NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 4: The Mughal Empire (Examrace - Dr. Manishika Jain) | English | CBSE

Dr. Manishika Jain explains NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 4: The Mughal Empire
Expanded kingdom from 16th to 17th Century
PM address Independence Day Speech from Red Fort (Residence of Mughal Emperors)
Ancestry
Ancestry @1:39
Babur @2:25
Humayun @3:21
Akbar @4:32
Jahangir @6:34
Shah Jahan @7:02
Aurangzeb @7:39
Succession @8:36
Relations to Other Rulers @8:41
Rank & Salary Determined by Zat @9:49
Zabt & Zamindars @11:13
Worldwide @12:55
Contemporaries of Akbar @14:05
#Inheritance #Insulted #Victorious #Defeated #Suppressed #Campaigns #Annexed #Religious #Expansion #Manishika #Examrace
Babur
Succeeded to throne at 12 years
1st on throne of Ferghana in 1494
Uzbegs invaded and was forced to leave
Seized Kabul in 1504
1526: Defeated Ibram Lodi in Battle of Panipat
Captured Agra & Delhi
Afghans were threat to Mughals
1527: Defeated Rana Sanga, Rajput rulers and allies at Khanua
1528: Defeated the Rajputs at Chanderi
Humayun
Divided inheritance based on father’s will
Each brother given a province
Sher Khan defeated him at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540)
He fled to Iran
Got help from Safavid Shah
Recaptured Delhi in 1555
Died in Accident
Akbar
Emperor at 13 years
Under Bairam Khan - Campiagns against Suris and Afghans
Suppressed revolt of his half-brother Mirza Hakim & Uzbegs
1568: Sisodiya capital of Chittor was seized
1569: Ranthambhor was seized
Military campaigns to Gujarat, Bihar, Bengal & Odisha
Expansion of empire to NW
Qandahar was seized from the Safavids
Kashmir was annexed
Kabul annexed after death of Mirza Hakim
Annexed Deccan, Berar, Khandesh and parts of Ahmadnagar
Ibadat khana: various religious people discussed (religious scholars who emphasised ritual and dogma were often bigots)
Sulh-i-Kul or universal peace - ethics, honesty and peace - was followed by Jahangir & Shah Jahan
Jahangir
Sisodiya ruler of Mewar, Amar Singh accepted his rule
Known as Prince Salim
Wife: Nur Jahan (Mehrunnisa) - loyal & supportive - had seals and coins with her name
Shah Jahan
Prince Khurram
Afghan noble Khan Jahan Lodi was defeated
Qandahar was lost to Safavids
1632: Annexed Ahmadnagar
Aurangzeb was victorious and his three brothers, including Dara Shukoh were killed
Was imprisoned for the rest of his life in Agra
Aurangzeb
1663: Ahoms defeated but rebelled again in 1680
Initially successful against Shivaji (insulted him when he came to accept Mughal authority)
Sent armies to Deccan
1685: Bijapur annexed
1687: Golconda annexed
1698: Against Marathas who followed guerrilla warfare
After his death, succession conflict amongst his sons
Succession
Primogeniture: Eldest son inherited his father’s estate
Coparcenary inheritance or division of inheritance amongst all the sons - Mughals
Relations to Other Rulers
Zabt & Zamindars
Major tax was on produce of peasantry
Taxes paid by rural elite
Zamindars were intermediaries
Todarmal (revenue minister of Akbar) carried crop survey - tax fixed on each crop in cash
Province divided into revenue circle with revenue rates - Zabt - not possible in Gujarat & Bengal
Provinces divided into subas & subas had subedars (political & military functions), diwans (financial)
Military paymaster (bakhshi)
Minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (sadr)
Military commanders (faujdars)
Town police commander (kotwal)
Abul Fazal wrote Akbar Nama in 3 volumes
Volume 1: Akbar’s ancestors
Volume 2: Event of Akbar’s reign
Volume 3: Ain-i-Akbari - Administration and revenue & cultural details - statistics on crops and yields
Shah Jahan period: 5.6% mansabdars received 61.5% of total revenue.
Most income was spent on salary and goods - benefitted artisans and peasantry
Poorest lived from hand to mouth - economic strata created
Mughal elite became very powerful
Mughals declined and servants became powerful - dynasties like Awadh and Hyderabad came into power
Worldwide
Queen Elizabeth I (dynasty Tudors) - conflict b/w Catholics and Protestants (reformed church) - tried to establish independence of Church of England from Rome
Conflicted with Phillip II from Spain & defeated them
Supported playwrighters like Shakespeare & poets like Edward Spenser (wrote epic poem called The Faerie Queene in her praise)
Contemporaries of Akbar
Ottoman Turkey, Sultan Suleyman: Al-Qanuni or lawgiver (1520-1566)
Safavid ruler of Iran: Shah Abbas (1588-1629)
Russian ruler, Czar Ivan IV Vasilyevich or “Ivan the terrible” (1530-1584)
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