🎯 Key points for quick navigation: 00:00 *🤖 Важность искусственного интеллекта в кибербезопасности* - ИИ становится все более важным фактором в кибербезопасности - Ожидается рост угроз, основанных на ИИ 00:54 *🔑 Переход от паролей к пасс-ключам* - Новый стандарт Fido для более простой и безопасной аутентификации - Защита от фишинговых атак, использующих ИИ 01:47 *🎭 Угрозы дипфейков и галлюцинаций ИИ* - Рост использования технологий дипфейков - Проблема "галлюцинаций" в генеративном ИИ - Необходимость в улучшении точности моделей ИИ 04:03 *🤝 Симбиоз ИИ и кибербезопасности* - Использование ИИ для улучшения кибербезопасности - Необходимость обеспечения безопасности самих систем ИИ 04:57 *📊 Анализ прогнозов прошлого года* - Рост стоимости утечек данных - Ускорение развертывания атак программ-вымогателей - Увеличение атак на устройства Интернета вещей - Прогресс в области квантовых вычислений Made with HARPA AI
Hey dear IBM. Can I Ask how you achieve the effect od writing on the foreground with your pen? Is your pen somehow integrated with some software or do you manully write the text in a editor?
570k jobs? Its so hard to even get a low level help desk job now without meeting multiple gatekeeping requirements though. Cert, degree, experience - all just to be stuck resetting some passwords. If you're a high school grad its basically hopeless now.
@@jeffcrume Sorry for my negative comments Jeff. And yes I understand they aren't all entry level jobs - just seems like there is increasingly less and less pathways in any industry for those who didn't finish college to make it into anything but a McJob. Have a good new years
@@Zero11_ss You are right to point out the requirements for sometime irrelevant degrees and certs, instead of a simple knowledge/skills based hiring. I certainly hope we would get to a pure skill based hiring one day. But the reality is it's a more difficult hiring process to evaluate a person's skill set, and degrees/certs are used in lieu of that, which is easier although not fair. Very few firms hire based on skills alone. My suggestion is to pick up some of the cheaper security certifications to land your first job in cyber security. There are tons of content on youtube for training for them. Once you pick up some experience in the first job, that adds more credibility when you apply for your second one. A few years down the line degree and certs wont matter at all given your experience (and learnings from previous jobs). The last couple of years has been challenging for candidates given the macro economic conditions anyway. I hope you have better luck this year, and all the best!
Skills gap to me is not just a job opening position thin imo. I also think that the person on the job needs to have an understanding and a field background experience in IT to further better their skills.... cybersecurity is not just policys and compliance to put in place but also understanding the technical skills behind all those requirements to secure an organization environment. Too many people are more on the bureaucracy part of cybersecurity and not understanding why the mechanisms in place are there or even understanding why an attack occurs in the technical details....
I am was an implementation engineer of IBM products and also worked as a cybersecurity project manager. Ex Ibmer as well. I have recent career break hard for me to restart the career. Any suggestions for certifications or how should I proceed. I am in a state Whether I should go back to technical or continue looking opportunities for PM roles ? Any suggestions would be helpful
I don’t think you can go wrong with either. It all depends on what interests you most. I’m partial to cyber since that’s my area but both are important
Passkeys are not without their own problems though, such as needing the device with the key, security of stolen devices, etc.. Phishing attacks will likely just move to account retrieval, which is not a lot different from how some of them work now.
Using AI for Cybersecurity and Using Cybersecurity to secure AI ! With a big concern in the future, there are could be :“ bad guys AI” and “good guys AI.” I am appreciated for your lecture.
I agree! We still haven’t sorted all of this out. The issue is that even if all the good guys do the right thing, the bad guys won’t follow the rules because, well, they are bad guys
@@jeffcrume that tussle will always be on between the ethical and non-ethical (bad actors). I believe the shift needs to come in where the damage caused by the bad actors is subdued or not considered high impact by ethical AI at some point and that will then "possibly" discard the bad effect.
Hello, this is a great video and info! I understand this is about cyber security, but what do you think about AI helping in the software development industry or do you think it will replace software development jobs? I see lots of talking about it. What is your thoughts? Thanks for the great content.
That chapter has yet to be written but what I think will happen is that AI will be a force multiplier in software development both in terms of writing and debugging code. That could replace some jobs but may create opportunities for others in related areas such as architecture. If the AI can crank out code well enough, that helps but we still have to decide what code it should write and how it should integrate. Keep moving to the areas that AI can’t do, would be my advice
should I still consider pursuing an certification such as comptia security + , oscp in 2024 since I just completed my bachelor degree in computer applications or should I considered for a master degree in cyber security & computer forensic ?
It all depends on what your goals are. If you want to work in industry now, those certs would certainly be helpful. The masters will take longer but could lead to more opportunities in research and academia.
linux and python . python is used for data science and ai and scripting in cybersecurity . both are requisites pretty much . and python will help to learn programing itself without too much syntax getting in the way and then once you know python basics you can easily use it to learn other languages faster
@@rohithtony8211 certifications are more important than college degrees in cyber . also why get payed less to do the same job when you would get payed even more if you do a certification (if you are job ready passing a cert shouldnt be hard ) . college is a waste of time . by the time youre on year two the knowlege from year one is already obsolete lol certs all the way
Whats the best way to begin my path into cybersecurity? i have some programming experience and helpdesk IT xp. I figure certs would be the first step but i can't believe thats the only way to get my foot in the door.
Hello, sir, Big fan of yours: I have a question for you. I want my brother to get involved in a Cybersecurity career. Do you really think he still has a chance to start now and will get jobs this field?
interesting , you are right on skills gap and there are still not good enough pool of talented and skills people available in in Infosec overall. I'd love to do a podcast with you.
If the state enforces centralized systems while being aware of their inherent vulnerabilities that can never be fully secured, there should be a mechanism to hold it accountable. The state has a responsibility to protect its citizens' data and ensure their privacy. If it fails to do so, especially with prior knowledge of the risks, it could face legal and ethical scrutiny. Accountability could come through legal action, policy reforms, and public pressure, demanding that the state improve its data protection measures and transparency.
Very insightful and agnostic which is great to hear. I'm surprised at the MFA stat as this is where we see the primary gaps (i.e. I don't know what I don't know )
Hey Expert. Thanks you so much comprehensive presentation. This video make me to impress on writing/drafting on video. could you share how to create kind of this viedo?
Hello Sir! I'm an final year undergrad searching for job in Bengaluru, India. Could you help me out by letting me know how to take referrals to get a interview call.
Maybe G-A.I threats looks like hard to prevents.. Maybe cyber security breakthrough by something like block-chain networks for G-A.I...! Maybe examples learned by cyber threats and even cyber criminals need to force out wrong decision making similarity by {X}-A.I Thank you for prediction, it's look like important point outs!.. 😊😗😗😗
Any statistics of cybersecurity jobs and career paths available for india? All cybersecurity related companies are asking for a minimum 3 yr experience and internships are very less here.
Unfortunately, I don’t have the stats for India but I’m sure they must exist somewhere. And, you’re right, a lot of the positions that are available and not necessarily entry level but, still, it’s better than going into a field that is fully saturated and declining
Learned something new regarding FIDO Authentication. I have been learning about MFA for my Security+ studies. This video was informative to me. Thanks!
Excellent video (as all of your other ones!). Very clever and interesnting the concept of protect everything around the password itself, I'm sure deepfakes trying to scam people to send money to their sons will be very comon in the very near future, I'm not sure how can we protect us against that. I don't remember the name, but a I saw a guy on twitter developing an AI tool to do pentesting that was amazing and very easy to work with. As you say, AI wil also help us to improve our cibersecurity. Thanks for your videos
Thanks for the kind words! I think the defense against those scams will start with educating the public on what is possible and create a healthy skepticism as a result. They should verify everything. Make a call back to a trusted number. Look for other forms of proof
Higher ed has always been expensive but if you focus in the right area, the ROI (return on investment) is worth it. That said, there are other, non-degree paths available as well. Search the channel for my other videos on cybersecurity careers
if it can discover bugs in realtime then it will just be used as a debugger in code editors and programmers wont write any bugs lol . then the only thing that will be hacked is people . and that is already the way things are pretty much
Thank you sir for this video. I have a question sir. I want to transition from Science Education to cyber security space especially now that A.I has improved the space. How can I get started as a total beginner.. how many years or months should I invest, and the roadmap. I will appreciate a detailed answer thank you sir
Hi @kenedigital. I have a series of career videos on the channel. I’ll try to post a link here but it seems that RUclips is removing all posts with links. If it doesn’t show up, please just search on cybersecurity careers on the ibm technology channel.
thats like saying tiktok will kill cinema just because everyone can make videos now . skilled people will allways be needed . youll just be skilled at prompt engineering and problem solving instead of skilled at memorising useless garbage
Excellent points! Just because we no longer need 90% of our population dedicated to farming as we once did doesn’t mean that everyone is unemployed. The demand for skills is always shifting
It’s not easy. Never has been but companies are hiring so keep improving your skills and make sure that the ones you have are the ones that are in demand
It certainly will be. Too many things to discuss and too little time. Otherwise, it turns into an hour-long video and no one can watch me for that long 🤣
thats because they arent any different than regular cyber threats . youll just be using a vr headset instead of a laptop but the cybersecurity of it all is pretty much the same as video game cybersecurity etc that we already have
the people that dont follow up on ai will be left behind pretty fast since it is growing exponentially fast . as technically minded people we have the ability to keep up with it . not doing so would be not using the advantages you have . thats like not wanting to learn about the internet when it started . those people got left behind fast
Informative but grading your predictions from last year were a little weak. You had a few clearly wrong but went with "its still sort of right". We still love you Jeff and stop the easy predictions "data breaches will continue 🫠"
Excellent! Not much different from last year's trends but on the same road for now
More AI this year
Another great video from this series. Thanks for sharing!
Thanks so much for watching and providing encouragement!
🎯 Key points for quick navigation:
00:00 *🤖 Важность искусственного интеллекта в кибербезопасности*
- ИИ становится все более важным фактором в кибербезопасности
- Ожидается рост угроз, основанных на ИИ
00:54 *🔑 Переход от паролей к пасс-ключам*
- Новый стандарт Fido для более простой и безопасной аутентификации
- Защита от фишинговых атак, использующих ИИ
01:47 *🎭 Угрозы дипфейков и галлюцинаций ИИ*
- Рост использования технологий дипфейков
- Проблема "галлюцинаций" в генеративном ИИ
- Необходимость в улучшении точности моделей ИИ
04:03 *🤝 Симбиоз ИИ и кибербезопасности*
- Использование ИИ для улучшения кибербезопасности
- Необходимость обеспечения безопасности самих систем ИИ
04:57 *📊 Анализ прогнозов прошлого года*
- Рост стоимости утечек данных
- Ускорение развертывания атак программ-вымогателей
- Увеличение атак на устройства Интернета вещей
- Прогресс в области квантовых вычислений
Made with HARPA AI
Hey dear IBM. Can I Ask how you achieve the effect od writing on the foreground with your pen? Is your pen somehow integrated with some software or do you manully write the text in a editor?
570k jobs? Its so hard to even get a low level help desk job now without meeting multiple gatekeeping requirements though. Cert, degree, experience - all just to be stuck resetting some passwords. If you're a high school grad its basically hopeless now.
I understand. Not all of these jobs are entry level, of course, but there are many of them for people with the right skills and experience
@@jeffcrume Sorry for my negative comments Jeff. And yes I understand they aren't all entry level jobs - just seems like there is increasingly less and less pathways in any industry for those who didn't finish college to make it into anything but a McJob.
Have a good new years
@@Zero11_ss You are right to point out the requirements for sometime irrelevant degrees and certs, instead of a simple knowledge/skills based hiring. I certainly hope we would get to a pure skill based hiring one day. But the reality is it's a more difficult hiring process to evaluate a person's skill set, and degrees/certs are used in lieu of that, which is easier although not fair.
Very few firms hire based on skills alone. My suggestion is to pick up some of the cheaper security certifications to land your first job in cyber security. There are tons of content on youtube for training for them. Once you pick up some experience in the first job, that adds more credibility when you apply for your second one. A few years down the line degree and certs wont matter at all given your experience (and learnings from previous jobs).
The last couple of years has been challenging for candidates given the macro economic conditions anyway. I hope you have better luck this year, and all the best!
Skills gap to me is not just a job opening position thin imo. I also think that the person on the job needs to have an understanding and a field background experience in IT to further better their skills.... cybersecurity is not just policys and compliance to put in place but also understanding the technical skills behind all those requirements to secure an organization environment. Too many people are more on the bureaucracy part of cybersecurity and not understanding why the mechanisms in place are there or even understanding why an attack occurs in the technical details....
I am was an implementation engineer of IBM products and also worked as a cybersecurity project manager. Ex Ibmer as well. I have recent career break hard for me to restart the career. Any suggestions for certifications or how should I proceed. I am in a state Whether I should go back to technical or continue looking opportunities for PM roles ? Any suggestions would be helpful
Thanks for the giving this opportunity!
You’re very welcome!
Thank you for your information 🎉🎉
Sr..Should i take Cybersecurity or AI for my undergraduate course....which will have more scope for getting better job oppertunities
I don’t think you can go wrong with either. It all depends on what interests you most. I’m partial to cyber since that’s my area but both are important
AI AI AI everywhere! Great insight into potential threats. Thanks for sharing.
Thanks Jeff!
thank-you so much for this and I am looking forward to learning more from this channel. cheers
Thanks for watching!
Less jobs on the market do not imply they are being filled
Well, they can imply that. They just don't 'prove' it.
Highly appreciated your valuable insights.
Very glad you liked it!
Passkeys are not without their own problems though, such as needing the device with the key, security of stolen devices, etc.. Phishing attacks will likely just move to account retrieval, which is not a lot different from how some of them work now.
ruclips.net/video/9nrE4t4-IXA/видео.htmlsi=3PPXFbIgGxmq-7C5
watched this at 10:21PM, 28th December 2023. Ready for the next year, let's see which of these predictions may come true.
I’ll be watching too to see if this guy knows what he’s talking about 😂
Using AI for Cybersecurity and Using Cybersecurity to secure AI !
With a big concern in the future, there are could be :“ bad guys AI” and “good guys AI.” I am appreciated for your lecture.
Yes, this is what we refer to as “dual use technology” in that regard. Glad you liked the video!
I think the need for more responsible and ethical AI protocols will increase on a company and nationwide level.
I agree! We still haven’t sorted all of this out. The issue is that even if all the good guys do the right thing, the bad guys won’t follow the rules because, well, they are bad guys
@@jeffcrume that tussle will always be on between the ethical and non-ethical (bad actors). I believe the shift needs to come in where the damage caused by the bad actors is subdued or not considered high impact by ethical AI at some point and that will then "possibly" discard the bad effect.
Hello, this is a great video and info! I understand this is about cyber security, but what do you think about AI helping in the software development industry or do you think it will replace software development jobs? I see lots of talking about it. What is your thoughts?
Thanks for the great content.
That chapter has yet to be written but what I think will happen is that AI will be a force multiplier in software development both in terms of writing and debugging code. That could replace some jobs but may create opportunities for others in related areas such as architecture. If the AI can crank out code well enough, that helps but we still have to decide what code it should write and how it should integrate. Keep moving to the areas that AI can’t do, would be my advice
@@jeffcrume I agree with your point of view. It makes lots of sense! I really appreciate your reply. Thanks a lot for your insights 🙌
amazing! btw do you think AI will affect cybersecurity jobs? like its affecting developers?
Yes, it definitely will. I have a few videos on this if you search the channel for “will ai hurt or help cybersecurity” and “ai in cybersecurity”
@@jeffcrume aight, thank you sir.
concise, accessible and understandable. Thank you!
Thank you for watching!
Great knowledgeable session and hatsoff to his in depth knowledge and way he delivers the insight s
Thanks so much for saying so!
should I still consider pursuing an certification such as comptia security + , oscp in 2024 since I just completed my bachelor degree in computer applications or should I considered for a master degree in cyber security & computer forensic ?
It all depends on what your goals are. If you want to work in industry now, those certs would certainly be helpful. The masters will take longer but could lead to more opportunities in research and academia.
Great video!!
Thanks!
Great content. :)
Glad you liked it!
Can you please tell me what concepts like os, language for cybersecurity to learn scratch for beginners
Take a look at the cybersecurity architecture series that I did for the channel
@@jeffcrume thank you sir, can I ask you something is certificate necessary for having a job or skill with basic educational certificates
linux and python . python is used for data science and ai and scripting in cybersecurity . both are requisites pretty much . and python will help to learn programing itself without too much syntax getting in the way and then once you know python basics you can easily use it to learn other languages faster
@@rohithtony8211 certifications are more important than college degrees in cyber . also why get payed less to do the same job when you would get payed even more if you do a certification (if you are job ready passing a cert shouldnt be hard ) . college is a waste of time . by the time youre on year two the knowlege from year one is already obsolete lol certs all the way
Great video, thank you for sharing valuable information. Super! 😊
So glad you liked it!
Happy new year IBM! Wish you a successful 2024 and beyond!
🦾🥳🇺🇲
Happy new year to you as well!
Thank you for the insights!
You’re welcome!
Thanks for sharing sir
You’re very welcome!
Wow thank you for this video
Whats the best way to begin my path into cybersecurity? i have some programming experience and helpdesk IT xp. I figure certs would be the first step but i can't believe thats the only way to get my foot in the door.
I posted two videos to the channel on cybersecurity careers so please take a look at those
Hello, sir,
Big fan of yours:
I have a question for you.
I want my brother to get involved in a Cybersecurity career. Do you really think he still has a chance to start now and will get jobs this field?
I keep trying to post but they aren’t getting through. Search elsewhere on the channel and you will see other videos I did on the subject
I like this concept.
Love your T-Shirt AND your videos, of course 🤓
Thanks so much! The guy that records and edits the videos gave me that
ruclips.net/video/LdnJoT5IWPM/видео.html
interesting , you are right on skills gap and there are still not good enough pool of talented and skills people available in in Infosec overall. I'd love to do a podcast with you.
Awesome ❤
Thank you!
Thank you for valuable information!
hallucinations works! that dot on the backgroung made me crazy with my screen))
Glad you liked it!
Where do you get this information from?
From the dark corners of what’s left of my brain … 🧠 😂
why isnt there a secure email cert by MS or IBM?
Cert? Why?
Probably haven't finalized how high to price it :(
nice video, cyber security is the best science in the world
I find it fascinating!
I literally subbed just before he said deep fake then immediately gave this video a like right after
If the state enforces centralized systems while being aware of their inherent vulnerabilities that can never be fully secured, there should be a mechanism to hold it accountable. The state has a responsibility to protect its citizens' data and ensure their privacy. If it fails to do so, especially with prior knowledge of the risks, it could face legal and ethical scrutiny. Accountability could come through legal action, policy reforms, and public pressure, demanding that the state improve its data protection measures and transparency.
Very insightful and agnostic which is great to hear. I'm surprised at the MFA stat as this is where we see the primary gaps (i.e. I don't know what I don't know )
Very glad you liked it!
Hey Expert. Thanks you so much comprehensive presentation. This video make me to impress on writing/drafting on video. could you share how to create kind of this viedo?
Hello Sir!
I'm an final year undergrad searching for job in Bengaluru, India. Could you help me out by letting me know how to take referrals to get a interview call.
Maybe G-A.I threats looks like hard to prevents.. Maybe cyber security breakthrough by something like block-chain networks for G-A.I...! Maybe examples learned by cyber threats and even cyber criminals need to force out wrong decision making similarity by {X}-A.I Thank you for prediction, it's look like important point outs!.. 😊😗😗😗
I think we are all still learning about this emerging space which is so new that there almost are to experts at this point
I worked on this day on leadership training leads(email only) and youtube, it manages leade(Qatar), leadership Cybersecurity professional.
Any course on that?
would love to see you revamp IBM's Cyber Threat Intelligence course on Coursera. I just recently finished it, and that course was some hot dogshit
Any statistics of cybersecurity jobs and career paths available for india? All cybersecurity related companies are asking for a minimum 3 yr experience and internships are very less here.
Unfortunately, I don’t have the stats for India but I’m sure they must exist somewhere. And, you’re right, a lot of the positions that are available and not necessarily entry level but, still, it’s better than going into a field that is fully saturated and declining
Thank you! Whats your take on cryptocurrency in the Y2024, Cryptomining could be pose more threat may be?
I suspect it will continue to be an issue but my hope is that in time people will move away from this because it’s very inefficient
Learned something new regarding FIDO Authentication. I have been learning about MFA for my Security+ studies. This video was informative to me. Thanks!
So glad you liked it! I have a video on FIDO entitled “the end of passwords” and a follow up FAQ video you might find useful
Excellent video (as all of your other ones!). Very clever and interesnting the concept of protect everything around the password itself, I'm sure deepfakes trying to scam people to send money to their sons will be very comon in the very near future, I'm not sure how can we protect us against that.
I don't remember the name, but a I saw a guy on twitter developing an AI tool to do pentesting that was amazing and very easy to work with. As you say, AI wil also help us to improve our cibersecurity.
Thanks for your videos
Thanks for the kind words! I think the defense against those scams will start with educating the public on what is possible and create a healthy skepticism as a result. They should verify everything. Make a call back to a trusted number. Look for other forms of proof
and we still educate the end user on cybersecurity awareness. For this Deepfake govt and state has to take initiative and fund it.@@jeffcrume
If college degrees costed as much as they do in the EU would we have this staffing problem?
Higher ed has always been expensive but if you focus in the right area, the ROI (return on investment) is worth it. That said, there are other, non-degree paths available as well. Search the channel for my other videos on cybersecurity careers
+Plus
Setuju, AI bisa jadi enemy yg di develop orang yang salah
The day someone creates an AI that can write malware and discover exploits in real time is gonna be a cataclysmic change in our industry
It can already do the first part. We are going to need to leverage AI on the defense side to keep up with
if it can discover bugs in realtime then it will just be used as a debugger in code editors and programmers wont write any bugs lol . then the only thing that will be hacked is people . and that is already the way things are pretty much
@@jeffcrume fight fire with fire ;)
Thank you sir for this video.
I have a question sir.
I want to transition from Science Education to cyber security space especially now that A.I has improved the space.
How can I get started as a total beginner.. how many years or months should I invest, and the roadmap.
I will appreciate a detailed answer thank you sir
Hi @kenedigital. I have a series of career videos on the channel. I’ll try to post a link here but it seems that RUclips is removing all posts with links. If it doesn’t show up, please just search on cybersecurity careers on the ibm technology channel.
@@jeffcrume thank you sir.. I appreciate the answer and I will check it.
That skills gap getting “smaller” is just tech layoffs IMO
thats like saying tiktok will kill cinema just because everyone can make videos now . skilled people will allways be needed . youll just be skilled at prompt engineering and problem solving instead of skilled at memorising useless garbage
they said that the automatic sewing machine would kill the textile industry but it made it boom .
Excellent points! Just because we no longer need 90% of our population dedicated to farming as we once did doesn’t mean that everyone is unemployed. The demand for skills is always shifting
Q* 😎👍🏻
Yeah, but how to get even an internship or entry level job now. Everything is so competetive.
It’s not easy. Never has been but companies are hiring so keep improving your skills and make sure that the ones you have are the ones that are in demand
Quantum dots will be replacing passwords.
scary thanks
How are you drowing on air
ruclips.net/video/LdnJoT5IWPM/видео.html
❤
❤❤
You've not talked about cyber threats in the metaverse which i think will be a thing too
It certainly will be. Too many things to discuss and too little time. Otherwise, it turns into an hour-long video and no one can watch me for that long 🤣
thats because they arent any different than regular cyber threats . youll just be using a vr headset instead of a laptop but the cybersecurity of it all is pretty much the same as video game cybersecurity etc that we already have
skills gap... maybe there are fewer tech jobs and more skilled people got laid off, so the skills gap has shrunk, maybe
Hello cyber security
2024 будет другим чем 2023
"Change is the only constant"
Feels forced to over focus on AI..
All the existing threats will continue but I wanted to highlight the new stuff and that is largely coming from the AI space
the people that dont follow up on ai will be left behind pretty fast since it is growing exponentially fast . as technically minded people we have the ability to keep up with it . not doing so would be not using the advantages you have . thats like not wanting to learn about the internet when it started . those people got left behind fast
I saw that dead pixel
this comment is every creators worst nightmare
ran some ware ibm
1st
Hello my account is hacked and I need help
Jeff, still not enough buzzwords and jargon. Try harder
Challenge accepted 😂
@@jeffcrume😂🎉😢😮😅😊 0:18
😅
crenel
No real insight here. Mostly news headlines.
good guys huh. interesting
Thanks!
Informative but grading your predictions from last year were a little weak. You had a few clearly wrong but went with "its still sort of right". We still love you Jeff and stop the easy predictions "data breaches will continue 🫠"
Sure but my point about data breaches was that the cost went up. My prediction was that they would be bigger going forward and they were