
Without question the finest history of thermo lesson I have ever witnessed. Add to that the *absolute clearest* explanation of the derivation and description of the 2nd Law. I will be looking for and using your videos in my Physics classes for sure!
Kathy produces excellent content here. I get an additional kick out of the bright lamp's reflection in her eyes. Reminds me of a wildcat talking about physics.
"how Boltzman got credit for an equation and a constant … _next time!"_ is the nerdiest cliffhanger ever. thankfully, I'm watching this 2 years in the future and won't have to wait.
Just WOW! Thanks so much for this. Back in the Sixties I did a school Subject called "Electricity and Magnetism". I also did Chemistry, Biology and Physics. Little did I know the "Elec & Mag" subject would lead me to remark at about 24yo during my training as a Telephone Exchange Technician "Doesn't everybody know this?" All the scientists mentioned here are "household names" to me, but this background to the discovery processes is just awesome and so enlightening. I wonder how come we never learned all this. Could it be that if we had video presentations like this at the time we could have learned so much more in the time of just one class period?
I had completely forgotten when I understood this very important fact. Thanks for the tune up! As it turns out, in what I am attempting to accomplish right now, this becomes very important to me! Ain't energy science a blast??
I think the quote "to cast the theory overboard" at @1:49 is in Clausius' 1851 paper "On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws..." I love your videos thank you. I will be signing up on Patreon!
You have taught the subject so easy way. Mind-blowing job done by you for us so novish so inefficient in the world of science. THANK YOU MR. SCIENTIST.
An outstanding and clear presentation - as usual. I never had any professors who were as good at explaining physic in a way it could be more easily understood.
Fabulous. Your enthusiasm shows, and your explanation is very good. Although even as an engineer who learned this stuff 40 years ago I am now going to have to replay it a couple of times!
I enjoyed school physics, but that’s as deep as I got. So understandably I can’t grasp all of your lectures. However when you come back down to my modest level, I’m back at school again in the 1960”s. Enthralled . Thanks Kathy. Keep it up.
A very clear and interesting presentation. Tnanks! It amazes me that these guys were able to figure out something so strange and subtle. It's so much more complicated than the first law. I was sure that there must have been years of discussion and dead ends to arrive at it.
I learned of Clausius after college when i found a large publication on thermodynamics online that devoted 100+ pages to the history of the first people to conceptualize and attempt to give mathematical construction to what they were experiencing during the 1800s.
This is brilliant! I being an engineer could always solve these equations, but never exactly got the hang of why entropy is the way it is! Because like you, I too was taught heat can't flow from "cold to hot" without applying work. Now that you explained how Claussius thought about this, the exact other way round it all starts to make sense ! Finally, I can live in peace!
So glad this helped. I found Clausius to be very helpful to my understanding as well. Entropy is very confusing. Heck, even Maxwell had trouble with it at first.
@@Kathy_Loves_Physics oh my. It's a shocker to learn perhaps the most influential Physicist of all time had a hard time grasping what entropy was. I guess, it helps us better retrospect and appreciate the genius of Claussius
I have the same experience, having majored in electrical, I got the minimum requirements in terms of thermodynamics, and always envisioned heat flowing from a hot body to lower temp body, unless an external energy drove the process backwards as in a refrigerator. Excellent lecture.
@@Kathy_Loves_Physics i was just thinking how maxwell equations are neat and clear. BTW it's the same difference in noise and dirt from a circuit board and a thermal engine
@@amramjose That is not how refrigeration works. Liquid to gas, gas to liquid. The evaporator and condenser are on either side of a damn pump. Nothing backward about state changes and entropy.
i have never looked into these laws with such great detail as a student and after listening your explanation it makes way more sense and logic behind it... good work
The funny thing is that the second law can be stated in twenty ways. I remember my tutor at University use to say that you can teach about Thermodynamics without mentioning entropy at all but it would be harder.
YOU DESERVE MY "LIKE". Thank for such a wonderful and detailed video of thermodynamics. I learned this in my school but i have enjoyed it today. THIS is the the you tube channel where we rediscover the laws of physics.
Great explanation! 😇 Our words provide a bold affirmation of our innermost thoughts; they are a confirmation to the world of how we see others and ourselves. What you say and do is an accurate indication of what is in your heart. Words shape how individuals think, act, and learn.
Just found your channel. My thermo professor in college was excellent - but if he had shown this video before tackling entropy, I bet it would have sunk into my dense noggin more quickly. Great work! (I'm now subscribed)
"Things fall apart... it's scientific." Thought it was more nonsense lyrics until Dr. Love's entertaining lecture. The ability to make what I thought was boring subject interesting and worth while.
You make great sense, and thank you for all the hard work you clearly have displayed. This also fits In because so many cold hidden facts have warmed me with an abundance of potential knowledge!
I love the history of science and I love how you present it in your videos. For my learning, equations when worked with actual data examples, are always more effective teaching tools. Doing so makes the physics more accessible to my understanding. I have found that this is nearly always so for a certain percentage of my students as well.
That was fun. As an applications engineer, it mainly reinforces my experience that new concepts are hard to explain clearly. Thompson and Clausius were pretty much talking about the same thing, but it was hard to tell. It takes a long time to agree on a standardized explanation, and like many things in the real world, politics prevents the best and clearest explanation from being used. I'm still a bit skeptical about whether entropy applies to the universe. It's great for thermal cycles, especially combustion engines. And OK, maybe there's not enough dark matter to make gravity pull the expanding universe back together and heat it up. Note that thermodynamic theories don't consider gravity or subatomic physics or relativity. My current crackpot theory is that the universe is like a great big popcorn popper with big bangs going on all the time. Perhaps a few kernels run into each other and get enough density to contract and get more gravity and boom again. I just can't accept the idea of the energy death of the universe. And I've seen lots of models break when they're applied too broadly.
Kathy, I love the clarity and enthusiasm of your talks. I wish I would have paid more attention to the physical sciences and a bit less to biology which in retrospect I find far too much time invested in matters quite arbitrary and virtually unprovable in bio. But I don't enjoy math..... Yet my many years of practicing technology has absolutely taken advantage of whatever exposure I did get to physical sciences.
Now that's one of the best video on entropy I've seen, simply because going back to the original papers helps so much understanding what went through the heads of the inventors of the concepts we learn today and since the formulas such as "Q/T" are just given without any explication at all, this helps a lot. Not too long ago I had decided to check by myself some of the original papers on friction laws (Coulombs) and it helped a lot and was surprisingly pretty fun and interesting to go through. I think this approach should be used a LOT more in schools and in general as it puts focus on undertanding WHY and HOW such concepts are created.
I’m so glad you liked it and obviously I hundred percent agree about using the original papers in the history to understand the situation. It’s amazing how much it helps.
I suspect Clausius used S to represent Entropy as the first letter of Sum or Sigma. Because E was already taken for Energy. He proposed using an integral as you showed, and the integral symbol is also an S, in the font style of the eighteenth century.
In my mind you have earned the right to make longer videos, but I doubt that works for most viewers. I say that because I got lost in this video, possibly because it went to fast. It happened b4 9:35 in the video which is when I wrote this.
Robert McGeorge that is funny because entropy used to give me a bad feeling - seemed wishy washy to have equations for messiness but after reading Clausius I feel much better
I just.....don't know how to say thanks. You know, it's easy to listen to that voice that says "Your interests are niche. Nobody else likes history AND physics." But an understanding of physics is not just an understanding of its mathematical basis. It's also an understanding of how the development of physics is a history in itself. These types of conversations are so valuable - it makes the mathematical basis understandable on a human level.
I like to say that “science is personal because scientists are people.” I don’t think our combined interests in history and science is niche at all. In fact, I have never met a scientist or engineer who wasn’t at least a little bit interested in the history because if we want to know how things work we also want to know how we came to that conclusion. It is only our education system that has decided that it isn’t hard science if we talk about history too.
Forty years ago, my thermodynamics instructor Chris (last name not remembered) described the first law as You can’t get ahead you can only break even, and the second law as You can’t break even.
Love the references to the actual research papers. These are so cool. I have Dirac's seminal 1928 paper on "The Quantum Theory of the Electron." One of these days.... (and I can assure you it will take me a long time to understand the math (esp. the 4x4 matrices) but... I will be retiring soon)
Wonderful explanation of how we eventually came up with the concept of entropy, which is probably one of the most misunderstood concepts around to this day 🙂
Thanks so much! I do have a hard time wrapping my head around entropy. Could you explain what constant entropy is on a refrigerant ph chart is? My guess is it means there is no transfer of heat between inside the system and outside the system. The temperature is only increased by pressure
I'm hooked on your videos and am watching with great interest to remember what I learned in physics and thermo classes and pick up on what went over my head or in one ear and out the other.
Please correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't one of the ideas behind entropy that if we have a 1,000,000 marbles, all identical, it doesn't matter how we arrange them because the result always looks the same. So that's a low entropy system. On the other hand, a system of 10 marbles, all different in color, for example, actually has higher entropy because each arrangement is distinct. So it's not the item of items but how many different ways those items can be arranged to produce a distinct system that is the key to entropy. I'm not too current on this idea, though. That's what I vaguely remember from a visual model of entropy I saw once. By the way, the word "karma" is Sanskrit for "action".
I enjoy your talks so much and realize my teachers of thermodynamics repeated the concepts by mathematical excercising, but had no deep understanding of their logic. Thus I had to grasp the essence thermodynamics as Clausius did, i. e., on my own, by examining and understanding the physical and chemical properties of mineral systems, with which I work until today, 53 years later, as I am a geologist and have had a chance to understand minerals formation and destruction!! I greatly admire you, as you are fighting like Don Quixote against peoples who do not know physics for a start and there many of them goig through universities and some later even teaching in those study houses, wihtout knowing lementary physics nor chemistry!!! "Global heating" is blaring example of ignoring thermodynamics and chemical thermodynamics: Two deeep and grave conceptual crimes in a row... Students can make those errors in their learning process, but steelmakers and many other industrialists simply cannot; the effects of Global Heating are a fantastic lecture of physics and chemistry and the balckboard they are using is the Earth, the only earth we have to live in!!! Congratulations Kathy and keep going at it!! Jaime Arias Geologist, Ph. D. Applied Geochemistry
Spell check MR.PHD. wihtout, deeep, goig, lementary, balckboard. I am some random that taught applied physics, chemistry, mathematics, biomechanics, electricity, computer science, environmental law, business ethics and workplace safety. All at the same time. Guess my field of actual reality, retired. Also, my thumbnail is a hint.
I recall reading Max Planck's work on Thermodynamics where all the main thermodynamic functions were expressed in entropy units the E/T and F/T. I don't think Planck's formulation is particularly insightful but still provides for tractable reasoning. The notion of absolute zero seems to come from defining temperature from the nearly linear thermal expansion of Hg in a glass tube. Boltzmann suggests that 1/T (reciprocal absolute temperature) many be more fundamental. 1/T can vary between -infinity and infinity. Can't explain negative Kelvin temperatures quickly but they can and do exist.
Great video, Couldn't comment on the video on Einstein which you did on your birthday, so a belated happy birthday, and keep up the good work. Blessings.
![Felix "Unfair" | [Stray Kids : SKZ-PLAYER]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Oswujxm2Ag0/mqdefault.jpg)
I'm just leaving a comment to bump your rank, because far more people need to see your videos.
thank you as always
The Count if Dracula is increasing the rank count. Saw it here first.
There are tens of thousands of science and physics channels on this platform.
However, none so concise, so informative and so enjoyably understandable as Professor Kathy's. This level of intellectual clarity in all things 'physics' is a rare treasure.
Thank you so much 😊
I’ve studied physics for so many years on my own, this is probably the best channel i’ve come across. I cherish your work Kathy.
BSChE 1989. Going to retire and go back to Michigan Tech to get a degree in Physics. I have two years to relearn Diff Eq, Fourier this and that, Legendre's polynomials, and matrices!, etc., before I take a class. When I went to school, seems all I did was learn math equations and be certain I could pass the test. It's all these background stories that add so much to the basic lectures. ya know? Thank you Kathy.
I just want to say that the clarity of your exposition and the correct stress on the important conceptual parts reveal how deep is your understanding of physics. Everybody has something to learn from your videos, from high school students to professors.
That was such a lovely comment, thank you.
Physics, when taught along how it came to be the way it is, becomes one of the most beautiful things in the world! Love this video, ma'am. Amazing work!💎💎
Vishank Patel thank you for the lovely comment.
@@Kathy_Loves_Physics My pleasure!
Well said
@@David-km2ie Thanks man!😄
On science, I side with the British, they invented science. German are the followers in science. They are leaders in music, almost as good as Italians.
Entropy is without doubt one of the most amazing facets of Physics, and your explanation of the history of its discovery is fascinating and very well researched.
When i was teaching thermodynamics I explained entropy as a measure of the quality of heat and gave an example of pouring a cup of hot water into a tub of cold water. The heat had not gone anywhere, but its value or quality had been reduced as its entropy increased.
That is a very good example.
In Engineering we have a term called exergy to describe the quality of energy, you mentioned.
If you changed that to the 'quantity' of heat rather than the 'quality' of heat I could agree with you. By summing infinitesimal quantities of heat, (integral dq), Clausius regarded entropy as a summation of heat quantities.
Every physical chemistry student learns the three laws of thermodynamics in the first week: of class 1: You can't win. 2: You can't break even. 3. You can't get out of the game. Thank you for a truly delightful tour of some of the most interesting and important aspects of the discovery and articulation of some of our most basic physical laws. Many years ago I was taught the Carnot cycle and phenomenological differential equations of entropy as an undergraduate. It wasn't until graduate school that I was introduced to statistical mechanics, canonical ensembles, and partition functions. It was all a very satisfying theoretical unification of macroscopic and microscopic behavior of molecules, but the macroscopic equations were much more useful in the laboratory, especially delta S = integral of heat capacity/T x dT. We used a scanning calorimeter to measure heat capacity as a function of temperature during a solid-solid phase transition in certain polymer crystals, and were able to determine the entropy change between the two solid states, which we could also predict from molecular energy models.
I m a professor in mechanical & I see your videos for better explanation to my students. Good work done by u.
Thanks for this! Even with a master’s in mechanical engineering, this is one of the best explanations I’ve ever heard.
Brilliant video! I'm a PhD student in Chemical engineering and I think you are the very first person on RUclips or any University I've even being (already 3), or even any book I've ever read who finally does a video with the correct interpretation of Clausius ideas.
I absolutely agree with you, this ideas cannot be fully understood without the historical background of the different scientist who participated on this revolution.
I wish with all my heart you could make a video explaining the second and first law combined. Where they finally concluded entropy is the conjugated variable of the temperature. I think every book has the mathematical derivation starting with dS= dQrev/T, dU = dQ + dW and dW=PdV to finally arrive with dU = T dS + PdV. However I think there is a lack of the fundamental understanding. I think somehow Clausius was thinking in the idea of disgregation and how by knowing the disgregation we could then know the temperature and vice versa.
As you mentioned this idea of disgregation is connected with the position of the particles (the possible positions) which is also connected with the Boltzmann equation.
I think this is all beautifully connected and I hope you can make a video talking about it =D
Thanks for your video. Great Job!!! Looking forward to see more of your content!
Edwin Rg so glad you liked it and thank you for the wonderful compliment. I usually try to limit the math in my videos as I want it to be accessible to all. See what you think of my next one on Boltzmann’s entropy equation and see if it connects things in a way you like
@@Kathy_Loves_Physics. Thanks Kathy. Looking forward to see more of your work!
Edwin Rg hi Edwin, I am a chemical engineering student ( undergrad ) and would like to hear from you tips/recommendation to get to know thermodynamics for chemEng. Can an undergrad chemEng student get to understand these laws by going back in history to have a knowledge on how they came? Any other tips regarding chemical engineering skills & or knowledges need to be very familiar with in the undergrad level will be much appreciated. Thank you in advance!
Edwin Rg, reduction of the Carnot Cyclic Engine in the limit to infinitesimal size produces the context of analyses of Clausius, and hence the equation dS
Edwin Rg, you would to keep in mind that Clausius did his work before the onset of the atomic age. The reduction of the Carnot Engine in the limit to infinitesimal size has a bound of the Continuum to support differentiability and is Newtonian.
Here is the imputation of the modern science that follows: The entropy of a matter increases as the internal energy content of matter increases. So the abstraction: dE
Excellent. As an engineer, through college, I was taught thermodynamics in the language of Kelvin and Clausius (it was long time ago, but not nearly in the 19th Century). I never fully grasped it until in grad school I picked up a book someone left in the lab. It was titled Something-Something Statistical Mechanics and it was a revelation!
OMG, I was going to write this exact same comment.
I never liked thermodynamics.
@@tupaicindjeke275 yeah, and i really hate gravity force every time i fall to the ground, but gravity doesn't care either.
Best regards, friend.
I love your term 'messyness' for entropy. Never in a million years would I have made that connection.
However, I did teach my daughters that most games we played were high entropy to low entropy games. My PHd microbiology daughter knows now what that means.
I've listen to many of your talks. Outstanding!
I got that line from a student and I just thought it was perfect.
I always found it difficult to square in my head. Maximum entropy for a gas for eg. is in its lowest energy state where it is "equally" distributed. But to me that is a very "clean" arrangement not a "messy" or "disordered" one. The same goes for the universe. As everything spreads apart to my mind it becomes more uniform, or ordered in some sense. I know this just an artefact of my thinking, but I thought I'd share.
@@Celtic_Thylacine You are right, from my understanding it is not a increase in something being, "messy", or an increase in disorder, but I thought entropy was just an increase in more possible microstates of a system, an increase in possibilities! At least that is how my Thermal Physics class frames it. And I have a test tomorrow in it, which I should probably get back to studying for!
Thats how teachers explain it in uni or at least my teachers, entropy basically means the level of disorder .
A miracle. Something on the internet that CLEARLY explains the second law of thermodynamics (and gives a history lesson). Find a way to stick some Jake Chudnow music in the background and you got something I could watch for eternity.
Alpha Saith turns out we have very different tastes in music but glad we agree on science and thanks for the lovely comment.
Listen to it for eternity? We can't escape the 2nd law..😜
Alpha Saith: Oh please, must everything be accompanied by music?? Some people would walk through a bird sanctuary with ipod and earphones, sigh.
A. Saith,
"Music " ?
Heavens NO !
Do people go to a rock concert to learn science ? Hell No !
Adding noise to learning is as sensible as taking a shower while eating spaghetti.
No, no, NO ! ...
Another really good post. I think a historical perspective is valuable because to understand the answer you first have to understand the question. Indeed a correctly framed question is the necessary prelude to getting an answer to it. History gives us some, at least, of this element; plus of course the human interest. Other physics channels use this to some extent (Yong Zhong, Alexander Unzicker, Pierre Robitaile, all well worth checking out) but you Kathy are a master of this technique.
Having been magnificently click-baited previously, now I'm greatly fascinated, and looking forward to more of your work. How much easier it would have been to learn this stuff, which I did, as a schoolboy/student in the late 50s/early 60s if the teachers/lecturers had also related the wonderful stories behind these discoveries. It makes a whole lot of difference. Thanks. PS Clausius never got a mention when I was 'taught' Thermodynamics. Or maybe I forgot.
I agree. The history of science should be taught as a separate, adjunctive subject, for any student of the sciences.
You most likely forgot. You would have been, or should have been, taught the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship re vapour pressure
@@keithammleter3824 Actually it's possible that the 'authorities' may have failed to notify me. It was fifty years ago. I don't forget - or have I forgotten that I've forgotten?
@@petersack5074 Science branches naturally from Philosophy by applying it to the study of matter. Of course we should all take care, and science tells us what it is that we should care for. It's nice to see some passion about this. EXCEPT: a) Life *_emerged_* from non-life, just as previously suns and their planetary systems emerged from the ashes of exploding stars, just as later still Consciousness emerged in living beings. The Universe started simple, and emergent processes began of increasing subtlety and complexity. There is no reason to suppose that the Universe has stopped EMERGENCE, and there is at present, and probably there never will be, a way of predicting the manner of the next emergence - but maybe you're looking at its very beginning. God is a myth, of course, and b) _"forces which mankind cannot even begin to understand"_ - you haven't been listening. Go study.
Another Cool Physics Video!!! Thanks for Sharing!!! 👍😎💖
Just discovered your channel a couple of days ago. I find your presentations both enlightening and engaging! I'm a frustrated former physics students from the mid 70's who had that pursuit close when it was discovered I have dyscalculia. So much for my dreams of being a working astronomer! However, throughout my life I've tried to keep as current as possible with both fields. I've always enjoyed rich science programs that respect the intelligence of the audience. Keep up the excellent work!
The most educational and fun videos on the net. Keep up your great work .
KATHY; when I was a freshman at university, a professor explained the potential for the Heat Death of the universe. The lecture room had hundreds of freshmen. When he finished the explaination I suddenly laughed outloud. No one else had made a sound ! This brought that memory back !! Little did I know !
Without question the finest history of thermo lesson I have ever witnessed. Add to that the *absolute clearest* explanation of the derivation and description of the 2nd Law. I will be looking for and using your videos in my Physics classes for sure!
Kathy produces excellent content here. I get an additional kick out of the bright lamp's reflection in her eyes. Reminds me of a wildcat talking about physics.
"how Boltzman got credit for an equation and a constant … _next time!"_ is the nerdiest cliffhanger ever. thankfully, I'm watching this 2 years in the future and won't have to wait.
Just WOW! Thanks so much for this.
Back in the Sixties I did a school Subject called "Electricity and Magnetism". I also did Chemistry, Biology and Physics. Little did I know the "Elec & Mag" subject would lead me to remark at about 24yo during my training as a Telephone Exchange Technician "Doesn't everybody know this?" All the scientists mentioned here are "household names" to me, but this background to the discovery processes is just awesome and so enlightening.
I wonder how come we never learned all this. Could it be that if we had video presentations like this at the time we could have learned so much more in the time of just one class period?
I had completely forgotten when I understood this very important fact. Thanks for the tune up! As it turns out, in what I am attempting to accomplish right now, this becomes very important to me! Ain't energy science a blast??
this, amongst others, was excellent, very pleased to have found you Kathy
Kathy is the clearest science presenter on youtube. I understand this when I didn't think it was possible.
You are clear, entertaining, informative and have a lovely voice. I frankly think this channel should have millions of views.
Thank you so much! Maybe, eventually I will have 1 million views who knows?
I think the quote "to cast the theory overboard" at @1:49 is in Clausius' 1851 paper "On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws..." I love your videos thank you. I will be signing up on Patreon!
Nathan Crock thanks for the correction. If you become a Patron maybe you can catch my mistakes before I publish! Thanks again.
"Let's go!";) - Love it! So inviting, comforting, and powerful at the same time!
Kathy I keep coming back, cannot skip keep your channel. I think I am in love with your presentation of physics and it’s history
You have taught the subject so easy way. Mind-blowing job done by you for us so novish so inefficient in the world of science.
THANK YOU MR. SCIENTIST.
An outstanding and clear presentation - as usual. I never had any professors who were as good at explaining physic in a way it could be more easily understood.
Fabulous. Your enthusiasm shows, and your explanation is very good. Although even as an engineer who learned this stuff 40 years ago I am now going to have to replay it a couple of times!
I enjoyed school physics, but that’s as deep as I got. So understandably I can’t grasp all of your lectures. However when you come back down to my modest level, I’m back at school again in the 1960”s. Enthralled . Thanks Kathy. Keep it up.
I am class 12th science student and my curiosity level goes up..Thank you to make me a real science student..
A very clear and interesting presentation. Tnanks!
It amazes me that these guys were able to figure out something so strange and subtle. It's so much more complicated than the first law. I was sure that there must have been years of discussion and dead ends to arrive at it.
I learned of Clausius after college when i found a large publication on thermodynamics online that devoted 100+ pages to the history of the first people to conceptualize and attempt to give mathematical construction to what they were experiencing during the 1800s.
This is brilliant! I being an engineer could always solve these equations, but never exactly got the hang of why entropy is the way it is! Because like you, I too was taught heat can't flow from "cold to hot" without applying work. Now that you explained how Claussius thought about this, the exact other way round it all starts to make sense ! Finally, I can live in peace!
So glad this helped. I found Clausius to be very helpful to my understanding as well. Entropy is very confusing. Heck, even Maxwell had trouble with it at first.
@@Kathy_Loves_Physics oh my. It's a shocker to learn perhaps the most influential Physicist of all time had a hard time grasping what entropy was. I guess, it helps us better retrospect and appreciate the genius of Claussius
I have the same experience, having majored in electrical, I got the minimum requirements in terms of thermodynamics, and always envisioned heat flowing from a hot body to lower temp body, unless an external energy drove the process backwards as in a refrigerator. Excellent lecture.
@@Kathy_Loves_Physics i was just thinking how maxwell equations are neat and clear. BTW it's the same difference in noise and dirt from a circuit board and a thermal engine
@@amramjose That is not how refrigeration works. Liquid to gas, gas to liquid. The evaporator and condenser are on either side of a damn pump. Nothing backward about state changes and entropy.
i have never looked into these laws with such great detail as a student and after listening your explanation it makes way more sense and logic behind it... good work
Excellent video, Kathy. I always learn a lot from your videos and you're an excellent narrator.
The funny thing is that the second law can be stated in twenty ways. I remember my tutor at University use to say that you can teach about Thermodynamics without mentioning entropy at all but it would be harder.
you are amazing in connecting the dots!
Kathy you're the best! Your videos are so enjoyable and engrossing. Nice haircut too!
So glad you liked it (the video and the haircut)!
YOU DESERVE MY "LIKE".
Thank for such a wonderful and detailed video of thermodynamics.
I learned this in my school but i have enjoyed it today.
THIS is the the you tube channel where we rediscover the laws of physics.
Wonderful presentation. So informative and illuminating.
Thanks for making these videos. I love your enthusiasm
The things you channel teaches us, or correct us on is amazing. Always something to learn for sure! Thanks Kathy!
Just found this channel.
Love it.
Nice Talking Heads reference!!! We're getting old.
Great explanation! 😇
Our words provide a bold affirmation of our innermost thoughts; they are a confirmation to the world of how we see others and ourselves. What you say and do is an accurate indication of what is in your heart. Words shape how individuals think, act, and learn.
Just found your channel. My thermo professor in college was excellent - but if he had shown this video before tackling entropy, I bet it would have sunk into my dense noggin more quickly. Great work! (I'm now subscribed)
Kathy, love your passion for the subject!!!! It's contagious!!!
"Things fall apart... it's scientific." Thought it was more nonsense lyrics until Dr. Love's entertaining lecture. The ability to make what I thought was boring subject interesting and worth while.
Love the narration and the energy and the curious tale!
You make great sense, and thank you for all the hard work you clearly have displayed. This also fits In because so many cold hidden facts have warmed me with an abundance of potential knowledge!
I had a life and death struggle with college physics. Now I think I can enjoy it. After all, physics makes the world go `round.
Another excellent video! Clear and entertaining at the same time
Pietro Spagliardi so glad you liked it.
Yess,work and heat excellent demonstrated in armswings!
I love the history of science and I love how you present it in your videos. For my learning, equations when worked with actual data examples, are always more effective teaching tools. Doing so makes the physics more accessible to my understanding. I have found that this is nearly always so for a certain percentage of my students as well.
What a fantastic channel, how could I ignore it?
That was fun. As an applications engineer, it mainly reinforces my experience that new concepts are hard to explain clearly. Thompson and Clausius were pretty much talking about the same thing, but it was hard to tell. It takes a long time to agree on a standardized explanation, and like many things in the real world, politics prevents the best and clearest explanation from being used.
I'm still a bit skeptical about whether entropy applies to the universe. It's great for thermal cycles, especially combustion engines. And OK, maybe there's not enough dark matter to make gravity pull the expanding universe back together and heat it up. Note that thermodynamic theories don't consider gravity or subatomic physics or relativity. My current crackpot theory is that the universe is like a great big popcorn popper with big bangs going on all the time. Perhaps a few kernels run into each other and get enough density to contract and get more gravity and boom again. I just can't accept the idea of the energy death of the universe. And I've seen lots of models break when they're applied too broadly.
Anyone who references the Talking Heads is okay by me. Plus your content is so amazing!
Thanks Kathy for all your work on these interesting videos!
Outstanding videos. I just started watching. Chemistry major.
I love your videos, i can always understand and learn new things, Thank you!
you are welcome, glad you liked it
Absolutely LOVE your fascinating channel!
Thank you!
Thank you
Kathy, I love the clarity and enthusiasm of your talks. I wish I would have paid more attention to the physical sciences and a bit less to biology which in retrospect I find far too much time invested in matters quite arbitrary and virtually unprovable in bio. But I don't enjoy math..... Yet my many years of practicing technology has absolutely taken advantage of whatever exposure I did get to physical sciences.
Now that's one of the best video on entropy I've seen, simply because going back to the original papers helps so much understanding what went through the heads of the inventors of the concepts we learn today and since the formulas such as "Q/T" are just given without any explication at all, this helps a lot.
Not too long ago I had decided to check by myself some of the original papers on friction laws (Coulombs) and it helped a lot and was surprisingly pretty fun and interesting to go through. I think this approach should be used a LOT more in schools and in general as it puts focus on undertanding WHY and HOW such concepts are created.
I’m so glad you liked it and obviously I hundred percent agree about using the original papers in the history to understand the situation. It’s amazing how much it helps.
I am but a simple old man, I thank you for adding value to my life with absolute clarity. Ma’am you are one of a king I thank you. .Nico
Thank *you* that was lovely 😊
I've been watching videos and didn't even realize I wasn't subbed. Wonderful video!
I suspect Clausius used S to represent Entropy as the first letter of Sum or Sigma. Because E was already taken for Energy. He proposed using an integral as you showed, and the integral symbol is also an S, in the font style of the eighteenth century.
A lot of sites say the Clausius chose the letter S in honor of Sadi Carnot, even if he did not said it explicitly.
In my mind you have earned the right to make longer videos, but I doubt that works for most viewers. I say that because I got lost in this video, possibly because it went to fast. It happened b4 9:35 in the video which is when I wrote this.
OMG Entropy is my favourite topic of all time - many thanks!
Robert McGeorge that is funny because entropy used to give me a bad feeling - seemed wishy washy to have equations for messiness but after reading Clausius I feel much better
You make me love the internet again, thank you.
I just.....don't know how to say thanks. You know, it's easy to listen to that voice that says "Your interests are niche. Nobody else likes history AND physics." But an understanding of physics is not just an understanding of its mathematical basis. It's also an understanding of how the development of physics is a history in itself. These types of conversations are so valuable - it makes the mathematical basis understandable on a human level.
I like to say that “science is personal because scientists are people.” I don’t think our combined interests in history and science is niche at all. In fact, I have never met a scientist or engineer who wasn’t at least a little bit interested in the history because if we want to know how things work we also want to know how we came to that conclusion. It is only our education system that has decided that it isn’t hard science if we talk about history too.
Ohh, I found a gem. Thanks for this Kathy.
Forty years ago, my thermodynamics instructor Chris (last name not remembered) described the first law as You can’t get ahead you can only break even, and the second law as You can’t break even.
I'm living for Entropy, but the older I get, the more I love the order ^^
Love the references to the actual research papers. These are so cool. I have Dirac's seminal 1928 paper on "The Quantum Theory of the Electron." One of these days.... (and I can assure you it will take me a long time to understand the math (esp. the 4x4 matrices) but... I will be retiring soon)
Kathy, you are awesome. Loved your video!
Thanks 😊
What a great account of the history of entropy and very nice video
Wonderful explanation of how we eventually came up with the concept of entropy, which is probably one of the most misunderstood concepts around to this day 🙂
Congratulations for your very clear and documented memos on the history of physics!
I made an account just to say that this is my favorite youtube channel. Amazing content Kathy!
That is. above and beyond- thank you!
Thanks so much! I do have a hard time wrapping my head around entropy.
Could you explain what constant entropy is on a refrigerant ph chart is?
My guess is it means there is no transfer of heat between inside the system and outside the system. The temperature is only increased by pressure
I'm hooked on your videos and am watching with great interest to remember what I learned in physics and thermo classes and pick up on what went over my head or in one ear and out the other.
Thanks a lot. I finally grasp this mysterious concept
I just stumbled on to your channel and subbed. These videos are delightful! Thank you for doing them Kathy!
Madam, excellent topic and excellent explanation Thank you
You are welcome. - Kathy
Please correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't one of the ideas behind entropy that if we have a 1,000,000 marbles, all identical, it doesn't matter how we arrange them because the result always looks the same. So that's a low entropy system. On the other hand, a system of 10 marbles, all different in color, for example, actually has higher entropy because each arrangement is distinct. So it's not the item of items but how many different ways those items can be arranged to produce a distinct system that is the key to entropy. I'm not too current on this idea, though. That's what I vaguely remember from a visual model of entropy I saw once. By the way, the word "karma" is Sanskrit for "action".
Delightfully well done. TY
you are welcome, thanks for commenting
Keep them coming Kathy; fantastic as always.
Jr cary thomas thanks
How could a guy this smart be so relatively unknown? Clausius is an inspiration.
He really is.
I enjoy your talks so much and realize my teachers of thermodynamics repeated the concepts by mathematical excercising, but had no deep understanding of their logic.
Thus I had to grasp the essence thermodynamics as Clausius did, i. e., on my own, by examining and understanding the physical and chemical properties of mineral systems, with which I work until today, 53 years later, as I am a geologist and have had a chance to understand minerals formation and destruction!!
I greatly admire you, as you are fighting like Don Quixote against peoples who do not know physics for a start and there many of them goig through universities and some later even teaching in those study houses, wihtout knowing lementary physics nor chemistry!!!
"Global heating" is blaring example of ignoring thermodynamics and chemical thermodynamics: Two deeep and grave conceptual crimes in a row...
Students can make those errors in their learning process, but steelmakers and many other industrialists simply cannot; the effects of Global Heating are a fantastic lecture of physics and chemistry and the balckboard they are using is the Earth, the only earth we have to live in!!!
Congratulations Kathy and keep going at it!!
Jaime Arias
Geologist, Ph. D. Applied Geochemistry
Spell check MR.PHD. wihtout, deeep, goig, lementary, balckboard. I am some random that taught applied physics, chemistry, mathematics, biomechanics, electricity, computer science, environmental law, business ethics and workplace safety. All at the same time. Guess my field of actual reality, retired. Also, my thumbnail is a hint.
This video flows well and is very informative thank you
I recall reading Max Planck's work on Thermodynamics where all the main thermodynamic functions were expressed in entropy units the E/T and F/T. I don't think Planck's formulation is particularly insightful but still provides for tractable reasoning. The notion of absolute zero seems to come from defining temperature from the nearly linear thermal expansion of Hg in a glass tube. Boltzmann suggests that 1/T (reciprocal absolute temperature) many be more fundamental. 1/T can vary between -infinity and infinity. Can't explain negative Kelvin temperatures quickly but they can and do exist.
I Just love ALL your videos, and I tend to watch several times some of them..;) thank you for your work, and keep doing it. hugs from Brazil.
Outstanding presentation on Entropy! Simply stated and succinct.
Thank you for sharing this know how.
Liked and subscribed.
Great video, Couldn't comment on the video on Einstein which you did on your birthday, so a belated happy birthday, and keep up the good work. Blessings.
I love your topics. I like this head shot much better because I am not distracted by waving around of the hands - just my opinion and my feedback.
Great video Kathy!