Proto-Oncogenes and Oncogenes

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate the cell growth and differentiation. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through their protein products. Upon acquiring an activating mutation, a proto-oncogene becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an oncogene.Examples of proto-oncogenes include RAS, WNT, MYC, ERK, and TRK. The MYC gene is implicated in Burkitt's lymphoma, which starts when a chromosomal translocation moves an enhancer sequence within the vicinity of the MYC gene. The MYC gene codes for widely used transcription factors. When the enhancer sequence is wrongly placed, these transcription factors are produced at much higher rates. Another example of an oncogene is the Bcr-Abl gene found on the Philadelphia chromosome, a piece of genetic material seen in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia caused by the translocation of pieces from chromosomes 9 and 22. Bcr-Abl codes for a tyrosine kinase, which is constitutively active, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. (More information about the Philadelphia Chromosome below)An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, these genes are often mutated, or expressed at high levels.
Most normal cells will undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death (apoptosis) when critical functions are altered and malfunctioning. Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead.[3] Most oncogenes began as proto-oncogenes: normal genes involved in cell growth and proliferation or inhibition of apoptosis. If, through mutation, normal genes promoting cellular growth are up-regulated (gain-of-function mutation), they will predispose the cell to cancer; thus, they are termed "oncogenes". Usually multiple oncogenes, along with mutated apoptotic or tumor suppressor genes will all act in concert to cause cancer.
The proto-oncogene can become an oncogene by a relatively small modification of its original function. There are three basic methods of activation:
A mutation within a proto-oncogene, or within a regulatory region (for example the promoter region), can cause a change in the protein structure, causing
an increase in protein (enzyme) activity
a loss of regulation
An increase in the amount of a certain protein (protein concentration), caused by
an increase of protein expression (through misregulation)
an increase of protein (mRNA) stability, prolonging its existence and thus its activity in the cell
gene duplication (one type of chromosome abnormality), resulting in an increased amount of protein in the cell
A chromosomal translocation (another type of chromosome abnormality)
There are 2 different types of chromosomal translocations that can occur:
translocation events which relocate a proto-oncogene to a new chromosomal site that leads to higher expression
translocation events that lead to a fusion between a proto-oncogene and a 2nd gene (this creates a fusion protein with increased cancerous/oncogenic activity)

[@nnjlnn8040]

The vid is very helpful! I hope you keep doing what you're doing. It's precise and straight to the point, just what I needed ^_^ I love your handwriting on the video, as well as the colored markers~ They add life to the vid, in my opinion.

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad it helps...... Keep sharing and supporting ✌️

[@mansivarshney2973]

Ur explanations r so on point n easy to understand. Love ur work. Thank u so much🎈

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad to know that it helps ✌️

[@fawadmajeed7548]

Have you uploaded all the videos? I ain't able to find them.

[@shrabonishee5942]

Thank you very much. You are doing a great job.

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation.. Glad to know that it helps ✌️

[@aamirhussain.]

Amazing 💛💛💛

[@justdoit7628]

Simple and to the point
Thanks

[@hussainbiology]

thanks

[@shalinastilley446]

Very lucid explanation. Thank you

[@hussainbiology]

You are welcome!

[@tanya5793]

Nice video 👍

[@amartje0108]

Just out of curiosity.. when you're making a video do you look up all the information in books/internet or is it all knowledge you already had?

[@hussainbiology]

I study for weeks to gather the information for just one video .... then i put it in order to make you understand....
Sometimes i skip then things for which i had to look for the book...

[@lucasfernandesaraujosilva3768]

Thank U!!

[@lingampallysrikanth5298]

excellent explanation but have some queries mutations theory
how mutations take place first. like what is the source of mutagens.
how nuclear DNA is getting mutated while it is highly protected because it is not free open molecule it is highly condensed farms chromatin. if you say its because of house keeping genes then tumor suppressor gene ( antioncogene ) do come under the category which could potentially inhibit the growth and leads to apoptosis. and prominent feature cancer is it loses the apoptosis.
amplification yes this could be an issue but mostly sorted out by proofreading and repair mechanisms if not the cells enters pcd mode during check points in cell cycles
chromosomal rearrangement but its extremely rare with frequency of 1 in 1000s or 10000s

[@sanart7355]

Helpful

[@dr.niravthakkar4126]

Your video is too much informative thanx a lot, pls we want a video on field cancerization also because in article it is very much like round round imformation is given so my humble request for making a video on field cancerization pls

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Doc

[@hope9450]

Thanks sir, please make a video on Bacteriophage lambda gene regulation

[@hussainbiology]

Will consider making that video...✌️✌️ thanks

[@xaaboopinkly]

Thanks sir!

[@hussainbiology]

You are welcome Sir....✌️✌️

[@muhammadarslan8740]

Great effort Bro

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad it helps ✌️

[@gaganans7574]

Tq u sir, u had cleared my doubt 👍👍👍

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation

[@MohamedElsayed-gg1qn]

Thanks from egypt country

[@hussainbiology]

most welcome

[@ammarahchaudhary2820]

Videos is very informative and very easy. Sir plzzzzzz recommended any book for nucleic acid extraction.

[@biology_mcqs3037]

Which method are you going to use for nucleic acid extraction

[@ammarahchaudhary2820]

DNA extraction from blood, tissue saliva,microdissected and archive tissue, yeast fungi ,bacteria and rna extraction from blood, frozen tissue and tissue and finally dual DNA/ RNA extraction . Almost all methods are covered in these topics I have no knowledge about this ,in our recommended book extraction only discussed about general that not so much to cover my m Phil exam.

[@biology_mcqs3037]

@@ammarahchaudhary2820 Have look on some of these mentioned methods. I had used few of them during my masters degree and they had always yielded good results.
www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=www.dovepress.com/methods-for-extracting-genomic-dna-from-whole-blood-samples-current-pe-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-BSAM&ved=2ahUKEwjjvMCgxZTrAhUTjuYKHZrCDGoQFjAgegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw3_xq-Ja3S8Bb9yxR1sSqRe&cshid=1597197429902

[@ammarahchaudhary2820]

Thanx showkat bhat for helping
Really helpful to some extent.

[@biology_mcqs3037]

@@ammarahchaudhary2820 Welcome

[@Rishab1702]

Sir why you are not teaching in any online apps like unacademy?

[@hussainbiology]

They are like grill 10 courses a day and get a meagre amount of money....I worked with them...But couldn't continue with them

[@bidishakumari7095]

Sir What about ras protooncogene

[@hussainbiology]

I am going to make a Video on that very soon

[@shuttleship]

epic shit in 5 mins, great video man!

[@nishatfatima2091]

Sukriya sir.... Sir please suggest me a good book of ecology ,evolution for CSIR NET...

[@biology_mcqs3037]

Ecology by Peter sterling is best

[@nishatfatima2091]

@@tubahussain6541 sukriya , for guide me......

[@nishatfatima2091]

@@biology_mcqs3037 Thank you so much I will see these book which suggest by you and others 💯 💯

[@hussainbiology]

As suggested by Showkat..Go for Peter Sterling Ecology and if you want a specific book for Evolution then i suggest to look for Evolution by Douglas Futuyma

[@seharanwar1128]

Hindi main nhi ha?

[@hussainbiology]

na.... sorry

[@beryllium42]

You are kashmiri right? Got your accent btw I am kashmiri too

[@hussainbiology]

yes dear.......lots of love

[@biology_mcqs3037]

👍

[@biology_mcqs3037]

@@tubahussain6541 hussain biolgy like this comment very much😄he had personally told me to always give thumbs up in comment

[@biology_mcqs3037]

@@tubahussain6541 no worries😊