Is entanglement the key to quantum computing?
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- Опубликовано: 20 май 2024
- In this video I describe my PhD research in quantum computing. Is entanglement really crucial to a quantum computer? The standard wisdom says yes but I wasn't so sure.
Here are a few citations:
2:20 I claimed that entanglement has been shown to cause a small (polynomial time) improvement in quantum computing in a particular circumstance. That was shown in an amazing paper that used Bell inequalities to prove you the fact: arxiv.org/abs/1704.00690
2:45 On the role of entanglement in the quantum-computational speed up: arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0201143
Chapter 4 of my PhD covers the entanglement project. This is the most up to date source on it- we haven't uploaded the new version to the arXiv yet: www.repository.cam.ac.uk/hand... 
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It is really inspiring to hear someone being so open about a mistake they made, since it's so hard to do that. Thank you for another great video!
And I appreciate her admitting to impulse to keep quiet about it and overcoming that impulse which worked out in the end but could have not been recoverable. That is bravery and integrity.
Almost all academic papers are "wrong" (not quite accurate). We publish them anyway because we hope it is less wrong than the predecessors. It is weird how we mentally dont want to publish something that has flaws, but it is more important to look at the bits inbetween those flaws. Those parts are the reasons publishing helps society
In my career, I found that there is an inverse relationship between confidence and competence.
discovering the truth is never a mistake, and coming from a false assumption (and contradicting it in the process) is just one way of doing it
Wow, those 17 minutes and 42 seconds felt like a real roller-coaster! Can't imagine what it was like for a few years. I can definitely relate to wanting to stick on something for so long when you feel like there's something there😂. Congratulations! Really happy for you. (Also, it's refreshing to get a clear explanation of what a PhD student does without them over-simplifying)
As an individual with very limited mathematical knowledge and small scientific training, I find your videos fascinating and enlightening. Thanks for putting them out
I am pleased you were able to admit to a mistake and fix it, and I didn't know it was so common to have multiple Ph. D projects, that is crucial knowledge if I decide to continue for my doctorate after this December, so thanks for the insight.
That was a beautiful story. My daughter is in a PhD program in neurophysiology. I think she should hear this, because she has experienced many of the same highs and lows. Thank you for sharing.
Awesome story! The fact that you told us about your reseach from a personal perspective with so many highs and lows made it so much enjoyable. Also, as I am myself a PhD student that had to switch project due to a dead end after working really hard on it, I could relate so much to your strugle and got very pleased to see that you managed to work it out. Truly inspiring. Congratulations!
Wow this is such an awesome story!! Super engaging and thought-provoking 😁
She got lucky :-) (somewhat) But I'm quite happy for her.
Thanks so much Le :)!!
Great video! I really appreciate how you went into all the details in the process, rather than just focusing on the highlights as giving a bigger picture of the ups and downs I think is most helpful to others!
It has been a joy to watch your journey in this topic over the past seven years. I have learned a lot by watching your videos, and I have really enjoyed your style and humor. Looking forward to calling you Dr LG. 😄
Thank you for sharing this story. I felt touched by your determination to finish what you started and saw your initial hypothesis through until the end and I'm happy all your hard work eventually paid off!
I'm beginning my PhD in Quantum Computing this Fall. Thank you for sharing your honest story. I know the PhD will be tough but it is so great to be reassured that people do make it through despite things not going according to plan, and so satisfying that these missteps are actually all part of the larger process of understanding things. This video was such an emotional rollercoaster!
For years you keep enlightening us with really complex concepts in the most natural and articulate way. So happy for you! Kudos
Wow that was really inspiring! So happy for you that you're able to complete the project, and thanks for sharing your phd journey!
Wow! What a plot twist combo! And gratz! ^_^
Your experience shows that work never goes to waste. Even if you don't achieve what you started with, you often learn a lot of things. It's the journey, not the end, that matters. Thanks for sharing this with us
I’ve been subscribed to your channel for years and watched every video as soon as I could. Although the format and content have changed a bit, each one is a gem unto itself. Thank you so much for continuing to make videos!
Wow, thank you so much for watching for so long!
What a delightfully compelling tale! I barely hung on thru the grisly detail, but was entranced by your perfect evocation of the emotional roller coaster of confronting a Ph.D.
Great job Mithuna! If anyone is interested in seeing an interview with Mithuna, on this very topic, there's a somewhat technical podcast with Mithuna on our channel, as she generously spoke with me on Quantum Computing and Quantum Foundations. Thank you Mithuna. - Curt
I didn't think I would find such a great channel in a comment. Glad I found. Reminds me of the fact that we are always missing on great things.
@@1eV Thank you Sabbir
Inspiring, you motivated my long exhausted soul into paving my seemingly impossible path. Thanks and keep doing great things !
The way you explain the concepts are far better than anyone else's videos I've seen.
Loved this video! Thank you for spending the time to make it and give us some insight into your journey. This gives me an idea of what its like to do ones PhD and its greatly appreciated! Cheers and good on you for doing the right thing! Hope to see more of your content! :)
Thank you for sharing the story of solving pursuing and solving the problem. It is amazing when we can change our own minds. Separately, I am glad that I listened to a few introduction to quantum computing lectures, as I now somewhat follow the equations you put in your videos.
I’ve been watching your videos from the time I was in high school, finally happy to see the face behind the voice. Now I have a masters degree in engineering physics in photonics (passive Photonic IC devices). Your videos helped me a bit along the way during my university years. Thanks.
I did not realize Research is such a high stakes game! Sounds like you are holding yourself to a very high standard.
Your journey sounds exactly like mine with Pilot wave theory 😅 I'm pretty sure it was Bell's inequality that wrecked me too 😋 We live in such a strange world it's beautiful tho! 😵
Thanks for this!
As a layman I had no idea of the importance of entanglement to quantum computing, and all the debate you mentioned.
All videos I've seen so far about QC just talk about superposition.
PS: congrats on your PHD and I tip my hat to your ethics (and resilience, and courage).
Admitting such a mistake is the right thing to do, thank you for being so honest! I've had a few papers that stole months of my time for nothing because I couldn't replicate their algorithm and then finally found out that their equations were all wrong.
This was really interesting, thanks for sharing! Realising mistakes in your own work really sucks and I've definitely also had that devil on my shoulder suggesting that I don't point out the mistakes, so thanks for being so honest about it. And congrats on getting the result out in the end!
My heart sunk when you mentioned the flaw :(. I couldn't imagine working on something for so long only to have it be worthless. Good thing you managed to fix it
This kind of story is not unheard of. Sometimes the mistake is a small inequality that can be fixed in a short note that serves as an erratum. Sometimes it is big. Sometimes it is insurmountable.
I don’t really understand much of this, but your explanations give me something to grasp onto. I admire your tenacity and intellectual honesty, though, which are very easy to understand! Congratulations, and thanks for your videos. Best of luck for whatever you take on next!
I almost felt like crying when your voice started trembling towards the end of the video... Congratulations for not giving up and for admitting your mistake at that point of time..... I don't know what else to say.... I'm literally out of words to appreciate what your channel has given me !! Thank you so much🥺
Congrats on fixing the paper! Would love to see more stuff about quantum computing / PhD study in future
Love the humility! We're rooting for you, pal.
Excellent video, Mithuna. It's inspiring to see how far you've come as a forerunner in quantum theory. We're all are lucky to have a such a solid explainer on these difficult problems. Can't wait to see what else you come up with in the future 🔥🔥🔥
Thanks guys!!
I finished my phd before you did but you are like a role model to me honestly
*Oh hey. I have started my PhD but I have been thinking of switching my topic to Quantum Key distribution. Really confused right now. But it was nice to see you again after a long time.*
Congratulations on your success, and thanks for the intriguing story!
Your intellectual honesty is wonderful to hear about. Also, congratulations on finding a correction. Love your videos. ❤️
Very inspiring! You went off the beaten trail despite the extra risks/failures.
Phd students should post their experience more often. Thank you for sharing and being open about it! As a Phd student in physics myself i easly relate to your story. BTW i see your improvents in your videos, editing and background, great job!
It is exhausting every now and then.
Thank-you!
Love hearing about your research!
Very cool and well-explained for an outsider! And congrats on keeping your academic integrity while still getting a wonderful result :) It sounds like a very interesting system. I'd be interested to know a bit more about different quantum computers from an introductory level like you explained for the computer system/framework you mentioned.
Wow! I love it! I'm very thoughtful about your story! makes me rethink about me, is not only a lesson of physics but also for life too, sometimes we got stuck in a problem, we got frustrated because we don't see the outcome that we expect when that happens maybe it's time for a break!
Thanks for sharing this! I can hardly imagine how exciting it must have been to fix that mistake.
The picture at 2:02 sums up everything. What a great explanation.
That was a great story. I am also glad to hear that you would have retracted, that shows respect for your colleagues and for what you are actually trying to accomplish.
I'm glad your work paid off. This video was super interesting and inspirational for me
I decided to do my bachelor's thesis in informatics on quantum computing without knowing what I'm getting myself into. I had zero knowledge in linear algebra or quantum physics and having a full-time job is making it extra hard. Oh well, at least not many things are as exciting as quantum physics. Your story is very inspiring, watching this video makes me capture some of your enthusiasm, thank you!
What a fantastic video! This should be shared with anyone who's done research or wants to.
Just wanted to leave a quick comment to say I really enjoyed this video and watched from start to finish; never thought I’d come close to understanding a problem in quantum physics but you broke the challenge down so well. Sounds like you had quite the journey; you would legitimately know as much as anyone could on the topic of entanglement. :)
Thank you so much for watching! I’m glad it was understandable- it’s a very niche topic but I’m glad I got to do it :)
Well your efforts will always be counted, good job.
What a beautiful story! Reminds me of the struggle that Andrew Wiles had proving Fermat's Last Theorem in the 90s. It seems like tough problems always fight back. Congratulations on your PhD!
Thanks for your outstanding videos. They are interesting, informative, challenging & fun. They also allow us to share in the wonderful journey of discovery that you have embarked on in this life. Respect.
Great video and great storytelling of how the scientific method works. I watched this after a Sabine Hossenfelder video talking about Einstein and his views and concerns about quantum mechanics and entanglement that basically said although entanglement is a thing, and could be useful (as in quantum computers), the properties of an object just aren't known until measured, and that they aren't really both things at the same time until measured, just that they could be one of two things (for example spin 1 or spin 0).
Having some physics in my degree, many moons ago now, I had thought (and I thought was taught) that there is a probability that it could be one or the other, and that when measured, knowing the state meant that you instantaneously knew the state of the other particle, that there was some faster than light information exchange going on (I've seen this suggested in other videos here on RUclips as well, by scientists I think). This isn't the case.
The fact that at the instant you set up the experiment and have the two entangled particles together, but just haven't measured their states yet, but know the overall state means that by measuring one particle's state when the other has moved a long way away and thus knowing the state of both just isn't something too groundbreaking, it's simple physics.
But even just this I think can speed up calculations compared to the way a standard computer works as you're only having to measure one instead of two values, which surely would make it faster. I know this is an oversimplification of things and there are other challenges to overcome, but I'm glad you're passionate about finding out what's going on and look forward to hearing more!!!
Super interesting and engaging story! And so happy for you that it worked out in the end.
One bit that stuck out to me is the part where you said that you had to retract the paper. Does it really need to be retracted? Can't it just be revised and updated to clearly show the mistake? I think that would be extremely useful in itself! It's a lot of work, ideas and conclusions that could still be useful even if the premise is wrong.
In love with your voice. Great content. Keep em coming please.
definitely love your drawing skills and colorful markers.
Best science story ever. That was awesome of you to fix your mistake, then go on to change your mind as well. You will be an amazing scientist.
I could feel my heart sink when you said you found a flaw at the start of the proof. This was really helpful in viewing theoretical research.
Well I'm just super happy you're back making videos 😊
Brilliant, well done on so many levels
Great to see you again!
Inspirational video! So many lessons here, and not just about entanglement.
Great that you got the result in the end.
Loved the video. It would be great to see more videos covering further details from your PhD.
( BTW. The PhD via the link you provided looked like it needs a proof read. Nothing major just the odd missing word :)
I don't usually comment on youtube videos, but I have to say that this is one of the most genuine and amazing videos I have ever watched. But being that this isn't a 'fancy' video (in production complexity), I'm basically saying that you are an incredibly genuine and amazing person :)
To be this honest and candid about a 'published' wrongdoing, and act upon it with integrity (as a true scientist should), but then come back and actually prove what you wanted to prove in the first place... this is why the human story of science is the most beautiful story.
Today, I also happened to watch a talk by the biologist Uri Alon about the path of scientific researchers (mostly about the struggle lol) and it complements your story beautifully. You should really watch his lectures and talks on YT.
You should also read a book called "Feynman's Rainbow" by Leonard Mlodinow. It is a brutally honest memoir of a "talented" physicist coming to Caltech in days of Feynman and Gell-Mann and having the incredibly human thoughts of inadequacy and feeling lost. It might be my favorite book, I cried when he described Feynman dying :(
As a comment on actual content of video, it would be interesting to prove that the mathematical model of quantum computers (or quantum mechanics generally) to be irrelevant and equivalent to all other models. So that proofs in one model do make general statements about the physics as a whole. Maybe category theory will help with this but I'd imagine that will be waaay way down the road. I have no idea what that kind of proof would look like. I look forward to reading (probably not understanding!) your updated paper!
More videos by PhDs explaining their research as well as their story (and in real time as you and Simon Clark have done) should be done more on youtube, this is what the internet was made for. I commend you for being a pioneer in this respect and hopefully history writes you in with the importance you deserve. Cheers :) - Miguel
thank you for sharing about your research, and telling that research requires time and has its up and downs. I was into clinical bacteriology in the eigthies, making experiments with Salmonella bacteria, a long work that sadly led to nothing. But I choosed a new path. I became a teacher and continued researching on my own, trying to find an engaging way to teach math among others inspiring my student girls to choose a career in technology. I had several of them to join a "girltech" team, that helped out among others assembling 128 kB computers for the school computer lab.
If I would have known about you, I would have shared your video with them. With my work as a teacher exploring new teaching ethods, I came to know a lot of teachers around the world, among others in Lima at a seminary about IRC between students, I held there.
As a retired science and math teacher I can say that I had a rich life.
I continue my personal research, now trying to understand EFE, about consciousness, Quantum physics and higher math. Thanks to Grant Sandersson I discovered you. Best wishes from Italy.
Amazing video! Thanks for sharing and best of luck in the future as well!
it's amazing how you can explain a topic like quantum computing in a way that anyone can understand
Incredibly inspiring. Thanks!
Hey, quiet watcher of your videos for about a year now. Figured I'd finally comment. Two observations:
1. I appreciate you started with a hypothesis (quantum entanglement doesn't matter to quantum computing) then used maths and the scientific method to arrive a a conclusion that further refined the hypothesis (there is some evidence to suggest entanglement is a necessary precursor to quantum computing
2. This can't be understated: I *really really appreciate your level of integrity*. In a world where research papers are getting pushed out the wa-zoo with results that fail to be accurately re-tested because some researchers feel the need to create faux innovation instead critically attacking a particular challenge with genuine intentions. It's refreshing to listen to someone who has a pure, rational and critical approach to problem solving (though I do hear there were some tumultuous emotional moments involved). Further more, I disagree with that one lecturer who told you "Switch to something else if you want to pump out a research paper," sure if it gets you through your studies do it. But IMO the reason I subscribed to your content is because you are one of the few researchers not chasing clout but instead trying to get closer towards fundamental/subjective truth. I might even be developing a platonic crush on your research methodology. If I ever make it over to the UK, I'll take you out for a beer or three.
I'm at about 80% confidence that something truly game changing will come out of your head. Remember Einstein was working on his theory for 16+ years before it got tested and adopted as mainstream thought. It's your hard work, curiousity and perserverence that will take you far long term. But you already know that. Keep at it sister, looking forward to seeing how you grow in the mid-long term future.
From a brown brother from down under.
You're genuinely the best science youtube channel I've seen, forget 3B1B and veritasium! I've wanted someone to talk about entanglement's role in quantum computing for so long because all people ever say is just like "what a quantum computer is not" rather than actually explaining something it is. Plus, you tell the true story of writing science so nicely. Keep it up!
I like this youtube channel too, but three I prefer more are PBS Space Time, Fermilab, and Sabine Hossenfelder.
@@brothermine2292 Science asylum is my favourite!
I tried to understand what I could from chapter 4 in your thesis. Well done! Take that DQC1!
I'll watch this video soon! Pretty sure it'll be as great as always
Wow, what a ride! Thank you so much for sharing!
YOU GO GIRL. PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT.
This is sch a beutiful video. How sincerely the author has shared her experience is really adorable. We need more such souls for real advance in scientific thinking.
Your explanation always satisfies me mithuna 😃
nice work, congrats!
Excellent, so good to witness the honest endeavour by someone on a topic I know so little about. Like trusting the roof tiler to fix your roof without cheating. You just know she's doing her best and being as honest as she can be, even where there was an opportunity to cheat. Now I have to trust entanglement more just because of this video.
Thank you so much Micheal :)
Very nicely presented. Great job!
Congrats! This is awesome!!
Nice to see you again.
So long.
👍👌👌👌
Because of the way you teach I can understand. 😊 Im happy I can finally understand quantum computing.
Glad to hear about your research. The perils. So scary. Also, the same feeling about papers with mistakes.
Maybe I missed it, but did you finish your PhD?
Congrats if so.
Best wishes in where-ever you are going (finishing it or something else) if not.
I kinda was interested if you had any positive reason to believe that entanglement was key when you started this journey. Was it just bucking against a common belief that you felt was not as justified as people thought or was there something else fishy to it?
Did you have an alternative theory? I'm sure that for people to propose that entanglement was not THE thing, then someone had come up with an idea for why not.
(Somewhat a tangent:) An interesting video I saw by John Preskill at Institute for Quantum computing (vid on YT) described it as having a book, but the information is stored in the correlations between the pages. Knowing one page doesn't tell you anything. This makes sense classically, because there could be rubbish on each page, but putting them together you see the actual message. For quantum, it remains as an analogy, I suppose.
I just have trouble imagining what else could be going on in a quantum computer than entanglement because I'm not an expert in this field.
Thank you for telling a wonderful story.
Amazing. 👏🏽👏🏽👏🏽 What an adventure.
Great job! Congrats
The answer to the question also depends how you relate superposition within quantum computing. Based on Gottesman-Knill theorem, there are CHP simulators which for all practical purposes deal with entanglement of superpositions (due to the H and CNOT combinations) but are still in L (a subclass of P) and therefore not exponential. So a lot of parties say that it's caused by the interference in combination with the entanglement.
This was a great story / presentation.
Glad it all worked out in the end. I always love hearing people's passion about extremely specific questions :).
Somehow I don't think my passion for eigenstate thermalization will have such a happy ending :p.
What is eigenstate thermalisation? Good luck in any case!
@@LookingGlassUniverse Thanks! It's entanglement in the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian causing isolated quantum systems to thermalize (well, thermalize the subsystems). This means entanglement can cause statistical mechanics!
When my undergraduate supervisor told me about it I was hooked. Still working away at it in my PhD :).
This sounds *awesome*. Do you have a good citation I can read?
@@LookingGlassUniverse Yeah absolutely.
In video format I introduce it here: ruclips.net/video/p4fpzYD_WRU/видео.html
(Though I am not nearly as good of a presenter as you, it's sort of stripped down to it's main concepts).
Here is a review that approaches the topic by generalizing random matrix theory:
arxiv.org/abs/1509.06411
(The relevant section is section 4 that introduces the ansatz.)
And for a really cool result, here is an if and only if proof that eigenstate thermalization is necessary for stat mech to emerge:
arxiv.org/abs/1506.07265
Proposition 1 tells you the eigenstates should have large bipartite entanglement due to them locally looking identical to the microcanonical average.
Definition 3 is a nice epsilon delta definition of ETH.
Thank you for sharing your beautiful experiences and insights !! Intelligent and wisdom filled !! Simply awesome !!
Greetings from California … I wish you and all good health, success and happiness !! Much Love ✌️😎💕
14:08 man... I'm sorry. You made it, though. It's like you're a super hero for passing through all that. I know your videos helped me a lot!
I don't know what linear algebra is, but somehow I got a notification for the next 3Blue1Brown video**while I was watching this**!! Cool coincidence that you posted at almost the same time and linked 3B1B :D
So that's where I'm going now, thanks for the interesting videozz
PS: I read Poor Economics and showed it to some of my friends, but my reading list only grows with Good Economics for Hard Times... so many things to learn, so little time XP
As a simple organic chemist listening to Mithuna trying to explain the meat of her Ph.D. work, I think I might have gotten a glimpse of what a Labradoodle must go through when someone is reading Shakespeare to it. Holy crap! I realize how utterly clueless I am of QM. This Labradoodle takes a break from chasing his tail and wander off to sniff something. Jokes aside, I have immense appreciation for your effort to explain this. And your admittance of mistakes does not cast any shadow on you. Quite the contrary.
If you explained your work in organic chem I’d be completely clueless but excited to hear about it :)
Great videos and knowledge
Inspirational stuff thank you for sharing your phD research thesis with us all.
I think that your torturous path through this area of research is actually more common than many may think,Richard Feynman likened research to being in a state of unhappiness and confusion for an extended period of time,followed by a moment of inspiration and bliss.
You know even if you did end up at a dead end,you will still have gained a deeper understanding of an area of research,which is surely still something of value that you will have gained.
Its really nice hearing of your experiences thank you.
Ps i still ind entanglement a little confusing, to me conceptually it seems that two systems are kinda sharing two wavefunctions,so its a kind of superposition is that right?
Hey thanks a lot for this well made video!
One small thing for future tho: when you record your voiceover you are distorting the microphone. For the next video check that your microphone gain is not too high... or maybe record the voiceover with another mic or simply speak less loud to avoid distortion. THanks a lot!
I recommend reading the introduction of her thesis. "Once upon a time a computer was not a machine, it was a human..." She is brilliant, as well as human. Also, read the chapter headings, and if you know some maths, CIS, and/or physics read it all. BQP
www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/315974
This shit is hard, especially in our "Never be wrong" society, but this video was great and this kind of sentiment is super important. Thanks for sharing, I enjoyed!!
Great video 🔥🔥👍👍 keep it up, I am your new subscriber