2-Minute Neuroscience: Glutamate
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- Опубликовано: 12 апр 2018
- Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the human nervous system. It is an amino acid neurotransmitter that interacts with both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. There are 3 identified ionotropic glutamate receptors: NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors, and 3 identified metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamate is removed from the synaptic cleft by excitatory amino acid transporters, or EAATs. Glutamate that is transported into glial cells is converted to glutamine before being sent back to the neuron to be converted back to glutamate, a process referred to as the glutamate-glutamine cycle.
TRANSCRIPT:
Welcome to 2 minute neuroscience, where I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this installment I will discuss glutamate.
Glutamate is an amino acid that also functions as a neurotransmitter. Although glutamate is obtained through the diet, it cannot pass the blood-brain barrier and thus must be synthesized in the brain. It can be synthesized from alpha ketoglutarate, an intermediate product in the citric acid cycle.
Glutamate generally has excitatory actions, meaning that when it interacts with the receptors of a neuron it makes that neuron more likely to fire an action potential. It is, in fact, used at the vast majority of excitatory connections in the brain and at more than half of all synapses in the brain.
Glutamate interacts with several different types of receptors. There are 3 identified ionotropic glutamate receptors, named for substances that activate them: NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors. When activated, all 3 allow positively charged sodium ions to flow into a postsynaptic neuron, depolarizing the neuron and making it more likely to fire an action potential. NMDA receptors have unique characteristics that make them well-suited to be involved in synaptic plasticity, or synaptic changes that occur in response to experience, which are an important component of learning and memory.
There are also 3 identified types of metabotropic glutamate receptors. These receptors have more varied effects than ionotropic glutamate receptors, and may be involved with excitatory or inhibitory actions.
Glutamate is removed from the synaptic cleft by a class of transporter proteins called the excitatory amino acid transporters, or EAATs. EAATs carry glutamate into neurons and glial cells. Glutamate taken into glial cells is converted to the amino acid glutamine by the enzyme glutamine synthetase. Glutamine is then transported back into neurons, where it is converted back to glutamate. This process is referred to as the glutamate-glutamine cycle.
Reference:
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, Lamantia AS, McNamara JO, White LE. Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates; 2008. 
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You will need hours of study time for a topic to understand while this man makes you know the topic in 2 minutes. Glad RUclips brought me to this.
Honestly the only reason I’m passing my tests are bc of RUclips bless
I recently subscribed to your channel and I'm using some of your videos in my freshman A&P courses. I hope you will create a video on the reticular formation. Thanks for helping my students!
Yes some people accumulate glutamate in the brain and have a hard time clearing it from their brain, such as in people with ms.
Your videos are awesome! So simple and well explained!
Clear and Succinct. Also greatly illustrated! Thank you!
This was great - thank you!
I love these wee quicks
Belfast Ireland 🇮🇪 😎
You are so underrated!
Thank you very much for this video!
Thank you so much professor 😊
MORE PLEASE.
Thank you so much! 24/7/2019 😁
it should not be of 2 min...it should be of 20 min....various other aspect eg pharmacology,,,practical application ,,,,physiological role ,,etc etc will make your work legendary...it was like trailor of an interesting movie....all d best.
Does alpha ketoglutarate in supplemental form cause energy/excitation?
Researching depression and ketamine. Learning how ketamine affects NMDA glutamate receptors and this video was really helpful to understand how glutamate works!
researching schizophrenia and DXM here, lol. my schizophrenic brother used to abuse DXM a lot. I think there is something to dissociatives and their antagonism of NMDA and the role this plays in its effect on mental illness. hope your research has been/is going well!
@@NewWesternFront yes! ive read that dissociatives can contribute to onset of schizophrenia in some people. one of my client's husbands did meth once and stayed awake for an entire week, and it brought on major schizophrenia that he still suffers from :( meth is obviously a stimulant, but i think the lack of sleep prob played a major role for him. and he has predisposed genetics in his family.
@@RealGirlLive an entire week? He surely had to be redosing to stay awake. Another possibility is that overstimulation of dopamine could have triggered a manic/psychotic episode resulting in his inability to sleep.
I am also researching Ketamine which led me to this video. I will begin treatment in a week.
@@michaellawrence5949 awesome brother! I am in the process of becoming a ketamine infusion nurse. I am a behavorial:mental health RN currently. Which city and state are you located? I am in New Jersey; 10 minutes from Philadelphia.
Glutamate is excitatory and GABA is inhibitory. Pretty interesting!
1. Glutamate必須在大腦中合成，透過轉氨酶可以將alpha-ketoglutarate得到glutamate。
2. 與Glutamate有關的受體有2種，分別是iontropic receptor和metabotropic receptor
2a. iontropic receptor是目前研究最多的受體，這類型的受體包含NMDA受體、AMPK受體和 kainate受體，當這些受體被活化，會促使陽離子流入(ex. Na+)，造成去極化現象，為興奮性。其中NMDA受體與記憶與學習有關(*阿茲海默症用藥mematine就是針對NMDA受體)
2b. metabotropic receptor特性則和iontropic receptor不同，可能造成興奮性也可能是抑制性
3. EAATS可以將突觸的glutamate帶回去神經膠質細胞內，在神經膠質細胞內glutamate進一步被glutamine synthethase分解成glutamine，隨後glutamine會被送入神經細胞內再次合成glutamate，形成glutamate-glutamine循環。
2
Stupid question but how is glutamate levels tested for is it via a blood test
Please what enzyme catalyzes conversion of alpha ketoglutarate to glutamate
Can too much mono sodium glutamate in the diet effect the nervous system? Exciting it too much or something like that? recent studies are saying that MSG is safe 🤔
so does MSG affect how much glutamate you have in your brain?
If you replay the video, the narrator says that dietary glutamate cannot cross blood brain barrier in the very beginning.
Do ionotropic glutamate receptors always have an excitatory effect?
pretty much! When glutamate binds its receptors, it activates the ion channels which allow influx of ions (sodium) which depolarise the cell. Depolarisation which leads to firing of neurons = excitatory!
Is glutamic acid and glutame the same?
glutamatergic dysfunction and adaptogenic plant?
What is the link between mental health and glutamate?
Long time after your comment for a response. But when glutamate is over shooting in the brain it can cause negative reactions in the brain and cause all sorts of health issues with mental health
glutamate plus lemon/lime juice in water is a great antidepressant.
The lemon/ lime juice breaks down the glutamate by methylation and then it can pass the blood brain barrier
What if you have overactive glutamate levels though? Depression sometimes is related to one’s anxiety. So...lemon, with a twist. 🙁
need this query answered, please😊😊. at first i knew that long hour devotion on something for study/learn/research purpose which required heavy brain functions was supposed to be damaging!
then i got to know that if you really love something and are into it, even days continuing that very task won't harm you because brain does not really differentiate between work and entertainment as it only knows two things, work or rest. as in high brain activity or lowest brain activity while still alive.
now i read that glutamate is produced while performing activities which require heavy brain functioning which downright damaging...now i am seriously confused between fact and fake, please help by resolving this.
I think he should go 3 min. 😉
ruclips.net/video/JB2di69FmhE/видео.html
try 3/4 speed
Gut Brain 🧠in the Brain 🧠
Didnt know Glutamat was a venom! Holy crap
Anything for people who don't speak science...?
like he explained it good but I'm so dumb that even tho he explain it or my teacher I just don't understand😭 Im just gonna have to take this L.. of an F
Keep working on building your mind up and you might find at a future time that things come a lot easier to you. If you put me in the classes I currently take, back when I was 18, I'd have gotten all Fs. Currently, I'm getting As and Bs. One of my classes is statistics. Most of my class is getting wrecked. I'm one of the few doing well.
good job manic tiger
Watching this on 0.5x speed so my slow little brain can pick it up, and this guy doesn't even sound unnaturally slow on that, he just sounds... severely depressed...
Hello, look for ketogenic diet, it will definitely help you with a slow brain
@@intelligenthumanhealth1580 💀Bro I was making a self deprecating joke, Keto diets will NOT help with 'slow brain', I'm not an almond mum
@@artisticomens Ok
oh
Drool
Okay moron, why don’t you go off and play with action figures then? You’re clearly not intelligent enough to even ATTEMPT in understanding neurology