Why Do We Celebrate Juneteenth? Columbians Share the History and How They Observe the Day
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- Опубликовано: 3 июл 2024
- For many, especially in the southern United States and particularly in Texas, Juneteenth has been an emancipation celebration observed for generations. It commemorates the announcement of General Order No. 3, proclaiming freedom from slavery in Texas on June 19, 1865. That day was when every enslaved person in the U.S. finally knew that they were free and the institution came to an end.
It’s possible that you’re among the many people just coming to understand the holiday. Columbia invites you to dig into the history it honors and mark it in one way or another. This year, for the second time, the university will observe Juneteenth.
This Columbia mini-doc uncovers the backstory-historical and personal-of Juneteenth, as told by a collection of our students, scholars, and staff. We thank all of them for sharing their voices and experiences.
Correction: Professor Bob O'Meally is Zora Neale Hurston Professor of English and Comparative Literature. Full academic titles are below.
Chapters:
00:00 Intro
02:39 The History of Emancipation Day
03:55 Discovering Juneteenth in 1971
04:28 George Floyd & Juneteenth 2020
06:02 How I Celebrate
07:02 A National Celebration
08:46 Nonwhite Coalition-building
10:38 University Recognition
11:20 How Long Will it Be Before Freedom Is Real?
Featuring:
Frank Guridy, Associate Professor of History and African American and African Diaspora Studies
Colby King, CC’22, African American and African Diaspora Studies and Psychology
Lewis Long, Associate Director, The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Art Gallery
Karma Lowe, Associate Dean of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Community Engagement, School of Social Work
Stephanie McCurry, R. Gordon Hoxie Professor of American History in Honor of Dwight D. Eisenhower
Robert O’Meally, Zora Neale Hurston Professor of English and Comparative Literature
Samuel Roberts, Associate Professor of History, Sociomedical Sciences, and African American and African Diaspora Studies
Ixchel Rosal, Associate Vice President for Student Life, Office of University Life
Bérénice Sylverain, GS’21, African American and African Diaspora Studies
Thank you for this! We are going to share this vid to our community!
Thanks for sharing!
Great learning moments. Thank you for sharing.
This was very interesting and thought provoking for me. Well done.
Well done Columbia!
Thank you, your information columbia university, afdal
Maryland and Virginia took part in Washington DC's Emancipation Day Celebration on April 16th
Juneteenth is specific to Texas, but not the official end of slavery in the US. The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery in Confederate states, but there were states that did not join the Confederacy, like Delaware and Kentucky, that had slaves and were not covered by the proclamation. Slavery was not officially ended for ALL Africans in America until December 6, 1865 with the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution. This is the real Emancipation Day. When you celebrate Juneteenth, just know that this is a commemorative date but not the true date America ended slavery.
Slavery exists today... Democrats demonstrated this by using Covid to rule over Americans, Merchants, teachers, etc... keeping their thumbs on them to snuff them out in order to roll in Marxist Socialist Government.
@@LoireValleyChateaux Please get help.
@@datmeme8967 We tried...we voted for the REAL PRESIDENT... however Demoncrats had 80 Million illegal aliens, & agents from China, Russia, and Iran vote CHINA JOE into office. Then they surrounded the Capital with fencing razor wire and National Guard Troops to keep the People OUT.
@@LoireValleyChateaux My whole family are born in the USA. Dat Meme is right, seek help.
@@susiedupuy9532 BE LIKE... What type of "HELP" do you recommend?
Ya know what I'm sayin!
My,Mama Is From Texas, That's The Reason Why We Learn About
Texans should learn about it and have enormous celebrations. People in other states... not so much. Just about every confederate state has it's own Emancipation Day and many other pre-13th amendment states ended slavery on their own prior to the Civil War. These states should celebrate their own dates. The National holiday belongs on the date slavery ended in the nation. Dec. 6th.
Funny, it was the opposite for me. I grew up in Texas, and I never heard about Juneteenth until I came to Columbia.
Democrats do everything they can to suppress the truth about being the party of slavery
Typical of you KKKavebeasts!
there's a lot of secret communist meanings behind the Juneteenth
What part of Texas? I live in Houston and we've been celebrating it over 50 years here. It happen in Texas only.
Free to Act A fool
Why are they mixing LGBT and Spanish speaking immigrant affairs with the Juneteenth celebration that is specifically related to Foundational Black Americans.🤔🤔
They all way mixing our bill with others never nothing just for Black Americans...I live in Texas and we have been celebrating this for year over 50 years...I'm offended it a Holiday!...one thing it happen in Texas.
This celebration was for slaves been set free...not to be gay LGBT or Pan-Africans this has taken the whole purpose for the cause out out! I won't be celebrating it ever again.
Shunning any group of people from anything should feel wrong. We've come some far, every national holiday should be for ALL Americans. The fact that Americans of all colors want to be included in celebrating the end of slavery should show how far we've all come. Telling certain people that they shouldn't or can't be a part of it seems like a step backwards. Slavery is the biggest blemish on our countries past. It's embarrassing, but we should never forget it, that way hopefully nothing remotely similar to it will happen again!
@@bendaniel5901 You know what would trump all the symbolic nothing burgers you just mentioned is to pay Foundational Black Americans the reparations we are owed from the American government. Every other group gets actual tangibles while Black people are fed holidays and promises of putting dead Black people on federal notes.
@@bendaniel5901 Hijacking other peoples movement for the sole purpose of pushing your own agendas is wrong but often the case whenever Black people are unifying for our own causes and cultural celebrations.
Learned about Juneteenth in my youth in the 80s in Kansas City, MO. We celebrated Juneteenth every year. It is NOT a celebration just for descendants of Texan slaves; that is a wild take. It was liberation for all Black slaves in the US.
I'm almost 57 years old and I never even heard of Juneteenth until last year. I'm still not sure what it is? That's why I'm watching this right now.
The Democrat party is the party of slavery, the K- -, and Jim Crow laws. It is a historical fact that hey fought a Civil War in order to continue enslaving blacks, and for generations they have kept them in another form of urban slavery, slavery to a crime-ridden culture that never seems to change under corrupt Democrat big-city Mayors. Fresh from having stolen another election, this time with foreign assistance, they are pretending to be the proud ancestors of those who fought against this evil, when they themselves are the face of it.
It's something a handful of communities in the south acknowledged. It is a random day in June.
youre probaly white then.
@@_souldier considering whites make up approximately 75% of the US population, you're probably right. That doesn't change the fact that juneteenth is just a regional "holiday".
@@susanwojcickisnicetwin exactly! More Democratic Party BS!
Excellent piece of work, thank you for this!
I strongly believe Lewis Long and Jabari Reynolds are related somehow.
YOU CELEBRATE 🥂 IT BECAUSE YOUR MASA TELLS YOU TO CELEBRATE IT...
I guess because here in Texas we've been at it for over 50 years and we are not happy about this Holiday...it not/wasn't necessary after 50 years of celebration.
I’m from Connecticut and my community has celebrate Juneteenth for over 50 yrs. Thanks to Ms. Cynthia
A ⭕️ can fit inside a square and a square in side a ⭕️. And a triangle can fit inside both.
@@user-ox5np1qh3b 🤣😂
make sure to be thankful for the white Republicans that made 6/19 possible
Uh...I dont celebrate juneteenth. Does anyone?
I don't anymore... I live in Houston
Texans and their descendants celebrate Juneteenth
I do and I live in Alabama
Why is the music so loud and dramatic?? 🤬
How great was the gentleman at 9:50 's opinion! The woman that spoke before him had such a negative tone. Then right after her he spoke so beautifully and had such a positive outlook on being a human!
I coundn't agree more. There was some black youtuber saying "white people stay in the house cause this is for black folks". It was stupid and ignorant other cultures had let Americans share thier holiday with them, its a shame that African American can't do the same.
I thought the same thing. People go too far with this stuff and truly act like they’re victims all while living in the best country on planet earth.
@@John-rn1uw I agree, things might not be perfect here(US) but its better place to live than the majority of the world. Most of us need to learn to be thankful for what we have!
Just watched it and I didnt hear a negative tone.
Many of us deeply melanated people DID NOT have slave ancestry even though our ancestors lived in the South during and even before the Civil War. How many people know that NOT ALL people of color (aka. "African" Americans, called "Negroes" or "coloreds") at that time in the South were slaves? How many people of color have even done a family genealogy search by records to know who their ancestors were during and even before the Civil War that may have even been landowners themselves? There ARE records. Start with the US Census Bureau.
Flyin-pyramids, grape-drank, hiphop......my Peeps have a lot to celebrate.
Me too, I didn’t even know about Juneteenth until I moved to Texas, it wasn’t a thing in New York but in Texas it was a thing
Because this is originally who it was for... Texans...We didn't need a Holiday after celebrating it for over 50 years...smdh
I too am fr0m NY and it was not until I moved to TEXAS that I learned about this national HOLIDAY ! Happy Juneteenth DAY !!!!
The 8:29 mark was weird to me.
PEOPLE... SELF DETERMINATION ‼️ is the only true SOLUTION. as done by nearly all humans on the face of the earth 🌍 since the world 🌍 began...
The problem is a lot of us can't find slavery in our family's.
So what are y'all celebrating for
Saw the Juneteenth on the news that they celebration in Houston it seemed like there was very little interest in it
The more we focus on celebrating Juneteenth, we will bring it to the attention of others, letting them know that this day is important to us. Let's aim to have it recognized and celebrated on the same level as Martin Luther King day - which also had it's struggles - but is now well celebrated! as it should be.
MLK was well known to be an adulterer, read the bible where unrepentant adulterers go. I am not judging. I am saying what the real Judge already said.
We do not need anymore symbolism our people need reparation this is what's important...this day is for profit only...We have been celebration this day for over 50year in Houston we do not need a special day after doing it that long.
@@marilynwillett804 The very fact that you have chosen to bring up this incident is fact that "you are judging". How do you know that MLK was unrepentant? The very same judge forgave the women at the well who had many husbands, and Rahab who was a harlot, also David who sinned with Bathsheba. The "Real Judge" also said "let him who is without sin - cast the first stone". Tread lightly my friend.
@@daphneytennard3267 Because it's been celebrated in Houston, doesn't mean it's recognized everywhere else. Many people in many states still do not have a clue. Also, how would you speed up the reparation process?
@@marilynwillett804 so was jfk
Never heard of it !!
2023 Happy Juneteenth 157th Liberation Day Holiday. Now & Forever FREE.
Why would you celebrate the fact that those salves didn’t want to be freed because they didn’t have a plan in place, because they had already been freed 2 1/2 years prior 💁🏽♀️💁🏽♀️🧐🤷🏽♀️🤦🏽♀️🤦🏽♀️???? Why??? Old Abe had already freed those slaves 2 1/2 before and the plantations had already been bought by businesses so the slave owners didn’t even own them!!!!!! So my question still remains Why do y’all celebrate this day??? It has to be cognitive dissidence because it ain’t no way that we should celebrating this “holiday “ because those ignorant folks wanted to stay in bondage because it was easier!!!!!
Agree... I live in Houston and this celebration as far as I know has been going on over 50 years here we didn't need a holiday and one thing they did was push supporting black businesses.
We have to work everyday slaves for the government. We are slaves everyday.
That’s not true about Juneteenth not being celebrated in New York . In Harlem NYC there’s been a parade and celebration for the last 29years and counting to celebrate Juneteenth.
Why do some people celebrate being hoodwinked? I do not understand.
This video needed more Barnard representation. Sincerely, a Barnard woman born on Juneteenth.
Answer...Nothing.
I see only negative things coming out of this.
So 🤡🙄
HAPPY COLUMBUS DAY
Please let us know what Columbus Day has to do with Juneteenth, thanks.
🤣🤣🤣
@@DavidIrthum nothing at all,
June tenth? How about remembering Passover?
If you're a Jew who celebrates the culture, or Seventh Day Adventist then U celebrate Passover EVERY Friday @Sunset....
Revolutionary idea: You can celebrate both ... No need to thank me
Who cares
Some of our people sound like zombies of a different world. How can a nation within a nation get better when we still have not started yet all I hear is these conservative all folk talk when we need to deal with us 1st then we can maybe deal with equality and justice for all.
It is not a holiday it is called segregation people still have to work go to school it is not a holiday
I think 'Juneteenth' is a stupid name. I'd prefer 'Abolition Day' or 'Freedom Day' or something like that so it properly honors the occasion. Juneteenth sounds dumb and ignorant.
A lot of fragile egos in this comment section.
Men (and women) of quality don't fear equality...
agreed. that's why its weird that they act like colorist in this video by trying to other light skinned people. not even white but less dark minorities. really odd and counter productive wouldn't you agree? That part. i like this holiday. its very important.
We do fear communism.
I fear the Democratic party's plan for socialism and suppression of personal liberties.
The comments herein are very interesting. I also find it interesting that the comments and likes/dislikes are disabled altogether on the "community immunity" video. Very interesting.
Absolutely nothing
Nope. Read Pedro Gonzalez’s article from last July 6 where he wrote: “Juneteenth, in truth, marks the death of the old American nation and the birth of a new one, clawing out from the chest of the Republic in a nightmarish vision that would make Ridley Scott square.”
This is a university? Looks more like a political commentary channel to me
Instead of working on uniting America, we find ways to divide it!
So I guess St. Patrick's Day is out. And Cinco De Mayo?
@@andre5881 - you are equating non-equals. The first two holidays are national and religious holidays while Juneteenth is a directive issued by a Union General from an occupying army. It would more appropriate to celebrate Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation Day as a holiday if it did not carry with it the negative and implied connotation of White guilt. Slavery is bad in all of its forms but judging a group of individuals from the past with Today’s standards is totally inappropriate.
An example of relevance is that it was wrong for the existence of South Africa’s Apartheid government but the new South African nation government is far worse than it predecessor in the treatment of Whites as opposed to the Apartheid’s government of treatment of Blacks. Even though that we stand against slavery, many American companies manufacture their product in sweatshops across the World.
@@abbuckley Slavery didn't end after the emancipation proclamation. Juneteenth celebrates the actual day (2 years later) the slaves were freed.
@@romeoh4859 - I agree. The Emancipation Proclamation by the Union freed slaves in another country, the Confederacy - I am discussing the legality of it. It would similar to the US issuing a statement freeing the Uighur Muslims in China. However, Juneteenth is intended to villainize one group of society than to celebrate the freedom of another. Thus, I am against it based on its vitriol effect on society. It is intended to divide than unite America. If you divide holidays into positive and negative one, then the Juneteenth falls into the latter category.
@@abbuckley Africans and American born blacks were slaves in all of America until Juneteeth. You can't be half free. I get why you say another country as the confederacy established themselves as a sovereign nation but they were still Americans. I think you are misunderstanding the purpose of celebrating the day. It isn't to perpetuate hate. It is to celebrate a time of healing. A people were freed from bondage. Reckognized as human beings and not property. It is also to remember the sacrifices that were made to achieve that freedom. It is the same as the 4th of July. Celebrating American independence day doesn't mean we hate the British right?
Wake me when reparations are paid 😴
Hopefully you’ll be sleeping a long time because no one owes you anything.
Slavery was still going on after that day. American Indians still had Africa slaves after Juneteenth🧢🥱. Any means, yes whites said slavery bad and told Africans in africa to stop slavery and whites died fighting slavery so future generations wouldn’t have to be slaves. But instead of a holiday that actually represents America we have a holiday that’s only relevant to Texas but then put it across America which makes no sense specially when there’s still slavery going on after that date. Also the elephant in the room is slavery is still going on but free Americans complain about past slavery while doing nothing to help current slaves🤑🧢
Solid points. Slavery still ongoing in Muslim countries, in China, and probably other countries and no one talks about it. Instead you have one black NBA player call out China while 99% want Chinas money!
When did this start and y are you trying to take away father's day it's cuz yours left for a pack of kools and didn't come back ?
Juneteenth started in 1866 in Texas but was called Jubilee day, it's not trying to take away father's day
@@missunknown1113 so what your saying is they stole two holidays niceeeee
?????? It’s a holiday that coencides roughly around Father’s Day, it’s not nearly as widely celebrated, what’s your point?
@@iamstarstreek no point was asking a question as I never heard of Junewhat ever til last year so again when did it start?
@@crazyEye420 oh, if it was just a genuine question then my bad. its really more of a regional holiday in my opinion, but basically it celebrates the release of the last slaves in Texas. I haven’t done my research but I’m assuming this is some kind of landmark in the end of slavery as it wasn’t the end of the civil war but Texas also wasn’t the last state to free their slaves.
So what is the celebratory dress? And why call it Juneteenth? Is that some sort of black slang ... like Stepin Fetchit trying to say "June Nineteenth"?
I've often wondered about that too.
@@jackbarlow4104 Yeah. And if you're half black ... do you only get to celebrate for 1/2 a day?
Should the Dallas ‘Cowboys’ name be changed!
Why?
Lot ppl dont know about cowboys name
@@oj4499 Should I google it?
The Gauchos?
No, because "cowboy" is not a derogative term. Nice try though.
We should also celebrate Robert E Lee day as well
That is EXACTLY what I expect coming from any KKKavebeast!
But he lost
@@imperialwarhawk123abc5 that’s not the point, he still should be honored
@@Bossman_71 for fighting for slavery?
Idk man. Seems like weird guy to celebrate. Especially when you got Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman from the same era. Who all helped win and helped restore the union.
All lee did was make a rebellion for southern slave owners last longer than it should. No honor in that.
And why are you saying this on a video about Juneteenth? 🤨 Weird.
@@imperialwarhawk123abc5 simply wrong , you only tell one point of the story on that war, it was much more about taxation than slavery, the south was fighting over taxation from the north
african americans need to learn their history 0:16
Slavery has a global history.
Yet, the United States is now carrying that histories baggage.
Many of us already do, you need to learn it too instead of being a know. It all, mr miserable
Don't forget, Native Americans owned black slaves. This needs to be front and center 24/7 as we all must remember this in our daily lives. Juneteenth? Perfect holiday to celebrate, what? Was that when Native Americans freed their black slaves?
Why is that important
Make sure to be thankful for the white Republicans that made 6/19 possible.
Thank the same people that enslaved us!!! FOH 🙄🤡 Republicans didn't free the slaves stupid!! The war wasn't over slavery it was over taxation!! 🙄And when they couldn't win they threw slavery in to get others to fight with them!! Maybe if whites would stop fighting history you'd actually learn it!! 🙄🤡
Juneteenth.. A day to pander to a group of people who've been convinced they are victims.
This was only specific to certain places like Texas...if you wanna celebrate it cool. But local traditions do not need so much fan fare.
If you actually stop to think, without the EP, those slaves could not have been freed.
Shut up
🏳️🌈The LGBTQ+community🏳️🌈stands hand-in-hand with young blacks. 👏🏻🌈✊🏿👨🏾❤️👨🏾🫃🏽
🏳️🌈Vote Democrat🏳️🌈
No..don't push democratic politics on people you should be old enough to understand that all they do is keep people dependent, poor, irresponsible and subservient. And if you don't know I'll fill you in
make sure to be thankful for the white Republicans that made 6/19 possible
Tribal thinking is very primitive thinking. Like cave man.
Aussi important que le Memorial Day, vive le Juneteenth!!!
This ain’t nothing to celebrate.. freedom was giving not earn
You can't even type an intelligent sentence yet you have the audacity to belittle something you obviously know NOTHING about!!! 🤡🙄
I can’t take some of these peoples mindsets. My ancestors were slaves in Ireland for many years. Over a million Jews were killed and before that they have always been persecuted. Slave actually comes from the Slavic people who were enslaved to Muslims. Chinese ancestors were slaves for many years. India had more slaves in its history than all of African history.
That girl talking about all “non-white” folks need to come together is called segregation. All of this stuff creates segregation and disdain for groups of people that had nothing to do with history of the past.
Like Morgan freeman said, I don’t want a black history month, black history is American history.
Bra stop mentioning other people atrocities if you aren’t a racist you shouldn’t have a problem and Irish people wasn’t no no slaves it was a few very who fell victim to the rich class Irish as servants not slaves.And the Holocaust have nothing to do with black Americans if other cultures have a day to remember their independence then we should to.
We don’t say to Jews oh what about Pearl Harbor you people only do that to black Americans we can’t have nothing haven’t we suffer enough.If everything is so fear and equal why you have a problem with black Americans getting holiday for themselves?
Bra none of that mattes idc about people atrocities it not relating I can feel sorry but it’s racist and disrespectful to bring other people atrocities and compare it to what happened to black Americans it’s a false equal-valence
@@jerseyboyantbrooks2824 so what 200 years from now blacks will talk about how they’re victims, underachieving, and 100% fatherless, because of slavery that ended in 1865? Irish we’re slaves for over 300 years, shows how little you know. I’m not talking about indentured servitude by the way.
Irish slaves sold for 10% of what African slaves went for. On average Irish slaves lived in mud houses without windows. African slaves on average had log cabins with wood floors and windows. Irish ate one potato a day, Africans ate meat almost everyday.
Look up Thomas Sowell history of slavery on RUclips if you want to learn something.
Black history is American history. We don’t need a black history month. Everyone is just tired of all this black tv, black history month, Juneteenth, Kwanza (total made up holiday to take away from Christianity), BLM and their Marxist ideals wanting destruction of the family unit, black on black crime, black culture lacking moral values and hard work, blacks wanting black only schools. The list goes on and on.
Most recent Pew research studies show blacks are the most racist of groups in the US by a large margin (if your one of those who don’t think Blacks can be racist then blacks are most likely to have hatred of other races). This is not at all surprising given this woke crap black culture. Everyone is sick of it.
Funny you mentioned all the other but NEVER mentioned what whites did!!! 🤷🏾♀️🙄
Every Juneteenth you should thank a white person for ending slavery all over the globe.
AP....Useless!!!
?
Ugh. Too much pandering.
I don't understand why this is going viral! The whole country didn't know what this was! It is for Texas! Galveston to be exact! It took two years for the news to get to Texas...ok so be it! Now anybody and everyone wants in on it! It belongs to Galveston Texas! Let them have their special day!
Girl shut up. You’re a hundred years too late for that argument. Celebrate or shut up.
That's like saying the 4th of July is just for Yorktown, Virginia because the fighting ended there.
@@romeoh4859 right! 😂🤣
Bro u not even black
@@Lincolnberries - I was hoping that this discussion would be more civilized. I guess I was wrong. Admit somebody to Columbia through “Affirmative Action” and suddenly they think that they deserved it!
As a white American man you are welcome for your freedom. May the hundreds of thousands of white, American men, who died to free you, rest in peace.
As a black American you are welcome for your enlightenment as it was those roughly 80000 black soldiers, and those countless others who persisted with black resistance and humanity that led America on its enlightened path all while building this great nation for you enjoyment. Yes you're welcome.
@@germiledavis3677 Very well (I don't agree but for the sake of argument lets say you have a point). Then start enjoying the nation "you built" and if you don't like the way the nation is, I guess you should have built it better. Either way I'm sick of hearing black, white, brown, yellow and red colored people complaining about oppression as the sip Starbucks and record supposed inequality with a 600 dollar cell phone. As a white man I owe you nothing, wrongs were committed, wrongs were corrected, wrongs still exist and always will. Being successful or unsuccessful has nothing to do with oppression, privilege or color. It has to do with heart, dedication and perseverance. Just ask anybody successful.
@Grady Risley: Never mind all the Black soldiers who fought on the North side as Union soldiers (they served on the Confederate side as well). But the North side won BECAUSE of the Black soldiers that remained to fight their battle til the end. Blacks literally pulled themselves up by the bootstraps during the Civil War, thus securing their freedom.
@@brownstar5432 Interesting theory but facts and history don't support it. The fact you take offense at what I wrote shows history is not being taught in school. Why do women have the right to vote today? Is it because they rose up and made it happen or is it because white men voted and passed a law saying women can now vote? Who demanded armies in the 1800s white men or black men? What "color" of man prodominatly died in the civil war? My point isn't that only white men fought and/or died. My point is that black Americans today "seem" to associate white Americans with slave owners, how about all the white men who died to free them? Judging a white man as racist based on the color of his skin is no less racist than a white man thinking a black man is a gang banger just because he is black. You were never a slave and I never owned a slave. I owe you nothing because I have never wronged you, you deserve nothing from me because I never harmed you. Get over it for two reasons. 1 Slavery is illegal and I never owned any. 2 you were never a slave. Lets get on with life as equals just like we have been since the beginning.
@Grady Riley: Fact is I'm not offended by your comment, as you're entitled to your opinion. And if it weren't for White Historians leaving Black history out of the history books intentionally, this wouldn't seem like a theory to you. But I digress...I certainly don't see ALL whites as Racist. I know for a fact there are decent people in all races; it's just the bad apples who ruin the whole bunch. Just because u didn't own slaves doesn't mean you haven't benefited from your ancestors having owned them...but that doesn't mean that Blacks are expecting anything from you.
is this the day crime skyrocketed in America?