Let me add that the early nomads of Altai castrated horses in the 6th-3rd centuries. BC e., as evidenced by the archaeological finds of the Pazyryk mounds. Geldings were popular as classic steppe cavalry because they can calmly, without the desire to mate, be in a group with other horses; they are less pugnacious. These qualities are still valued today, especially on large ranches where working horses are usually kept in the herd and where the ability of the animals to immediately begin working on command is often important. in Russian the word gelding sounds like "merin".
Stirrup was not invented till 1700-1800 years ago, and Chinese bowmen of 5000 could confront a Hun cavalry army of 100,000, and it is because the Huns did not have stirrups. In the 2nd century China, the ancient Tibetao-Burmans invaded the Yellow River area by 10,000 cavalry. 200,000 Chinese soldiers from counties in the area were asked to pool money to buy 10,000 horses, and then 190,000 soldiers dismissed, and the rest 10,000 cavalrymen chased the 10,000 barbarians back to the area of the Yellow River origin. No stirrups at the time. But the Huns and Avars had the stirrups to invade into Europe.
@@VX-VAMAEBI78N1-MR-12 This could be just another myth. European related military history attributed to the Avars for first using stirrups. Last time I wrote the Huns and Avars took the stirrup there. I now take back the Huns' part. Stirrup was not particularly talked about in China. The sudden change of warfare could be seen in adoption of cavalry uniforms in the 4th to 3rd centuries Before Christ, which did not replace the thousand-year-old chariots' warfare, continuous usage of chariots in the campaigns into Mongolia and Siberia in the 1st century, abandoning of chariots' warfare in the mid-3rd century, with like dismissing 190,000 soldiers to get 10,000 soldiers ride on horses to chase the Qiang cavalry marauders who did not likely possessed the modern-sense stirrups, sudden fighting capability of the Xianbei cavalry in the 4th century, with hundreds of Xianbei daring tens of thousands of Huns. My guess is stirrups were invented about the time of the 1st part of the 4th century. Then the Avars took it to the west.
What’s wild is a lot of these early Buddhist cultures spoke proto indo European family languages, so it would be really Interesting to see how these groups overlap and like cross cultural ideas, I suspect Silk Road and other variables at play , anyway def would be cool 😎 👍
The subject truly captivates my interest. Your presentation is thorough, well-researched, and delivered with a compelling presence. My appreciation for your efforts.
This time period with the movements of people, culture and ideas across the length and breadth of the Steppe has always been one of my favorite "curiosities". I love learning all the new information being revealed.
Sima Qian in the "Records of the Grand Historian" (Shiji) (1st century BC) mentions the Yuezhi: "The Yuezhi generally resemble the people from Agni (Yanqi) and Kucha (Kuqa), but the Yuezhi have eyes like the Han people. What distinguishes them is that some of them have red or yellow hair, blue or green eyes, and most of them have beards (mixed features)."
It's been pointed out a few times already, but I think the definition of "European" in this video seems a bit loose. Linguistically, the arśi are closest to hittites and anatolians; genetically they are closest to Iranians (as I understand it. Genetics are outside my study.) Either Europe goes much further east than I understand it, or being European has nothing to do with living in peninsular west eurasia. I'm really glad someone is covering pre-silk road interactions on the steppes! You are very attentive in presenting your sources and qualifying your conclusions, and I can see the marketability of "Europeans in China" over "R-haplogroup steppe peoples and k-type indoeuropean speakers in eastern eurasia." But while you are careful about your information, I think the terms like "European origins" is too close to hamite fantasy. "Indo-European" is a much less precise term, but it doesn't add such unnecessary implications.
Yeah, you don’t use “R-Haplogroup peoples” because that’s completely meaningless babble. The origin of individuals in question is Europe. You don’t like that because it implies Europeans achieved highly even in prehistory.
@@ashleigh3021 Prehistoric Europeans built megaliths, developed tin mining and smelting, set up trade networks over thousands of miles, and domesticated thousands of species. I don't mean to object to their achievement. But some of the language in this video seems to use "European" in a murky way. If the Indo-European speakers of the Tarim were "European," then are their descendants (Paxtuns, Yaghnovs, and Tadziks) also? And if Indo-European language/culture/ancestry is what makes a people "European," then are Hungarians, Finns, and Basques not Europeans?
Very odd choice of a picture for a thumbnail. Your thumbnail uses a map of the tang dynasty. The difference between the Tang dynasty and Bronze Age China is almost 1,000 years. Would you use a map of the Ottoman Empire to represent Ancient Greece? Would you use a map of the Roman Empire to represent ancient Egypt? Would you use a map of the Siberian Magyars to represent modern Hungarians?
Ok, as I'm an ignoramus, your videos are, for me, incredible. They're superbly researched, and give good ideas for further study. Thank you very, very much for sharing this wealth of knowledge.
This video was amazing! I had heard of the Tocharians and their Indo-European languages, but I was not aware of the depth of Indo-European penetration that you have laid out in this video. Thank you!
Enjoyed. Lots of novelty by me. I did have trouble following the multiple transitions which you speak of. The Buddhist references happened a long time after some of the neolithic and bronze age references. I had trouble following connections there. Also the Zhang Dynasty as you likely know isn't considered a strictly speaking Han people or people of early Chinese history, just touches of written script. Thanks again
Your the man! I think you're the first to have made anything like this. And it could go much further, deeper. I'm really pleased to hear more talk about Tocharians. I believe they are more vital then what's known. There burial practice is vary unique. Vary deliberate and unlike anything else. Fresh cow hide wrapped around boat like caskets. Telephone pole sized posts reaching to the sky. Seem like river boat travelers, or maybe river boat travelers in death. Thanks man!🔥
religious, recreational or no purpose. it doesnt matter, it is natural herb. War on drugs targets recreational users and let most bigger distributors sell because they can constantly arrest and profit from recreational users and small dealers.
11:42 I would dare to raise another topic as to the origin of "mare": in my language (Czech) we say "nightmare" as "noční můra". Můra is a moth, a butterfly with wings. But obviously it was originally still the mare, but it is forgotten. But consider this: The horses were introduced into Europe together with Yamnaya horse riders. They didn't bring only horses, but also death, destruction and bubonic plague. In Czech, the bubonic plague is called "mor". Is it a coincidence that the riders on their mares brought mor? That's one thing. Another one is, Moravia (Morava in Czech) region is named, according to linguists, from the moorelands, as the river had many bogs. Of course moor is so similar to its Czech meaning that I won't bother even with explaining how it comes about. That's where the linguists close the story. But is it possible that the moor in Moravia is older than they can imagine, and that the origin of the word "moor" is also coming from the earlier "mor"/plague brought to Europe by the horseriders? If not, why are these words so similar (mort, mortis, mortal), and what was earlier? Is the origin of our I-E word for horse stemming from death which it originally introduced to Europe?
I really enjoy your content! Thank you for all the work you put into them!! This time period and location are FASCINATING.. I’ve been looking for Bronze Age or (personally preferably) earlier content for ages and this region, including China and Japan isn’t covered like the west at all.. I’d love more early history and prehistory on east of Mesopotamia region etc.. I tend to rewatch the interesting videos over and over again while I’m doing other things.. since I inevitably miss something the first time few times around.. this one will go on the playlist!lol
This is my maternal haplogroup according to 23&Me , H6a1a , and it said this about this haplogroup : "Subsequent migration carried members of H6 eastward to the Altay Mountains of Central Asia, where it is common among speakers of Altaic languages such as Kazakh, Altai and Mongolian. Then, about 3,000 years ago, a westward migration of her descendants carried the H6a branch into Europe, extending the range of H6 to cover over 3,600 miles of Eurasia."
Do the Proto-Sino-Tibetans and Proto-Indo-Europeans share any parent or grandparent archaeogenetic lineages? Ancient North Siberian perhaps? How do we know that honey in a loanword and not an inheritance from a common ancestor indicating a language macrofamily?
Awesome video I'm related to Afanasievo My mtdna u4d3 And a woman buried 5000 years ago in far nw china also u4d3 😊 The best video info ive ever seen Thanks for history lesson of my ancient family
Indo-European is a language family, and NOT a race, Most south Asians have very dark skin and their DNA is very different from people in Europe, but the Languages in Bangladesh, India, Nepal..are “related” to Indo-European, while the Hungarian, Finish…are 99% white skinned Europeans who share the same DNA, but…their language are NOT European. Same as people in Turkey, Lebanon,Syria, and the Jews too..are light skinned people very much whiter than India, but these people are considered NON Indo-European ??????
The language family isn't a race, but the people who first spread it were. They also group most closely with modern Europeans and came from Ukraine and western Russia, making them European
very good. a more fine grained presentation on the same topics covered here, please. Now I will remember there were two distinct steppe movements to the east - the afanasiievo and the andronovo, and that there was a large time interval between them
Excellent video. Thanks. I am fascinated by the relationship of Tocharian A and Tocharian B and the more recently proposed Tocharian C branch. And it is interesting that the Tocharian languages are generally considered to be a centum rather than satem group, which definitely supports the idea that the proto-Afanasievo culture went eastwards long before the satem languages developed and also implies that the satem languages developed in a central location (Sintashta/Srubna?) rather than an West/East isogloss which was the predominant belief before the understanding that Tocharian and Hittite were centum languages.
I told the yotutuber: You appear to put new wine in old wine cup. Edward Vajda - Tlingit and the Dene-Yeniseian Hypothesis. Linguistically, Chinese was to do with this umbrella. Tibeto-Burmans split from Chinese 5000-9000 years ago but shared 80-90% cognates, all with the 'quan' cognate for dogs. This was before any Tocharian migration to the Tarim. Genetically, Chinese were related to the Fins who lived in southeastern Inner Mongolia before migration to the west. Pottery and metallurgy, you want to study a Russian Olga Gorodetskaya's bronze studies of excavated bronze in the Yangtze, much older than the Shang bronze. And you want to study Needham to know potteries were invented 15000 years ago, and only in China you had the wind turbine to generate the high temperature. Metallurgy, the west did not know how to melt the ore or casting other than hammering. Horse and chariot, the west was 1000 years late in harnessing, and the Sumerian harnessing would choke a horse at the neck when fast running. There is no way for a R1B gene to carry high tech to China. Edward Vajda would give you the dates by millenniums for the interactions of people, and you could come to understand why Avars were N and Q genes, Fins and Central Asian Turks. The Central Asia R1a people were pushed out by the Turks. In ancient Chinese, we had the mixed genes of the Fins and Turks, but not Indo-Europeans R1a, not to mention your R1b.
One point about the Jushi Kingdom you didn't mention was that their Chinese name is 車師, literally meaning charioteers or chariot masters. Maybe there's something to this?
My output isn't high as I put a lot into research and putting things together in a decent way. I had a few videos bomb so it may have messed with the algorithm.
Always love your deep dive snapshots of history. More about Buddhism would be great. Something about the interaction of steppe peoples, hunter gatherers, and the populations who would populate the Americas would be appreciated.
I remembered in the papers that I read, there were skulls excavated from Anyang Yinxu ruins that resembled Indo-European features. Protruded nose with visibly apparent Caucasoid feature. How did they get there? Possibly through marriages that got buried as human sacrifice alongside the dead king or possibly slaves captured by the Shang. The Shang worship their god using human sacrifice, so they regularly waged war with the western barbarians and celebrated it with mass killings. It was mentioned in the oracle bones that those western barbarians have distinct feature than the Han. Ya, so people with Indo-European ancestry might have entered the Chinese heartland during the Bronze Age. But most of them are systematically erased out of existence during the Shang period. According to archeologists, there are estimated 13,000 people were sacrificed during the period of the Shang. The bone counts are terrifying. So guess where did Shang get those people from? From the barbarians. Eastwards, northwards, southwards, and westwards. They waged wars on those barbarian tribes so they can get enough human heads for the grand sacrifice.
Most of the people making up theories can't read Chinese. So they don't realize they are trying to claim groups with unfortunate fates, while trying to connect with Chinese. The funny thing is those groups don't have anything to do with white people. Simplified we are talking about Western steppe herders which are descended from Eastern. It's well established the progenitors is the Ancient North Eurasian group. Ie. Tianyuan man.
Pardon my ignorance, but could a lot of these Aryan genetic and linguistic borrowings come much more recently through Persia and the silk road? Persians were in and around China and were influential much longer than the ancient Aryans in Xinjiang, historically An Lushan is believed to be an Iranian, for example.
One day, please tell us about the steppes horseman who conquered the peoples of Eastern . Northern Europe. Becoming Russia. Lithuania.Poland.Ukraine. Hungary. etc Your work here is valued and much appreciated.
The spread of Buddhism as well as videos on the other cultures! The movements of the ancient cultures are very interesting as well as the connections to various peoples ancestors.
Inasmuch as that word is a word commonly found among all pr atleast most Indo European languages, I'd doesn't necessarily mean that's it's origin. The Indo Europeans and their Parent Cultures spanned the entirety of the Steppe for the Entirety of their Existence. That was their homeland. And they had contact with the other people over the entirety of that vast expanse. It is entirely plausible they borrowed that word and then spread it. The only way to know is the etymology of the word. And even then, they could have borrowed it from a people who spoke a sister tongue to the original indo-european tongue. We can only look back so far, these people and their ancestors went back a lot further then we can see through the writing. And their ancestors had ancestors who mixed with other people as well. So... you never quite know.
Take for instance the Hittites. They and the Hurrians have no Steppe Ancestry but speak what we would consider an Indo European Language. Likely descended in isolate from a sister language from people in the Caucases or Natively in Anatolia.
Tibeto-Burmans split from Chinese 5000-9000 years ago but shared 80-90% cognates, all with the 'quan' [kwen] cognate for dogs. The barbarians were called by dog barbarians using this tag. This was before any Tocharian migration to the Tarim. Genetically, Chinese were related to the Fins who lived in southeastern Inner Mongolia before their migration to the west.
I am criticizing. You made a photo moment of time. People migrated here and there on the steppe. The first migration was the Seimo Turbino peoples. They conquered all of Eurasia, from Scandinavia to Thailand. They were a mixed people, mongolid and Europid They are ancestors of the finn-ugric languages. According to Sigmund Heist, the ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples also played a role in the creation of the ancient Germanic language. Then came the Indo-Europeans, their last wave was the Sakas. All of them went tothe East.The Huns come from the territory of the Shan dynasty. some of them migrated back to China. Some of them came to Europe. The Kipchaks, Avars and Pechenegs settled in the territory of today's Hungary partly. Kipchakks first homeland was Mandzsúria. The avars first homeland was South Siberia, Mongólia and nowdays north China.Then came the Mongol conquest. The opposite of this is the Russian imperial conquest coming from East Europe. The Mongolian fold occurs among the northern types and in Eastern Europe. It is more common among Hungarians due to the so-called Alföldi type. This is a Central Asian type variation.The opposite of your reasoning is also possible. None of them can be proven.
Nah. They Dominion were from modern day Finland to Western Kazakhstan and Indo Europeans/ Aryans were the first people and their influence over the world is the greatest not some finno ugric or turk tribes.
@@bertrecht913Nowdays is just a historical moment. It doesn't matter what we call ourselves. Nations religions come and go, but people stay on same place. Everything else is just a mirage
The Russian language is Bulgarian Church Slavonic. Long before the existence of Russian as a language and Russia as a nation, we had a written Bulgarian language. In the Russian language, the word Med is actually a Bulgarian word. Which means honey. In the Bulgarian language, the word MED is to some extent Medicine. This is due to the fact that in the folk medicine of the Bulgarians, many of the potions and recipes contain honey.
Poland also. The word for honey is (Miód) and it's used in home medicine to treat a cold , you add chopped onion to honey and let the onion juice mix with the honey for about a day
I mean, there was quiet an exchange during history. If you look at the word:"mare",german:" Mähre" mongolian: "mor/ morin" and chinese: "ma", it can easily came with the huns or earlier encounters with tribes from the steppe. The word Marshall is of mongolian origin for example. 车 is the norden chinese symbol for any waggon/vehicle, if anyone might be confused. The symbol in the video is the traditional one.
Me and my family are originated from Shaanxi, and I can definitely tell that my mother and my younger cousins does not share the exact same identical Han Asian looks, although is not very significant and not many people can tell except people close to them like myself
I can't help think that there must be some common place of origin (outside Adrica that is) which spawned most (if not all) Eurasian peoples. A lot seems to have come from the steppes both east- and westward. Given the current geopolitical climate I also wonder which of today's powers will claim to be the direct descendants. Just thinking swastikas here and how the Nazis claimed it as their symbol...
Caucasians entered northern China after collapse of Han dynasty. It's called the period of 五胡乱华。Some of the 胡 are Caucasians. Don't try to claim European credit for everything.
caucASIANs were already in ASIA before the han dynasty even kicked off... the (stereotypical) Aryan phenotypes consists of some attributes which first came about in roughly modern day Ukraine (blue eyes), and other attributes which first came about in Asia (reddish hair in West Siberia, blonde hair colour has no definitively known homeland, yet, though I suspect it to be in or around Karelia). The final red hair & blue eyes mixture once again came about in roughly Ukraine, Europe once again. Take Europe out of the world's picture, and you have negated the undeniably largest factor, ever; no Alexander the Great, no Roman Empire, no Spanish Empire, no Russian Empire, no French Empire, no British Empire, no German Empire, no Third Reich, no Soviet Union, no Israel, Australia, no America... I mean, you're noticing something, pal? There's basically a third of world history going missing. If you consider Europe's significance relatively to its size, natural resources, climate and population, Europe puts the whole world to shame, it has been for over 2.000 years and there is no end in sight, as long as nations whose existence would never have been possible in the slightest without our generous support, play a crucial role on the world's stage, Europe's, or rather Rome's legacy remains Supreme, even the comically arrogant Chinese feel too embarassed, to argue against that fact. The scriptures of the Communist ideology in the PRC are superficially mirrored after Latin Christianity, with an "Old", and "New Testament" of sorts... coincidence, that they try to knock off of the one empire which has since forever eclipsed them? The PRC never reached the proportional size of the Roman Empire, even less so its economic role and definitely not Rome's forever unmatched military power... I mean, Taiwan stopping China, is just like if Sardinia would have stopped Rome's expansion dead in its tracks... the PRC is just not what it could realistically be, since they swallowed the spoiled ideology that they got from the true followers of Rome, the Germans, that we dropped decades ago 😂 We are the new Byzantium, Germany might be a descending star but we are unimaginably far from being finished with the decisive difference, that both the main Marxist, as well as the main National Socialist scripture have been originally authored in German, Latin's intellectual successor language, the modern, linguistic manifestation of Rome's inheritance itself. Some minor sources to the present day Chinese ideology are not originally German, although the few originally Greek and Latin ideological texts like the Corpus Hermeticum or Plato, were translated from Greek into Latin into German, into Chinese. So who's getting the last laugh, if the whole world literally kills to copy European technology or wisdom in even the smallest capacity?! 😂 Nevermind Germany one day losing it's significance, or disappearing, we have put our name into the history books and became equally famous and notorious. A Pagan accepts death as inevitable anyway, as the sole possible route to an afterlife, that there is, so you cannot scare a German with anything, we eat anxiety of neighbouring countries in Europe for Breakfast, our "heaven" or "paradise" has consumption of alcohol as a rule and not just a suggestion, furthermore consists of reckless, full-contact fighting in armour and with weapons to prepare for the Wild Hunt 😊 'The Communist Manifest' by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels being like the a morally inverted 'Old Testament' and 'Mein Kampf [~My Struggle]' by Adolf Hitler & Rudolf Hess being the Chinese 'New Testament' (I condemn both scriptures btw)
Sources on the Tocharians are easy to find. The number of primary sources is so small, naming them is redundant, and the secondary sources ate likewise redundant as they all have more or less the same content. This video is meant to be an exoteric secondary source based on the few esoteric primary sources, the details of which you WILL find in minutes, if you are really interested. I have learned that people asking for sources, are tactically trying to come up with some basis for a refutation
@@peterszeug308 you have learned very little then--the only one contributing a problem here is you. Why take it upon yourself to presume so much? I am interested in the sources used to make this video; I am not interested in captious, presumptuous trouble-making nonsense of the variety you have generated or otherwise. I'm not interested in your pseudo-survey and proclamations concerning extant scholarship and its availability. No one needs to justify to you their simple request for citations for a video that was designed to be informative. Citations for informative videos = normal practice. Your observations = pseudo-authoritative, presumptuous, groundless, and distracting nonsense.
@@peterszeug308 and the next time you take it upon yourself to try to assess others' polite questions as something other than polite, at least pay attention to the question they've asked instead of taking issue with your own invented nonsense. No one asked for general sources on the Tocharians; no one presumed general sources are not easy to find; the only question is what sources were used to inform this video. A perfectly normal question except in your imagination. The desire you've shown to create discord while parading your pseudo-authority as self-appointed RUclips Question Policeman changes nothing: a simple question has been asked. A simple question. If the answer is simple, then you provide it. No assessments of the question based on your imagination are needed.
@@MysticsMagazine you are being very nitpicky, aren't you? What is polite about asking for source material containning just common knowledge on the topic? It didn't read nice at all but rather somewhat cynical
@@peterszeug308 original AND ONLY question: "Very well presented, thank you. It would be good to add your references: where did you find this information?" so you must be right. Clearly, there's a problem with this very hostile and pointless question. What a strange and bizarre thing to ask what sources a person relied upon when making an informative video!! What kind of foolish person would ask such a question instead of just looking up general sources on Tocharians? Obviously, those are the same things! Your analysis is actually spot on and you ARE the real RUclips Question Policeman.
I wish my 10th grade history teacher from 1970 could be here now, enjoying the granularity of the discovered past in this region. She would find it all so exciting. She was the one who turned me on to the Hittites. 😊
Could the different interpretation of the words for horse be traced to when the horse becomes not just food but a useful tool (domesticated) so to speak. Excellent video , brings up many more questions. 👍
Hi there, I also found some fascinating research done from Zibo Linzi, Shandong area. From dating horse grave sites in one article indicating a high level of Indo European breeds. As well as one article speaking on grave sites of foreigners. "Genetic Structure of a 2,500 year old Human Population and its Spatiotemporal Changes and its relevancy to dating mitochondrial DNA of varying populations in the Linzi region of Shandong"
There were no Russia & Ukraine in that particular time - there were Scythians, Khazars and Old Bulgars and other Turkic tribes/peoples 😉 *all the rulers at the time were called Hans (Khans)
The swastika is found in the new world before European contact. It is at least as old as the Ancient North Eurasians. I think it is likely older. Perhaps older than the peopling of Eurasia. It is lacking in Sub-Saharan Africa, so I think it is likely that pre-diverged Eurasians developed in on the Persian plateau before expansion.
Good day Interesting you should mention that Nobody ever has When did the amer Indians know about it ? I have searched but can't find evidence of one being found in americas pre Columbus
As far I've read in Chinese papers, a big chunk of Chinese vocabulary (ranging from cart to fabric) is of Tocharyan origin, making the "Golden Emperor" a very interesting way to say "Blond".
The "golden" is from the Yellow River, which is literally yellow...it's like the Nile for Chinese. If the Golden Emperor was blond how come contemporary art didn't have him with blond hair?...
Could I be the descendant of the ancient Indo European tribes who settled in China? Do I have some DNA of Afanasievo and Tulgarian blood within me? If I am a distant descendant, my family with ancient Indo European blood had ended up in Southeast China in the province of Guangtong. Fortress of Lugh is welcome to do DNA research on me since a lot of Chinese told me that I don't look like 100% Chinese
In the days before Peleg, the earth was one landmass. Before the Tower of Babel in Babylon (Iraq today), we had a one-world language. That is why words are sometimes very closely related.
It isn't difficult to believe that the people of the stepps that had horses and camels met the asians of the east. They traded goods like silk and intermarried.
Your videos are great! Have you done, or are planning to do a video on the origins of the Baltic peoples who are ancestors of the Lithuanians and Latvians? The Latvian language resembles sanskrit so much, that some linguists have said they're both one and the same!
"Sanskrit" sounds like "Truescript" to modern scandis, and Siddhartha Gautama at first glance seems like an obvious eastern-gothic form of "Sigurdr Gautamadr" [Sigfried Gothman]
The Haplogroup NOP was once a man. His descendants separated into Haplogroup N who was originally in northern China but migrated west. Tsar Ivan III the Terrible was Haplogroup N and so is Putin. Haplogroup P split into Haplogroup Q and Haplogroup R. Haplogroup Q are mostly Siberian. Haplogroup R split into Haplogroup R1 and Haplogroup R2. Haplogroup is found mostly in Northern India and the Pamir Mountains. Haplogroup R1 split into R1a and R1b. Haplogroup R1a are mostly East Europeans, Slavs and Brahmans (Indians). R1b are mostly western Europeans like Irish, French, etc. Haplogroup O split into Haplogroup O2 and Haplogroup O3. Haplogroup O2 domain is from Eastern India, Southeast Asia and Southern China. Haplogroup O3 is mostly Northern China and northern East Asia. So all come from Haplogroup one person with NOP.
Where better to develop advanced skills in medicine, philosophy, metalwork, weaving and farming than by straddling the silk road. I think it is the fount of both eastern and western civilizations.
the Indo-European culture made its way from the Pontic steppe to India. it had to have crossed somewhere through what we now call China. More than likely in the west as it makes more sense logistically.
R1a to southeastern direction, and r1b to western Europe. Different path. Horses pulling chariots would be choked in ancient times, not to mention invading China. Gorodetskaya had good points, but she was rejecting archaeological findings that came out in the last 10-15 years around the Yellow River lines, with numerous citadels much larger than the Xia or Shang capitals' sites. And genetic evidence all point to a mix of ancient Finnish people with ancient Chinese, not Indo-Europeans. See more below. Stirrup was not invented till 1700-1800 years ago, and Chinese bowmen of 5000 could confront a Hun cavalry army of 100,000, and it is because the Huns did not have stirrups. In the 2nd century China, the ancient Tibeto-Burmans invaded the Yellow River area by 10,000 cavalries. 200,000 Chinese soldiers from counties in the area were asked to pool money to buy 10,000 horses, and then 190,000 soldiers dismissed, and the rest 10,000 cavalrymen chased the 10,000 barbarians back to the area of the Yellow River origin. No stirrups at the time. But the Huns and Avars later had the stirrups to invade into Europe. This high tech that changed warfare. 400 Xianbei cavalries at one time passed through the Hun-controlled land without being challenged. That's the powerfulness of stirrup. See more below for the west's lack of harness technology. Edward Vajda - Tlingit and the Dene-Yeniseian Hypothesis. Linguistically, Chinese language was to do with this umbrella. Tibeto-Burmans split from Chinese 5000-9000 years ago but shared 80-90% cognates, all with the 'quan' [kwen] cognate for dogs. The barbarians were called by dog barbarians using this tag. This was before any Tocharian migration to the Tarim. Genetically, Chinese were related to the Fins who lived in southeastern Inner Mongolia before their migration to the west. Pottery and metallurgy, you want to study a Russian Olga Gorodetskaya's bronze studies of excavated bronze in the Yangtze, much older than the Shang bronze. And you want to study Needham to know potteries were invented 15000 years ago, and only in China you had the wind turbine to generate the high temperature. Metallurgy, the west did not know how to melt the iron ore till the last 2000 years and did not know casting other than hammering. Horse and chariot, the west was 1000 years late in harnessing, and the Sumerian harnessing would choke a horse at the neck when fast running. There is no way for a R1B gene to carry high tech to China. Edward Vajda would give you the dates by millenniums for the interactions of people, and you could come to understand why Avars were N and Q genes, Fins and Central Asian Turks. The Central Asia R1a people were pushed out by the Turks. In ancient Chinese, we had the mixed genes of the Fins and Turks, but not Indo-Europeans R1a, not to mention your R1b.
Let me add that the early nomads of Altai castrated horses in the 6th-3rd centuries. BC e., as evidenced by the archaeological finds of the Pazyryk mounds. Geldings were popular as classic steppe cavalry because they can calmly, without the desire to mate, be in a group with other horses; they are less pugnacious. These qualities are still valued today, especially on large ranches where working horses are usually kept in the herd and where the ability of the animals to immediately begin working on command is often important. in Russian the word gelding sounds like "merin".
Stirrup was not invented till 1700-1800 years ago, and Chinese bowmen of 5000 could confront a Hun cavalry army of 100,000, and it is because the Huns did not have stirrups. In the 2nd century China, the ancient Tibetao-Burmans invaded the Yellow River area by 10,000 cavalry. 200,000 Chinese soldiers from counties in the area were asked to pool money to buy 10,000 horses, and then 190,000 soldiers dismissed, and the rest 10,000 cavalrymen chased the 10,000 barbarians back to the area of the Yellow River origin. No stirrups at the time. But the Huns and Avars had the stirrups to invade into Europe.
What archeological evidence is there for castration? It only affects soft tissues which disappear.
@@看客-b1s Useless babble.
Not entirely accurate; scythian saddles had bolsters that acted in the same fashion as stirrups.
@@VX-VAMAEBI78N1-MR-12 This could be just another myth. European related military history attributed to the Avars for first using stirrups. Last time I wrote the Huns and Avars took the stirrup there. I now take back the Huns' part. Stirrup was not particularly talked about in China. The sudden change of warfare could be seen in adoption of cavalry uniforms in the 4th to 3rd centuries Before Christ, which did not replace the thousand-year-old chariots' warfare, continuous usage of chariots in the campaigns into Mongolia and Siberia in the 1st century, abandoning of chariots' warfare in the mid-3rd century, with like dismissing 190,000 soldiers to get 10,000 soldiers ride on horses to chase the Qiang cavalry marauders who did not likely possessed the modern-sense stirrups, sudden fighting capability of the Xianbei cavalry in the 4th century, with hundreds of Xianbei daring tens of thousands of Huns. My guess is stirrups were invented about the time of the 1st part of the 4th century. Then the Avars took it to the west.
A video about the spread of buddhism would be great and also a rare thing on youtube
Agree!
I agree completely. Would love to see it done by Kevin.
I'd like to see this too. Especially the origins. Ancient Buddhist history and mythology seem impenetrable to me
What’s wild is a lot of these early Buddhist cultures spoke proto indo European family languages, so it would be really Interesting to see how these groups overlap and like cross cultural ideas, I suspect Silk Road and other variables at play , anyway def would be cool 😎 👍
Yes, that would be very interesting!
Man, those Proto-Indo-Europeans sure just went everywhere the first chance we got
We liked to get around...restless and what-not 😊😂
@@LULUBORGIA57
Bronze Age Europeans be like:
ruclips.net/video/wREBD2og5iY/видео.htmlsi=741BKih2Kl_YIRdw
@@LULUBORGIA57in this case, it would be like how Tocharian and xianbei princesses got frisky with the Han royal court
The Faustian Spirit
The subject truly captivates my interest. Your presentation is thorough, well-researched, and delivered with a compelling presence. My appreciation for your efforts.
This time period with the movements of people, culture and ideas across the length and breadth of the Steppe has always been one of my favorite "curiosities". I love learning all the new information being revealed.
Fascinating. I would be interested in what the literature says about the Vedic peoples prior to their arrival on the Indus.
Aryan/Kuragni/Yamnaya Expansion is the word you're looking for
im glad YT recognizes that every new video of your's MUST be at the top of the reccomendations XD always a pleasure man, much love
Excellent info, presentation, visuals + maps. Thanks.
I would love more videos on this region very little historic information is to be had. It,'s Fascinating
Sima Qian in the "Records of the Grand Historian" (Shiji) (1st century BC) mentions the Yuezhi:
"The Yuezhi generally resemble the people from Agni (Yanqi) and Kucha (Kuqa), but the Yuezhi have eyes like the Han people. What distinguishes them is that some of them have red or yellow hair, blue or green eyes, and most of them have beards (mixed features)."
It's been pointed out a few times already, but I think the definition of "European" in this video seems a bit loose. Linguistically, the arśi are closest to hittites and anatolians; genetically they are closest to Iranians (as I understand it. Genetics are outside my study.) Either Europe goes much further east than I understand it, or being European has nothing to do with living in peninsular west eurasia.
I'm really glad someone is covering pre-silk road interactions on the steppes!
You are very attentive in presenting your sources and qualifying your conclusions, and I can see the marketability of "Europeans in China" over "R-haplogroup steppe peoples and k-type indoeuropean speakers in eastern eurasia." But while you are careful about your information, I think the terms like "European origins" is too close to hamite fantasy. "Indo-European" is a much less precise term, but it doesn't add such unnecessary implications.
Lots of "Aryans" in the chat claiming many things.
Yeah, you don’t use “R-Haplogroup peoples” because that’s completely meaningless babble. The origin of individuals in question is Europe. You don’t like that because it implies Europeans achieved highly even in prehistory.
I always thought Europe was west of the Ural Mountains
@@ashleigh3021 Prehistoric Europeans built megaliths, developed tin mining and smelting, set up trade networks over thousands of miles, and domesticated thousands of species. I don't mean to object to their achievement. But some of the language in this video seems to use "European" in a murky way. If the Indo-European speakers of the Tarim were "European," then are their descendants (Paxtuns, Yaghnovs, and Tadziks) also? And if Indo-European language/culture/ancestry is what makes a people "European," then are Hungarians, Finns, and Basques not Europeans?
@@olcooksy6132 He didn't say that Indo-European ancestry is what makes someone European, just that the Indo-Europeans were originally European.
This is so interesting, very well made presentation! Thank you
Great overview, and I'll look forward to more details as you explore the admixture of peoples.
Very odd choice of a picture for a thumbnail. Your thumbnail uses a map of the tang dynasty. The difference between the Tang dynasty and Bronze Age China is almost 1,000 years.
Would you use a map of the Ottoman Empire to represent Ancient Greece? Would you use a map of the Roman Empire to represent ancient Egypt? Would you use a map of the Siberian Magyars to represent modern Hungarians?
I love to fart in my hand and bring it up to take a good whiff
Thank you for the video. I strongly recommend Schwerpunkt's video on Tocharian warfare on the topic
Ok, as I'm an ignoramus, your videos are, for me, incredible. They're superbly researched, and give good ideas for further study. Thank you very, very much for sharing this wealth of knowledge.
The steps really fascinate me. The breath taking beauty and the peoples that moved into the region is incredible!
This video was amazing! I had heard of the Tocharians and their Indo-European languages, but I was not aware of the depth of Indo-European penetration that you have laid out in this video. Thank you!
tajik of xinjiang still exist today
Enjoyed. Lots of novelty by me.
I did have trouble following the multiple transitions which you speak of.
The Buddhist references happened a long time after some of the neolithic and bronze age references. I had trouble following connections there.
Also the Zhang Dynasty as you likely know isn't considered a strictly speaking Han people or people of early Chinese history, just touches of written script.
Thanks again
Wow! What an awesome video. Extremely enjoyable. Please continue to look at Indo-European influence in East Asia!
Thank you! Will do!
Your the man! I think you're the first to have made anything like this. And it could go much further, deeper. I'm really pleased to hear more talk about Tocharians.
I believe they are more vital then what's known. There burial practice is vary unique. Vary deliberate and unlike anything else. Fresh cow hide wrapped around boat like caskets. Telephone pole sized posts reaching to the sky. Seem like river boat travelers, or maybe river boat travelers in death.
Thanks man!🔥
Thank you for the really good video
Excellent presentation and fascinating history. Thanks! I look forward to more central and east Asian history from you.
I tried to declare my bag of 789 grams of cannabis was for religious purposes. Sadly, it did not work
LMAO i was thinking that might be a good defence, there goes that idea
religious, recreational or no purpose. it doesnt matter, it is natural herb. War on drugs targets recreational users and let most bigger distributors sell because they can constantly arrest and profit from recreational users and small dealers.
Round where I'm from that would see you had up on a charge of possession with intent to supply 😂
Just got home from work, was about to cook dinner, saw this video and said "Hell yeah". Great video, I also like the idea of a Buddhism video
I said same
Best video I've ever seen on Afanasievo culture
Gets little mention
Excellent video! Can't wait to see more of the eastern side of the ancient world!!!
11:42 I would dare to raise another topic as to the origin of "mare": in my language (Czech) we say "nightmare" as "noční můra". Můra is a moth, a butterfly with wings. But obviously it was originally still the mare, but it is forgotten. But consider this:
The horses were introduced into Europe together with Yamnaya horse riders. They didn't bring only horses, but also death, destruction and bubonic plague. In Czech, the bubonic plague is called "mor". Is it a coincidence that the riders on their mares brought mor? That's one thing.
Another one is, Moravia (Morava in Czech) region is named, according to linguists, from the moorelands, as the river had many bogs. Of course moor is so similar to its Czech meaning that I won't bother even with explaining how it comes about. That's where the linguists close the story. But is it possible that the moor in Moravia is older than they can imagine, and that the origin of the word "moor" is also coming from the earlier "mor"/plague brought to Europe by the horseriders? If not, why are these words so similar (mort, mortis, mortal), and what was earlier? Is the origin of our I-E word for horse stemming from death which it originally introduced to Europe?
In mongolian mori means horse.
Moor also means dark-skinned or swarthy and or possibly a jewish association.
I really enjoy your content! Thank you for all the work you put into them!!
This time period and location are FASCINATING.. I’ve been looking for Bronze Age or (personally preferably) earlier content for ages and this region, including China and Japan isn’t covered like the west at all.. I’d love more early history and prehistory on east of Mesopotamia region etc..
I tend to rewatch the interesting videos over and over again while I’m doing other things.. since I inevitably miss something the first time few times around..
this one will go on the playlist!lol
This is my maternal haplogroup according to 23&Me , H6a1a , and it said this about this haplogroup :
"Subsequent migration carried members of H6 eastward to the Altay Mountains of Central Asia, where it is common among speakers of Altaic languages such as Kazakh, Altai and Mongolian. Then, about 3,000 years ago, a westward migration of her descendants carried the H6a branch into Europe, extending the range of H6 to cover over 3,600 miles of Eurasia."
Do the Proto-Sino-Tibetans and Proto-Indo-Europeans share any parent or grandparent archaeogenetic lineages? Ancient North Siberian perhaps? How do we know that honey in a loanword and not an inheritance from a common ancestor indicating a language macrofamily?
The Germans in 1930s thought so 😊
It would be wonderful to see an episode on Buddhism.
Awesome video
I'm related to Afanasievo
My mtdna u4d3
And a woman buried 5000 years ago in far nw china also u4d3 😊
The best video info ive ever seen
Thanks for history lesson of my ancient family
Hi, what is your ethnicity?
@@auraledgereal white
Same as kalash
But they are more beautiful👍💯😀
Then you should look into Ancient North Eurasian ANE, the progenitors. Also not European and defintely not white.
@@lghdr6365They we’re more genetically similar to Europeans than Siberians, Native Americans, and East Asians🤨
@@jbstarkiller4626nope.. Europeans like to claim everything lol..
Indo-European is a language family, and NOT a race, Most south Asians have very dark skin and their DNA is very different from people in Europe, but the Languages in Bangladesh, India, Nepal..are “related” to Indo-European, while the Hungarian, Finish…are 99% white skinned Europeans who share the same DNA, but…their language are NOT European. Same as people in Turkey, Lebanon,Syria, and the Jews too..are light skinned people very much whiter than India, but these people are considered NON Indo-European ??????
The language family isn't a race, but the people who first spread it were. They also group most closely with modern Europeans and came from Ukraine and western Russia, making them European
This video was a wild trip. 10/10 bro, thanks!❤
Fascinating, please more and dive deeper.
very good. a more fine grained presentation on the same topics covered here, please. Now I will remember there were two distinct steppe movements to the east - the afanasiievo and the andronovo, and that there was a large time interval between them
Excellent video. Thanks. I am fascinated by the relationship of Tocharian A and Tocharian B and the more recently proposed Tocharian C branch. And it is interesting that the Tocharian languages are generally considered to be a centum rather than satem group, which definitely supports the idea that the proto-Afanasievo culture went eastwards long before the satem languages developed and also implies that the satem languages developed in a central location (Sintashta/Srubna?) rather than an West/East isogloss which was the predominant belief before the understanding that Tocharian and Hittite were centum languages.
I told the yotutuber: You appear to put new wine in old wine cup. Edward Vajda - Tlingit and the Dene-Yeniseian Hypothesis. Linguistically, Chinese was to do with this umbrella. Tibeto-Burmans split from Chinese 5000-9000 years ago but shared 80-90% cognates, all with the 'quan' cognate for dogs. This was before any Tocharian migration to the Tarim. Genetically, Chinese were related to the Fins who lived in southeastern Inner Mongolia before migration to the west. Pottery and metallurgy, you want to study a Russian Olga Gorodetskaya's bronze studies of excavated bronze in the Yangtze, much older than the Shang bronze. And you want to study Needham to know potteries were invented 15000 years ago, and only in China you had the wind turbine to generate the high temperature. Metallurgy, the west did not know how to melt the ore or casting other than hammering. Horse and chariot, the west was 1000 years late in harnessing, and the Sumerian harnessing would choke a horse at the neck when fast running. There is no way for a R1B gene to carry high tech to China. Edward Vajda would give you the dates by millenniums for the interactions of people, and you could come to understand why Avars were N and Q genes, Fins and Central Asian Turks. The Central Asia R1a people were pushed out by the Turks. In ancient Chinese, we had the mixed genes of the Fins and Turks, but not Indo-Europeans R1a, not to mention your R1b.
Scythian Empire by Christopher Beckwith is an awesome follow up
Never heard about this before, absolutely interesting, now I'm curious about the Tocarian and earlier Yamnaya and Afenasievo cultures' origin 👌
One point about the Jushi Kingdom you didn't mention was that their Chinese name is 車師, literally meaning charioteers or chariot masters. Maybe there's something to this?
Absolutely fascinating. Thanks
The word for (Wheel) caught my attention. In the Philippines, the Tagalog word for wheel is (Gulong), while in Malay it's (Gulung).
Chinese: 轱辘 (Pronunciation: gulu)
both gulu and gulun are meant similar idea. Gulu means something cylindrical like a tree trunk which can roll . Gulun means wheel to turn.
馬（MA) also can be pronounced as (MU) which can be pronounced (WU) which means military or marchall. Horse was named MA for drawing chariot.
@@MasonMWang Yes, in Tagalog (Gulong) could also mean "roll".
Totally forgot about this channel this is the first notification I got in months
My output isn't high as I put a lot into research and putting things together in a decent way. I had a few videos bomb so it may have messed with the algorithm.
@@FortressofLugh I don't always agree with your overtures, but the information is always really high quality. Keep it up, Mr. McLean.
This video is excellent quality and very well researched from many unbiased sources. The Tocharians are an obscure group in modern awareness
Fascinating, well done. Thanks.
Always love your deep dive snapshots of history. More about Buddhism would be great. Something about the interaction of steppe peoples, hunter gatherers, and the populations who would populate the Americas would be appreciated.
I remembered in the papers that I read, there were skulls excavated from Anyang Yinxu ruins that resembled Indo-European features. Protruded nose with visibly apparent Caucasoid feature.
How did they get there? Possibly through marriages that got buried as human sacrifice alongside the dead king or possibly slaves captured by the Shang.
The Shang worship their god using human sacrifice, so they regularly waged war with the western barbarians and celebrated it with mass killings. It was mentioned in the oracle bones that those western barbarians have distinct feature than the Han.
Ya, so people with Indo-European ancestry might have entered the Chinese heartland during the Bronze Age.
But most of them are systematically erased out of existence during the Shang period.
According to archeologists, there are estimated 13,000 people were sacrificed during the period of the Shang. The bone counts are terrifying.
So guess where did Shang get those people from?
From the barbarians. Eastwards, northwards, southwards, and westwards. They waged wars on those barbarian tribes so they can get enough human heads for the grand sacrifice.
Most of the people making up theories can't read Chinese. So they don't realize they are trying to claim groups with unfortunate fates, while trying to connect with Chinese. The funny thing is those groups don't have anything to do with white people. Simplified we are talking about Western steppe herders which are descended from Eastern. It's well established the progenitors is the Ancient North Eurasian group. Ie. Tianyuan man.
Pardon my ignorance, but could a lot of these Aryan genetic and linguistic borrowings come much more recently through Persia and the silk road? Persians were in and around China and were influential much longer than the ancient Aryans in Xinjiang, historically An Lushan is believed to be an Iranian, for example.
Terrible translation. It means heavenly father, and its one of many names.
Yes. The actual trace genetic admixture is a result of contact with persian and asiatic steppe groups who carried partial indo European ancestry.
Wonderful video! Yes please, do more!
One day, please tell us about the steppes horseman who conquered the peoples of Eastern . Northern Europe. Becoming Russia. Lithuania.Poland.Ukraine. Hungary. etc
Your work here is valued and much appreciated.
The spread of Buddhism as well as videos on the other cultures! The movements of the ancient cultures are very interesting as well as the connections to various peoples ancestors.
Some interesting Tocharian words
Mother - Macar
Father - Pacar
Brother - Pracar
Daughter - Tukacer
Eight - Okt
Name - Nem
three - tre
Inasmuch as that word is a word commonly found among all pr atleast most Indo European languages, I'd doesn't necessarily mean that's it's origin. The Indo Europeans and their Parent Cultures spanned the entirety of the Steppe for the Entirety of their Existence. That was their homeland. And they had contact with the other people over the entirety of that vast expanse. It is entirely plausible they borrowed that word and then spread it. The only way to know is the etymology of the word. And even then, they could have borrowed it from a people who spoke a sister tongue to the original indo-european tongue. We can only look back so far, these people and their ancestors went back a lot further then we can see through the writing. And their ancestors had ancestors who mixed with other people as well. So... you never quite know.
Take for instance the Hittites. They and the Hurrians have no Steppe Ancestry but speak what we would consider an Indo European Language. Likely descended in isolate from a sister language from people in the Caucases or Natively in Anatolia.
Tibeto-Burmans split from Chinese 5000-9000 years ago but shared 80-90% cognates, all with the 'quan' [kwen] cognate for dogs. The barbarians were called by dog barbarians using this tag. This was before any Tocharian migration to the Tarim. Genetically, Chinese were related to the Fins who lived in southeastern Inner Mongolia before their migration to the west.
It’s funny how all blacksmiths of that age figure out Metalurgy to turn weapons into lethal devices
Necessity is the mother of invention.
Are not weapons lethal devices by definition?
Anything can be lethal, fists -> tools -> weapons of war
The equalizer: bronze age
Bro takes you out with cow shit
Allusions to the first mk ultra magaculture yes
You'd be surprised what a blacksmith can figure out ;)
I am criticizing. You made a photo moment of time. People migrated here and there on the steppe. The first migration was the Seimo Turbino peoples. They conquered all of Eurasia, from Scandinavia to Thailand. They were a mixed people, mongolid and Europid They are ancestors of the finn-ugric languages. According to Sigmund Heist, the ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples also played a role in the creation of the ancient Germanic language. Then came the Indo-Europeans, their last wave was the Sakas. All of them went tothe East.The Huns come from the territory of the Shan dynasty. some of them migrated back to China. Some of them came to Europe. The Kipchaks, Avars and Pechenegs settled in the territory of today's Hungary partly. Kipchakks first homeland was Mandzsúria. The avars first homeland was South Siberia, Mongólia and nowdays north China.Then came the Mongol conquest. The opposite of this is the Russian imperial conquest coming from East Europe. The Mongolian fold occurs among the northern types and in Eastern Europe. It is more common among Hungarians due to the so-called Alföldi type. This is a Central Asian type variation.The opposite of your reasoning is also possible. None of them can be proven.
Nah. They Dominion were from modern day Finland to Western Kazakhstan and Indo Europeans/ Aryans were the first people and their influence over the world is the greatest not some finno ugric or turk tribes.
@@bertrecht913Nowdays is just a historical moment. It doesn't matter what we call ourselves. Nations religions come and go, but people stay on same place. Everything else is just a mirage
@@laszloerdesz3884 Yeah sure but it matters more than you think!
It always fascinates me how mobile humanity was with out modern transportation.
Great job! It has also been asserted that the ancient Han word for 'magic' came from the Indo-Europeans.
via Sanskrit or Avestan.
I think it came from Indo Iranian word magi.
If i'm not wrong, " Magis " were priests of The Medians.
That's POSSIBLE, but evidence points to an entry TOO EARLY for that. That's what I recall.
The Russian language is Bulgarian Church Slavonic. Long before the existence of Russian as a language and Russia as a nation, we had a written Bulgarian language. In the Russian language, the word Med is actually a Bulgarian word. Which means honey. In the Bulgarian language, the word MED is to some extent Medicine. This is due to the fact that in the folk medicine of the Bulgarians, many of the potions and recipes contain honey.
Folk therapy in rural areas of China today still use honey, likewise, in Central Asia (for example Kyrgrzstan.)
Poland also. The word for honey is (Miód) and it's used in home medicine to treat a cold , you add chopped onion to honey and let the onion juice mix with the honey for about a day
Also in Bulgaria. In the villages, people are still treated this way.
@@Baitin_Amphibian Also in Bulgaria. In the villages, people are still treated this way.
Yes , love the videos. Keep them coming. A video on the spread of Buddhism would be wonderful and perhaps also exploring more on how Islam did too.
I mean, there was quiet an exchange during history. If you look at the word:"mare",german:" Mähre" mongolian: "mor/ morin" and chinese: "ma", it can easily came with the huns or earlier encounters with tribes from the steppe. The word Marshall is of mongolian origin for example.
车 is the norden chinese symbol for any waggon/vehicle, if anyone might be confused. The symbol in the video is the traditional one.
Fascinating ❤ very interesting and informative!
Taking in account a Sino-Caucasian theory, could be Indo-European words borrowed by Hurrians and brought to Sino-Tibetians when they went East?
I know you generally focus on European history . But can you do a video on Turks? Or Turkic people? They seem to have a very complex history as well.
Yes, absolutely!
@@FortressofLugh you’re awesome Sir!
Thanks interesting wise info
Me and my family are originated from Shaanxi, and I can definitely tell that my mother and my younger cousins does not share the exact same identical Han Asian looks, although is not very significant and not many people can tell except people close to them like myself
Can you explain if these are people who travelled form Europe to China or if they are Indo-European speakers from Asia?
The “original” people - the yamnaya - comes from the steppes between Europe and Asia - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture
Early from Persia, during the Empire period, Alexander established 8 city-states in Afghanistan
the direction of that symbol is anticlockwise but the swastika is clockwise
Both variants go through history, its the same meaning nevertheless.
19:45 You could divine just about anything with 789g… 😶🌫️
I can't help think that there must be some common place of origin (outside Adrica that is) which spawned most (if not all) Eurasian peoples. A lot seems to have come from the steppes both east- and westward.
Given the current geopolitical climate I also wonder which of today's powers will claim to be the direct descendants. Just thinking swastikas here and how the Nazis claimed it as their symbol...
My guess north of Kazakhstan
These yamnaya came from there
Read avesta and rig veda gives hints to that
U mtdna Malta boy lake baikal 24000 years ago
the oldest swastika was found on a mammoth tusk in the ukraine region. it is a Europid symbol.
@@aidanmcmillan-dx8lq I think I read 12000 years old
@@joebidet2050 something like that. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezine
@@aidanmcmillan-dx8lq yes exactly
More on this subject matter please.
Some got merked during the Shang but survived until around 1000 AD when they were assimilated into the Uyghurs
Chinese here. Noticed how "mead" is very similar to "蜜" immediately after learning it for the first time when playing the Elder Scrolls!
19:45 dude knows what's up!!
The map of all the different cultures living around the Tarim basin reminds me of the game called Chinese checkers.
A very important story.
Caucasians entered northern China after collapse of Han dynasty. It's called the period of 五胡乱华。Some of the 胡 are Caucasians. Don't try to claim European credit for everything.
caucASIANs were already in ASIA before the han dynasty even kicked off... the (stereotypical) Aryan phenotypes consists of some attributes which first came about in roughly modern day Ukraine (blue eyes), and other attributes which first came about in Asia (reddish hair in West Siberia, blonde hair colour has no definitively known homeland, yet, though I suspect it to be in or around Karelia).
The final red hair & blue eyes mixture once again came about in roughly Ukraine, Europe once again. Take Europe out of the world's picture, and you have negated the undeniably largest factor, ever;
no Alexander the Great, no Roman Empire, no Spanish Empire, no Russian Empire, no French Empire, no British Empire, no German Empire, no Third Reich, no Soviet Union, no Israel, Australia, no America... I mean, you're noticing something, pal? There's basically a third of world history going missing.
If you consider Europe's significance relatively to its size, natural resources, climate and population, Europe puts the whole world to shame, it has been for over 2.000 years and there is no end in sight, as long as nations whose existence would never have been possible in the slightest without our generous support, play a crucial role on the world's stage, Europe's, or rather Rome's legacy remains Supreme, even the comically arrogant Chinese feel too embarassed, to argue against that fact.
The scriptures of the Communist ideology in the PRC are superficially mirrored after Latin Christianity, with an "Old", and "New Testament" of sorts... coincidence, that they try to knock off of the one empire which has since forever eclipsed them? The PRC never reached the proportional size of the Roman Empire, even less so its economic role and definitely not Rome's forever unmatched military power... I mean, Taiwan stopping China, is just like if Sardinia would have stopped Rome's expansion dead in its tracks... the PRC is just not what it could realistically be, since they swallowed the spoiled ideology that they got from the true followers of Rome, the Germans, that we dropped decades ago 😂
We are the new Byzantium, Germany might be a descending star but we are unimaginably far from being finished
with the decisive difference, that both the main Marxist, as well as the main National Socialist scripture have been originally authored in German, Latin's intellectual successor language, the modern, linguistic manifestation of Rome's inheritance itself. Some minor sources to the present day Chinese ideology are not originally German, although the few originally Greek and Latin ideological texts like the Corpus Hermeticum or Plato, were translated from Greek into Latin into German, into Chinese. So who's getting the last laugh, if the whole world literally kills to copy European technology or wisdom in even the smallest capacity?! 😂
Nevermind Germany one day losing it's significance, or disappearing, we have put our name into the history books and became equally famous and notorious. A Pagan accepts death as inevitable anyway, as the sole possible route to an afterlife, that there is, so you cannot scare a German with anything, we eat anxiety of neighbouring countries in Europe for Breakfast, our "heaven" or "paradise" has consumption of alcohol as a rule and not just a suggestion, furthermore consists of reckless, full-contact fighting in armour and with weapons to prepare for the Wild Hunt 😊
'The Communist Manifest' by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels being like the a morally inverted 'Old Testament' and 'Mein Kampf [~My Struggle]' by Adolf Hitler & Rudolf Hess being the Chinese 'New Testament'
(I condemn both scriptures btw)
Very well presented, thank you. It would be good to add your references: where did you find this information?
Sources on the Tocharians are easy to find. The number of primary sources is so small, naming them is redundant, and the secondary sources ate likewise redundant as they all have more or less the same content. This video is meant to be an exoteric secondary source based on the few esoteric primary sources, the details of which you WILL find in minutes, if you are really interested.
I have learned that people asking for sources, are tactically trying to come up with some basis for a refutation
@@peterszeug308 you have learned very little then--the only one contributing a problem here is you. Why take it upon yourself to presume so much? I am interested in the sources used to make this video; I am not interested in captious, presumptuous trouble-making nonsense of the variety you have generated or otherwise. I'm not interested in your pseudo-survey and proclamations concerning extant scholarship and its availability. No one needs to justify to you their simple request for citations for a video that was designed to be informative. Citations for informative videos = normal practice. Your observations = pseudo-authoritative, presumptuous, groundless, and distracting nonsense.
@@peterszeug308 and the next time you take it upon yourself to try to assess others' polite questions as something other than polite, at least pay attention to the question they've asked instead of taking issue with your own invented nonsense. No one asked for general sources on the Tocharians; no one presumed general sources are not easy to find; the only question is what sources were used to inform this video. A perfectly normal question except in your imagination. The desire you've shown to create discord while parading your pseudo-authority as self-appointed RUclips Question Policeman changes nothing: a simple question has been asked. A simple question. If the answer is simple, then you provide it. No assessments of the question based on your imagination are needed.
@@MysticsMagazine you are being very nitpicky, aren't you?
What is polite about asking for source material containning just common knowledge on the topic?
It didn't read nice at all but rather somewhat cynical
@@peterszeug308 original AND ONLY question: "Very well presented, thank you. It would be good to add your references: where did you find this information?" so you must be right. Clearly, there's a problem with this very hostile and pointless question. What a strange and bizarre thing to ask what sources a person relied upon when making an informative video!! What kind of foolish person would ask such a question instead of just looking up general sources on Tocharians? Obviously, those are the same things! Your analysis is actually spot on and you ARE the real RUclips Question Policeman.
Really interesting, thanks
I wish my 10th grade history teacher from 1970 could be here now, enjoying the granularity of the discovered past in this region. She would find it all so exciting. She was the one who turned me on to the Hittites. 😊
Indo-European ≠ European
Right. They’re just European.
cais-soas.com/CAIS/History/Post-Sasanian/pirooz.htm
Indo-European is something of a misnomer, which was adopted to replace a different term after WW2 for political reasons.
@@peterj9351 Not politically concerned... But do you mean aryans? Is it actually inappropriate to utter?
@@KingoftheJianglInd European language family includes from S Asia, parts of Mid E, parts of Caucasus, most of Europe,parts of N America &’S America.
Madhu means honey
In hindi 🇮🇳
Could the different interpretation of the words for horse be traced to when the horse becomes not just food but a useful tool (domesticated) so to speak. Excellent video , brings up many more questions. 👍
Hi there, I also found some fascinating research done from Zibo Linzi, Shandong area. From dating horse grave sites in one article indicating a high level of Indo European breeds. As well as one article speaking on grave sites of foreigners. "Genetic Structure of a 2,500 year old Human Population and its Spatiotemporal Changes and its relevancy to dating mitochondrial DNA of varying populations in the Linzi region of Shandong"
There were no Russia & Ukraine in that particular time - there were Scythians, Khazars and Old Bulgars and other Turkic tribes/peoples 😉
*all the rulers at the time were called Hans (Khans)
Over the last few days I have been ding a "deep dive" into the origins of chariot warfare and its roots on the Eurasian steppe.
Please do a video on Vesta and the Vestal Virgins:)
The swastika is found in the new world before European contact. It is at least as old as the Ancient North Eurasians. I think it is likely older. Perhaps older than the peopling of Eurasia. It is lacking in Sub-Saharan Africa, so I think it is likely that pre-diverged Eurasians developed in on the Persian plateau before expansion.
Good day
Interesting you should mention that
Nobody ever has
When did the amer Indians know about it ? I have searched but can't find evidence of one being found in americas pre Columbus
As far I've read in Chinese papers, a big chunk of Chinese vocabulary (ranging from cart to fabric) is of Tocharyan origin, making the "Golden Emperor" a very interesting way to say "Blond".
The "golden" is from the Yellow River, which is literally yellow...it's like the Nile for Chinese. If the Golden Emperor was blond how come contemporary art didn't have him with blond hair?...
@@EroticOnion23 one name: Huang Ti, explains why there aren't so much representations of Tocharyans.
@@nosotrosloslobosestamosreg4115 huang = yellow has the name pronounciation with royal.
@@nosotrosloslobosestamosreg4115 how does that explain anything lol...
@@EroticOnion23 using "lol" makes your point invalid, not better than any leftist when out of arguments, like usual.
More videos on Han activity in East Turkestan/Xinjiang, please.
I agree
No one cares 😂😂😂
East turkestan is name made by Soviet to destabilize china . Now being picked up by usa lol
Could I be the descendant of the ancient Indo European tribes who settled in China? Do I have some DNA of Afanasievo and Tulgarian blood within me? If I am a distant descendant, my family with ancient Indo European blood had ended up in Southeast China in the province of Guangtong. Fortress of Lugh is welcome to do DNA research on me since a lot of Chinese told me that I don't look like 100% Chinese
Hi guys, does someone have literature recommendations about this topic? I'd like to learn more about this.
Thank you so much.
How can you tell which way the word transfer goes even if you find similarities?
In the days before Peleg, the earth was one landmass. Before the Tower of Babel in Babylon (Iraq today), we had a one-world language. That is why words are sometimes very closely related.
lolol
It isn't difficult to believe that the people of the stepps that had horses and camels met the asians of the east. They traded goods like silk and intermarried.
They certainly did
Yeah there are several indo european words borrowed by Chinese. For example, Numbo foh, form the indo European Number four.
Your videos are great! Have you done, or are planning to do a video on the origins of the Baltic peoples who are ancestors of the Lithuanians and Latvians? The Latvian language resembles sanskrit so much, that some linguists have said they're both one and the same!
0:37 interesting the word for honey in Malay/Indonesian is madu but it could be a loanword from Sanskrit
"Sanskrit" sounds like "Truescript" to modern scandis, and Siddhartha Gautama at first glance seems like an obvious eastern-gothic form of "Sigurdr Gautamadr" [Sigfried Gothman]
The Haplogroup NOP was once a man. His descendants separated into Haplogroup N who was originally in northern China but migrated west. Tsar Ivan III the Terrible was Haplogroup N and so is Putin. Haplogroup P split into Haplogroup Q and Haplogroup R. Haplogroup Q are mostly Siberian. Haplogroup R split into Haplogroup R1 and Haplogroup R2. Haplogroup is found mostly in Northern India and the Pamir Mountains. Haplogroup R1 split into R1a and R1b. Haplogroup R1a are mostly East Europeans, Slavs and Brahmans (Indians). R1b are mostly western Europeans like Irish, French, etc. Haplogroup O split into Haplogroup O2 and Haplogroup O3. Haplogroup O2 domain is from Eastern India, Southeast Asia and Southern China. Haplogroup O3 is mostly Northern China and northern East Asia. So all come from Haplogroup one person with NOP.
Where better to develop advanced skills in medicine, philosophy, metalwork, weaving and farming than by straddling the silk road. I think it is the fount of both eastern and western civilizations.
the Indo-European culture made its way from the Pontic steppe to India. it had to have crossed somewhere through what we now call China. More than likely in the west as it makes more sense logistically.
You don't need to pass through China to get to India. But they did go to China too.
R1a to southeastern direction, and r1b to western Europe. Different path. Horses pulling chariots would be choked in ancient times, not to mention invading China. Gorodetskaya had good points, but she was rejecting archaeological findings that came out in the last 10-15 years around the Yellow River lines, with numerous citadels much larger than the Xia or Shang capitals' sites. And genetic evidence all point to a mix of ancient Finnish people with ancient Chinese, not Indo-Europeans. See more below. Stirrup was not invented till 1700-1800 years ago, and Chinese bowmen of 5000 could confront a Hun cavalry army of 100,000, and it is because the Huns did not have stirrups. In the 2nd century China, the ancient Tibeto-Burmans invaded the Yellow River area by 10,000 cavalries. 200,000 Chinese soldiers from counties in the area were asked to pool money to buy 10,000 horses, and then 190,000 soldiers dismissed, and the rest 10,000 cavalrymen chased the 10,000 barbarians back to the area of the Yellow River origin. No stirrups at the time. But the Huns and Avars later had the stirrups to invade into Europe. This high tech that changed warfare. 400 Xianbei cavalries at one time passed through the Hun-controlled land without being challenged. That's the powerfulness of stirrup. See more below for the west's lack of harness technology. Edward Vajda - Tlingit and the Dene-Yeniseian Hypothesis. Linguistically, Chinese language was to do with this umbrella. Tibeto-Burmans split from Chinese 5000-9000 years ago but shared 80-90% cognates, all with the 'quan' [kwen] cognate for dogs. The barbarians were called by dog barbarians using this tag. This was before any Tocharian migration to the Tarim. Genetically, Chinese were related to the Fins who lived in southeastern Inner Mongolia before their migration to the west. Pottery and metallurgy, you want to study a Russian Olga Gorodetskaya's bronze studies of excavated bronze in the Yangtze, much older than the Shang bronze. And you want to study Needham to know potteries were invented 15000 years ago, and only in China you had the wind turbine to generate the high temperature. Metallurgy, the west did not know how to melt the iron ore till the last 2000 years and did not know casting other than hammering. Horse and chariot, the west was 1000 years late in harnessing, and the Sumerian harnessing would choke a horse at the neck when fast running. There is no way for a R1B gene to carry high tech to China. Edward Vajda would give you the dates by millenniums for the interactions of people, and you could come to understand why Avars were N and Q genes, Fins and Central Asian Turks. The Central Asia R1a people were pushed out by the Turks. In ancient Chinese, we had the mixed genes of the Fins and Turks, but not Indo-Europeans R1a, not to mention your R1b.
@@看客-b1s Lol you're completely delusional.
What a massive cope.
Garbage. Total anachronistic nonsense.