How (Some) Plants Survived The K-Pg Extinction
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- Опубликовано: 12 апр 2023
- Perhaps for plants in times of great stress and ecological upheaval, the more DNA the better.
Thanks to Franz Anthony (franzanth.com) for the incredible reconstruction of plants in the aftermath of the K-Pg extinction.
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I get that plant evolution might not get too many clicks, but I think at some point you really should do a video on the evolution of grasses and grasslands, seeing how it seems to be a relatively recent occurrence and how it drove the evolution of many species, including but not limited to humans.
Evolution might not get clicks but it gets chicks, ayoo. Why am I like this?
That would be great!
But grasses evolved more than 65 million years ago
Plants are marvelous beings. The fact that some of them can grow from a cut node, or even a single leaf is nothing short of amazing
infact many of them
That art of the plants growing out of the sauropod skull goes HARD
I just want to take a moment to say thank you for adding proper subtitles! It means a lot to those of us who rely on subtitles to fully understand and enjoy the video. It's appreciated. Thank you.
Many ferns have extremely large genomes and have long been assumed to have gone through several genome duplicating events. Polyploidy is not just limited to angiosperms.
Recent work by Cheng, et al 2023, *Revisiting ancient polyploidy in leptosporangiate ferns*, investigates this in more detail.
"leptosporangiate" what does that mean? I know the sporangium but what does this technical term mean?
@@arta.xshaca "The Polypodiidae, commonly called leptosporangiate ferns, formerly Leptosporangiatae, are one of four subclasses of ferns, and the largest of these, being the largest group of living ferns, including some 11,000 species worldwide."
What you get if you look it up.
I study plant genetics and diseases and love when you guys do plant videos! Any chance we could get a video about ancient plant pathology??
Adding my vote to that! Grew up on a farm, so plant ailments were always something we were aware of...
I would unironically love a video about the history of bananas
Photosynthesizers are the basis of nearly all ecosystems, they deserve more credit. Cyanobacteria really sent earth on the path to becoming what it is today. Plants are the most strange and fascinating to me. Everytime we talk about eukaryotes we mention how amazing mitochondria are and where they came from, but plants did the endosymbiont thing twice!!! Lastly, Lichens, they're really overlooked too for how fundamentally incredible they are as composite organisms.
Love the plant episodes! (Even if they include record numbers of nonsense 3D renditions of DNA)
Polyploidy (at least an initial tetraploidization event) are often also seen in many tumour types (e.g. ovarian, esophageal cancer etc.) for largely the same reason. There ain't no meteors hitting the tumour, but it helps them grow out and evolve. Your channel is ⚡⚡⚡
Colchicine has been used to induce polyploidy in agricultural and ornamental crop breeding, and is still used today to treat gout. Today the herbicide Oryzalin is favoured for the former as it is comparatively less dangerous to human cells than colchicine. I wonder if there is anything interesting going on there with tumour development?
It blows my mind how much we've been able to learn about history in deep-time through genetics in recent years. More plant content please!!!
I welcome more plant videos! These are too rare, compared to the animal videos in general.
Would love to see videos detailing the evolution of many species of plants and fungi, because usually we only get a compilation or one-off and that should keep us busy for some years.
Chris Packham used to have a great show called "Secrets of Our Living Planet" and it had a great mixture of animals and plants and the workings of the planet combined.
I wasn't expecting a double-dose of DNA to be the answer to the video's tagline. It was fascinating though a little complex, so I hope there's more plant videos lined up!
“Life, uh, finds a way”.
🧬🧬
- we agree
I love how much Kallie always appreciates the jokes at the end! She always gets so tickled 🥰
I had the exact same thought at the end of this video.
This is one of those questions you never think to ask, but then wonder how you never thought to ask it.
It is interesting to imagine how different of a plant environment the non-avian dinosaurs lived among.
For one grass wasn't widespread. Grass is like how we view mammals after the extinction of the non avian dinosaurs: completely taking the place of their forbearers and becoming widespread everywhere
No emviroment we have today would looks like somehing a dinosaurs would have seen at least not completely
@@astick5249 I always wonder, before grasses, what plants occupied an environment like the Great Plains? There must have been habitats like this, with similar temperatures and rainfall. What plants grew there, and what animals ate them?
@@brad9189 I think a big reason many grasslands were around were simply because they are the only ones able to survive being so heavily eaten, basically their very predators helping them remain widespread, otherwise i think it was ferns and stuff that covered the ground, grass is one of a kind.
@@astick5249 it’s not just that grass wasn’t widespread; for most, if not all, of the dinosaur times grass did not exist at all.
Greetings from Nashville🙏 I'm 20 years old now, and I've loved watching these videos since I was 14. I wonder what percentage of the viewers here are/were researchers in anthropology, paleontology etc. Thank you, PBS Eons, for fueling my fascination!
Thank you again for recognizing native people communities and land.
Thank you so much for today's episode! Your videos about plant evolution are inspiring me during my environmental classes with children!
Is there a way to do a "what if" episode? Basically what would have happened if that meteorite hit the deepest part of the ocean? Like our current Mariana trench.
Thanks for the paleobotany content! I know dinosaurs and the cenozoic megafauna are exciting, but there's no ecology without plants.
Horticulturist here, and I really wish y’all would do plant videos more!
This has been my favorite of all PBS Eons videos. Thank you for the curation of such interesting material. Thank you for the presentation style. It is something that my whole family enjoys.
Nice to see a video about an issue affecting plants (instead of yet more animal stuff).
Abilities and Events such as these, are what I am referring to when I think about real magic. I never knew about this before your video and it is utterly amazing. What also strikes me about it, and something I am a little surprised that you didn't make note of, is how this did not only save these plants from annihilation. That in fact, in the aftermath of the Extinction Event, this must have allowed the surviving animals such a reprieve by allowing herbivores to have some food sources once again and subsequently the surviving carnivores as well. To think how this must have played such an integral role, if not a decisive one, in the survival of so many lineages of life following the KT event. Astonishing, Absolutely Astonishing🤩
One of my favorite channels and presenters on RUclips. Keep it up all!
OUTSTANDING EPISODE! I REALLY LIKED GOING BROADER THAN JUST DINO'S, ANIMALS, INSECTS AND REPTILES. PLANT EVOLUTION IS FAR MORE INTRESTING AND UNIVERSAL. AND YOU ARE MY FAVORITE PBS EONS HOST! 🥰😇😁
Nice vid. We def need more vids of paleobotany. Though I’m more fascinated with fungi than plants and craving more fungi content on YT lol
I love to watch PBS Eons before sleeping. The narration is calming to listen to with interesting knowledge.
Finally an answer to my never ending question!
I+d liked more explanation of tangential procecees: - why is polyloidery normaly a disadvantage? how does shade avoidance work?
I usually have more problems following your paleobotanist videos. still love ya all
My favorite presenter of all time! She rocks the casbah! ❤😊
Great episode, Kallie! Thank you so much.
Wonderful video! I had always wondered how plants survived the cretaceous extinction, AND why strawberries and other plants have SO MANY CHROMOSOMES, and you just answered both questions! fascinating that they are so related!
So grateful for this video. More plant adaptation videos please.
PBS Eons always delivers the goods!
The alliteration in this script is 👌👌👌
This is my favourite format of your videos.
I would like to second the call from more plant content, and possibly even suggest a topic, because I would like to hear about the evolution of grasses (and also the eco systems they create!). Great video as always!
Wanted to pop into the comments for a sec to say that the editor/animator did a great job on this episode! Those visuals really helped connect the dots in places where the concepts were a bit harder for someone who barely passed bio (roughly 12 years ago...yikes) to keep up with easily.
This video helped me to resolve an issue with the world building in my fantasy novel I'm working on. I love when science solves a problem for me.
How interesting! Thanks for the video!
One of my favorite channels on YT
I'm waiting for a host to say 'niche' three different ways during a video to see if anyone notices...
Polyploidy happened twice for our ancestor Pikaia in the Cambrian, likely leading to greater complexity and adaptation of all vertebrate animals like us!!
This show is terrific!
I've always looked at plants learning to evolve, and the already well established mushroom kingdom, and can't help but ponder about a possible connection
Fascinating! it's a smart strategy that makes you wonder about how the trigger functions.
Very cool episode, as fellow descendants of cataclysmic events, it's interesting to see how different species adapted.
Reminds me of the "junk DNA" thing; Why anyone would assume DNA has no use is pretty hard to understand.
The way I see it is part of DNA are like main program data, where as the "junk DNA" are more just data, like assets or extra sub-routines.
I just watched Picard S3E9.
@@NexuJin Well, if you're prepared to duplicate a genome, that DNA seems to be useful, doesn't it?
Loved this episode 😊
Any thoughts about why it's so common in plants and yet so uncommon in animals if it can offer such important advantages?
Animal development is more sensitive to gene dosage, that is, the relative amounts of different alleles if the same gene. Polyploidy messes with these ratios.
Super interesting. More on plant genomics please!
"
It's cold and ark. Ash and dust cloud the air, blocking out the sun" is going in my new metal song
More plant evolution please ❤
Would you consider a video looking at gingkoes and their extinct relatives?
Yes please
Yes please +2
Wow, seeing the affected genes match to the environmental conditions at the time is fascinating!
Fascinating stuff. 🌱🌿🍃
Great episode. In my days as a Ag-Biotech researcher I was always amazed that polyploidy even existed. In animals, to my knowledge, it is unheard of as a normal condition (please correct me if I'm wrong. I'd love to know of a polyploid animal). In most cases the duplication of even one chromosome in an animal is devastating and often lethal. There are many human pathologies that result from the duplication of a relatively small portion of a single chromosome. As a classically trained zoologist who took up plant study because I needed a job, I found plants to be absolutely amazing. Hope to see more on plant evolution in the future! BTW, my crop specialty was corn, always was in awe of the wheat geneticists.
It is definitely rarer for animals to be polyploid than plants. Still, we know of several paleopolyploidization events in animals. It is more or less consensus that two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) occurred in the ancestor or all vertebrates (jawed ones at least). You can look up the '2R hypothesis'. From the top of my head, I can also mention that teleosts (96% of all fish) had a third round of WGD, and salmonids as well as carps each had a fourth round on top of that. I know fishes best, but beyond that, there are many examples in everything from amphibians to insects.
the pun at the end is always a challenge, but necessary for complete knowledge
I really liked this one. Thanks. 💯
Thank you!
This is really interesting, though I would like a follow-up video on how gymnosperms survived and, particularly, how living fossils like Ginkgos, Horsetails, Treeferns, Cycads, and so on pulled through
Very cool episode!
This is so cool and fascinating, especially since the plants the group studied are those that humans have genetically modified through selective breeding, as well. It makes one wonder if the success humans had in breeding corn, for example, into the size it is today was related to the existence of those additional genes.
A very legit question, and one that is key to knowing what animals survived the K-Pg extinction.
More plant evolution please! 😃 🌵🌾🌲 These 3 would be maybe interesting 🤔
Interesting and fitting video for today 🙂👍🌿
You're my favorite host! Wish you could do all the videos lol
Genes retained after WGD are often developmental genes, which are usually more dosage sensitive, so even losing them (despite being a homolog) can still be detrimental. So, it's not always immediately about "advantage" but "avoiding disadvantage."
Amazing!
Such terrifying imagery. That whole era is scary to imagine.
What a concept
-Holmes, what kind of citrus tree is this?
-A lemon tree, my dear Watson.
Plants are awesome and we never give them the attention and respect they deserve. After all, without them Earth would still be a barren lifeless world. Could you do another episode on which plants survived vs. ones that went extinct and what current plants are descendants of those survivors?
That's a beautiful picture of those plants growing out of that alamosaurus skull.
More about evolution: How did the earliest plants evolve from producing spores to flowering and producing seeds?
Plants in the birch (Betula) genus have really mixed ploidy. Species vary between diploid all the way from diploids to to hexaploide to pentaploide.
Interesting new camera angle the wide from (a little bit above) I think y’all got a Camera B for green screen time and it’s cool!
Yay. Nice to see a plant episode.
this is so cool
I also lament at the other neglected topic of fungi in the fossil record. Aside from a contentious giant mushroom little of the field is covered by us commoners 😁
and even now they are the base of the pyramid of life.
Plants are a subject id love you cover more one of my favourite series ever made was the private life of plants by David Attenborough
It would be nice if you made sure to link the episodes you recommend viewers to in the outro. I was interested, just a bit more work lol
Please do a few episodes on ferns!
More plant evolution please!
You said "ancestor of potatoes" and now I'm thinking of possible delicious extinct vegetables
Honestly you don't really even need the darkness so much for extinctions and extirpations at the K-Pg (plus we need more evidence of it). If you knock down diverse forests (from overpressure would do) you won't exactly get it growing back the same way as before since some plants might have an advantage they normally do not have. Funny thing is that in the Fort Union Formation there is a plant that suddenly appears just a bit above the boundary called Paranymphaea crassifolia which might be in the family polygonaceae which is known for it's aggressive weeds which might support the idea it was competition rather than just death over a short period of time. My own work in the Fort Union and Hell Creek is relevant here too and I'll eventually have some of that out here soon.
Japanese knotweed we’re talking about you!
Love it ❤
I like how the Common Dandelion (Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia; Taraxacum officinale) uses its polyploidy. In an average biotop, there are diploid, triploid and tetraploid specimen side by side. Diploid specimen are able to cross-pollinate other diploid plants, and their offspring is tetraploid. Diploid plants can also pollinate tetraploid plants, and their offspring is triploid. While tetraploids can only cross-pollinate with diploids, triploid plants are infertile, but can create offspring by cloning. But the cloning process is not very exact, and chromosomes get lost all the time. Thus, slowly the clones get more and more diploid, until they are real (or nearly real) diploids again. Then they can pollinate other diploids and tetraploids, and the next round starts.
Wow. Thanks, that´s more interesting than the video was!
Great video. I'd love to see a video about polypoidy in animals, fungi and even protists. It would also be fascinating to see research done into the rmolecular genetic relationship and interminglings of all forms of life on earth. We share 50% or greater of our genes with plants. Wondering how much relatively recent contamination (within the last 250 million years) we have from plants and fungi in our genome, caused by transposons, virioids and retroviruses.
It’s nice when the comments are as interesting as theses are. Thanks everyone.
I've always wondered this...
I also wonder how plants adapted to the Permian/Triassic extinction event.
Wonderful… thank you. 🤸🏽♂️ 🖖🏼
7:44 Oh yep "recent" i remember it just like it was yesterday
let’s keep the plant content a-coming!!
Even though I know it for a fact, it still kind of boggles my mind sometimes that dinosaurs like Dimetrodon are older than flowering plants, and sharks are (WAY) older than grass!
Dimetrodon is not a dinosaur
@@richardblazer8070 you're technically correct.
Plants are amazing.
I loved the end pun 😜
love u guys