How Did The Earth Form?
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- Опубликовано: 8 май 2020
- Written by William Painter
Edited and Narrated by David Kelly
Script edited by Pete Kelly
Art by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail art by Ettore Manza
Note 1: Fractionation.
While some chemicals will remain gaseous (e.g.H and He) the rest will collect at the distance from the Sun with a temperature roughly equal to their temperature of deposition (the temperature a gas freezes into a solid). Jupiter, Saturn, and the other gas giants have cores of frozen volatiles ejected from the inner disk; each planet’s core has a unique chemical blend related to the distance and temperature at which it formed. Since the nebula was originally close to 100% gas, the same fractionation of chemicals also affected the inner disk.
Note 2: Mars' Survival.
Mars survives because of its orbit at the inner edge of this depopulated zone. The embryos that form closer to Jupiter are caught up in its orbital resonances--whole number ratios between two bodies orbiting the same star. These resonances deform the orbits of the embryos until they meet with some catastrophe. It is also possible that Mars emigrated to its position in the depopulated zone after forming nearer to the Sun and experiencing a close encounter with another embryo, possibly Earth.
Note 3: Grand Tack Theory.
This is called the Grand Tack theory, and it is an explanation for several otherwise unexplained conditions of the inner solar system. However there is significant disagreement over the early evolution of the gas giants. There are three primary complaints leveled against the Grand Tack Theory. 1) The migration of Jupiter would significantly accentuate the eccentricities of the orbits of the rocky planets in a fashion not seen. However if the nebular gas was still present, even partially, the friction would return their orbits back to low eccentricities. 2) The asteroid belt should have been depopulated after two passes by Jupiter. However it could have been reformed by material launched inward by continuing migration in the outer disk. 3) The Grand Tack theory requires a 2:3 resonant orbital ratio between Jupiter and Saturn to reverse their inward migration. This would require the planets by-passing the 1:2 resonant orbital ratio and there is significant skepticism of this occurring. We have included the Grand Tack theory because of its ability to explain the character of the inner disk and because it is representative of the fate befallen the inner disks of other systems.
Note 4: Formation of Mercury.
This is the most popular and most studied theory of Mercury’s formation. Despite this many questions remain about the capacity of a collision to strip away Mercury’s mantle. Other theories include Mercury losing its mantle via a series of hit-and-run collisions and then shifting orbits before reabsorbing the debris, its mantle eroding away via asteroid impacts, and its calm formation from an iron-rich innermost fraction of the solar nebula.
Note 5: Solidifying Earth.
The dynamics of the solidifying Earth are extremely complex and unconstrained. It is uncertain whether the Earth developed a solid veneer, how deep the magma oceans stretched or even if they were a global occurrence. Much of this uncertainty lies in the amount of energy available to sustain the magma oceans.
Note 6: Theories surrounding Theia.
There are three competing theories about Theia and its impact with Earth that attempt to explain discrepancies:In the first Theia is a Mars sized proto-planet that has been nurtured in Earth’s gravitational shadow. Thus it obtains a nearly identical chemical composition and survives long into the planetary melee. Ultimately Theia thuds into Earth at an angle, spinning the Earth like a top. Theia’s outer layers spray into the disk but its core subsides into the liquified Earth.Theia is massive in the second scenario, equal in size to the proto-Earth but distinct in composition. One or both the proto-planets are already spinning rapidly. They slump into each other, the prodigious energy from their collision allows thier matter to meld thoroughly. The rapidly spinning system swirls clouds of vaporized mantle into the lunar disk while the two protected cores churn and mingle. After the Moon has formed, the excess angular momentum is drained away by the Sun over eons. In the third scenario a small, blistering fast Theia plows through the Earth but is not captured. Theia fragments but its velocity carries much of the shrapnel out of the coagulating lunar disk, which is instead composed mostly of Earth material. Debates continue between these scenarios and their variations.
Extra thanks to:
Paul Balfe
European SouthernObservatory
Artist’s impression of Corot-7b (NASA/JPL-Caltech)
PaulStewart
FollowJupiter
solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/A... JarvisArtist's rendering of six planets orbiting a Sun-like star, Kepler-11.
Image credit: NASA/Tim Pyle
Kamu Malı, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
Music from Epidemic Sound
*Corrections*
50 million km from the sun, not 50km.
*References*
Beginnings of the Solar System
www.nature.com/articles/ngeo941
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703709003287
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/508407/fulltext/
www.lpi.usra.edu/books/PPV/8049.pdf
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...304.1116H/abstract
www.lpi.usra.edu/books/MESSII/9005.pdf
Nebular Disk
www.annualreviews.org/abs/doi/10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.53?intcmp=trendmd#_i19
www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102548
www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130932
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0019103580900640?via%3Dihub
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www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0012821X9090152N
www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105319#_i4
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JE005088
academic.oup.com/mnras/article/180/2/57/1034183
Planetary Embryo Formation
web.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge133/reading/asteroids.pdf
science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5943/985
groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/users/wisdom/extrasolar/chambers.pdf
www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105319#_i4
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsta.2008.0101
www.nature.com/articles/nature10077?page=1
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/1131/meta
arxiv.org/abs/1712.08234
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103515005448
Nuclide decay
www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105503
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2006.tb00195.x
science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5943/985
Migration of Jupiter
www.nature.com/articles/nature10201
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103507001480?via%3Dihub
academic.oup.com/mnras/article/320/4/L55/977232
www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-052028?intcmp=trendmd
www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105319#_i21
www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2011/09/aa17451-11/aa17451-11.html
Water & Atmosphere
www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105319#_i4
link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11214-018-0475-8
www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0779-y#ref-CR2
science.sciencemag.org/content/337/6095/721
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103517302592
science.sciencemag.org/content/326/5959/1522
Magma Oceans
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703709003287
www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105503#_i8
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsta.2008.0101
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/92JE02726@10.1002/(ISSN)2169-9100.MAGOC1
www.nature.com/articles/nature12764
Impact with Theia
www.nature.com/articles/nature06428
advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/1/e1602365.full
www.annualreviews.org/abs/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124057?intcmp=trendmd
www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082201.113457
www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105503#_i8
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsta.2008.0101
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103511001989
www.nature.com/articles/35089010
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103514004175
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X16302394
science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/351/6272/493.full.pdf
www.nature.com/articles/nature20830
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703709003287
articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1879Obs.....3...79D/0000079.000.html
Canonical Theia Impact
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Icar...24..504H/abstract
articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1976LPI.....7..120C
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0019103589901292
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/140/meta
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsta.2008.0101
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103503002999
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/427539/pdf
Large Theia with High Spin Theory
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/83 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6476314/
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103599962012
science.sciencemag.org/content/338/6110/1047
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103508001280
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4128270/
Hit and Run Theia Theory
arxiv.org/pdf/1207.5224.pdf
asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/similar-sized-collisions-and-the-diversity-of-planets
I have never seen this many sources in my life for a RUclips video, yet this is excellent work.
By god I'm a science/space geek and love reading. When I heard the intro I had a mind-gasm. Perfectionism at its finest, I had your videos in a to-watch list and I finally got around to watching them.
I have to say you did not disappoint❤❤❤
It would be nice if these were numbered. There is overlap between this and 4Gya.
I love your videos , just a minor note @10:55 old saturn is shown with rings whereas the rings are only a few hundred million years old.
Might it not have had rings previously? ;-)
Hi Viewers!
I researched and wrote the script for this video. I am so gratified by your kind comments! If you have questions about the science I am happy to answer them.
Well done, William!
"In the beginning the solar system was without form and void and darkness was upon the face of deep space in this sector of the galaxy."
@@Turtledove2009 Thanks Erika! I'm glad you enjoyed it.
I love this
Poetry and science well mixed William.
As a writer, I was quite impressed with your ability to mix scientific terms, wording, and knowledge with sweet sounding synonyms! Bravo!
Thanks! Yep that's the plan
That is high praise! Thank you!
William Painter just wanted to tag on here and say that I literally had to fight getting choked up at one point, this is truly unique work you’ve done here!
Edit: also I am your first subscriber! Yay! Lol
@@OK-kq7tu It's scientific art! It's like those space docs on Discovery narrated by Mike Rowe, but with a more elegantly written script and a more enjoyable voice.
Alexis B omg I know exactly what you mean! At one point I thought, this is like poetic cosmos, but that doesn’t even do it justice. Scientific art is probably a great term for this.
I will not be surprised if this wins some awards!
“This.. is Theia’s gravestone” such a simple yet powerful way to describe the moon. I absolutely love it
Starting this from the perspective of Theia... Amazing, it really gives perspective to the many different possibilities that could have happened if things were just a little bit different.
So many hit or misses just one event changed could have all ended up differently as a species humans could well be a relatively short lived species at the rate we are going what forms of life may follow who knows
See "The Rare Earth" hypothesis.
@Bobb Grimley i mean the universe i s big, so it is almost certain that life exists elsewhere, especially with evidence of live possible existing on marse and venus years ago
@@ikeroran7911 but unlikely during the time we are also here.
@@ikeroran7911didn't know that ❤❤❤❤
I have seen about 15 (I guess) episodes of Entire History. I must tell you that it is the most eloquent blend of language and science that I have encountered. I have noted that there is more than one writer involved, but each is as talented and poetic as I have ever seen. The narrator's delivery is as polished as oratory can get. Thank you you for this wonderfully enriching experience.
One writer.
You would probably really enjoy their first channel - Voices of The Past. Absolutely fascinating
This was really well done. I especially like the evokative language and am looking forward to the next video.
Hurrah! Thanks for watching
@@HistoryoftheEarth Your narration reminds me of Lovecraftian prose. : )
@Corvus Morve He should read "At The Mountains Of Madness" or "The Colour Out Of Space"
@Johnny Walker Your statement has nothing to do with any comments in this threat.
I was merely complimenting the story telling.
As for the information in this video, it is at least more evidence based than your own theory.
@Johnny Walker It is senseless to discuss with someone who has no arguments. Maybe read up on the leading scientific theories about planet formation. You will see that they match accurately with this video.
Furthermore i neither understand youre critical comment about my spelling nor your labeling of Jackass. As i am not a native english speaker i sometimes still do make mistakes and there is no reason to criticize someone for these few misspellings.
In conclusion leave this comment section as you have no value to add to any conversation here.
The poetic way of narration really gives life to the topic!
To be perfectly honest I'm usually not interested in this kind of topic, however I really enjoyed the video thanks to both the delivery and writing of the narration.
Keep up the amazing work!
Likewise. Well put.
If you like this series, you might also like COSMOS by Carl Sagan. It was recorded in the 70s, but it was so beautifully narrated! You can find most episodes on RUclips. Just search for it.
Yes, this material is so so so so mind-numbingly boring that we need poetry to keep our attention.
@@scottlarson1548 don't be cynical ;) Most humans get some joy and satisfaction out of beautifully crafted language or poetry. It can't hurt to have some of that on top of the factual content. The elegant choice of words was also the reason why Sagan's COSMOS became such a hit.
@@badgerlife9541 Sagan explained things simply, not dramatically. I recommend that you watch the series again.
I'm as happy with this channel as I knew I would be. You have a big job ahead of you. Four and a half billion years may take a while.
Haha aye - go big or go home!
Dont rush yourself that was gold and it was 20 minutes not 5 minute clickbait👍
Gonna be a while before those silly humans show up and start messing about the earth. 😉😉😉
@@UnifiedInfo 99
I sincerely hope they would convert to four and a half billion dollars for the authors, they deserve that
RIP Theia :(
Too soon.
Plot twist:
Theia has been reincarnated as the Moon.
@@Joemame
Moon is the corpse of Theia.
You should read Terra papers by Robert morning sky
Or maybe say thank you as theia is the only thing that allowed us too live since if it didn’t get enough size it go bye bye into baby sun
Amazing start to what looks like it’ll be a great series. I’m looking forward to new episodes!
Thanks! Plenty more to come
Excellent video and I like the style of narration. You've turned what could've been a dry collection of scientific facts into an epic cosmic tale.
Thanks!
as a scientist I found the analogies misleading and overdramatic, but if it gets the masses more interested in science then hell I'm all for it
I am not sure how can one be overdramatic about cataclysms happenning on such gargantuan scale. Astrophysics is the most romantic and dramatic field of science!
@@goodgriefwhatarelief8899 as a scientist, I agree, I've known earth's origin story for a while now, the way it was told in this video recreated the entire scenario in my mind, crazy beautiful
@@majermike A hellish collision that tore apart two planetisimals and created the Moon can only be described in overdramatic terms! 😮💥🌝
I don't understand why creationists don't embrace the beauty, grandeur, and complexity of the truth; If there is a creator, why not listen to the creation. Science is not the enemy of Faith.
ikr
Because their god is too small. I don't believe in any sort of supernatural component to reality, but if something like a deity really does exist, then it's a WAY more powerful entity than their image of an old white dude sitting on a chair in the clouds.
Hear hear!!
The narrator is a true master in the way he explains everything. His English accent makes it even better. Thumbs up.
Credit for the script goes to the writer (and editor).
@@mikejoseph4387 He should also be a book writer.
Lots of practice with Voices of the Past (another phenomenal channel)
Watch out Cosmos. There is a new show on the block.
FOR CARL!
@@HistoryoftheEarth No way...do you play deep rock galactic?
Starting with Thera was such a good move, showed the common bond these two share, given the all the tales and stories man tells about them. The moon pulls on the earth seas,now we know why they are apart of each other. Early man , even then, by observation knew these bodies were some how connected. Looking forward to the new channel. good luck. Great work.
I really enjoyed the poetic narrative style on what is usually done in an interesting albeit slightly dull narrative style and I look forward to seeing how that style will fit with the human prehistoric-historic periods (which no doubt is a looooong way away yet!).
Also really enjoyed the visuals too, hopefully this channel gets lots more notice in the coming videos!
“This is Theia’s gravestone” sent chills down my spine wow 💀
Great video. Subbed once you both mentioned this channel, enjoyed the first video more than I thought I would have. Really looking forward to more. The notes with further detail is a nice touch, too. Thanks for these great documentaries
Thanks! Glad you enjoyed it
They are great, aren't they? I look forward to when new videos release. For the length of the videos and the amount of material covered, it truly is wonderful.
Can I just say that I love your personification of the creation of the universe. The idea of planets battling in the arena for growth and domination is amazing. I love it.
Almost like...mythology 😮
Oh, I'm so excited about this channel, definitely subscribing.
I remember that back in the kindergarten and early elementary school I had a phase of obsession with the dinosaurs and natural history in general. I could recite all of the geological eras and periods from memory. It was probably my first academic fascination but later I forgot much of it, focusing instead on the history of humanity. This channel might just rekindle my old passion.
Drinking game: take a sip every time there's an alliteration
I just died.
2 sips per adjective..?.
.I'm prebooking my rehab
Too much! Put me off!
The alliteration reminded me of the Germanic/Scandinavian style of saga-poem (I've only read a little, in modern English translation).
That perfectly matched the epic context of the Solar System's vast, violent creation, even if the surviving planets have the names of Roman deities.
@@oakfat5178 That sounds awesome! Do you know where I can find stuff like that?
Best damn video I have ever seen, close at least.
Pete, David, this is amazing. Thanks so much for taking the time (plenty of that lately, yeah?) to do this.
This channel will dovetail rather nicely with the other brilliant work you both do. Subscribed, and excited to see future episodes.
Cheers!
And credit to the writer, too!
I love the way you present this. You speak like you are reading a glorious myth, with your tone and vocabulary choice. It isn't dry and too sciencey, if that makes sense. I love the theatrics. I guess this will be another channel I'll have to binge. Thank you
This was amazing, guys! Can't wait for episode 2! I think I (again, watching from my younger brother's account) should be showing every video from this channel to my dad.
I've been looking forward to this. Andiamo! :o)
Can't wait for more episodes!
The time has come
Wooooooooo!
Good work, nice visuals. Keep em coming!
7270 subscribers with only the first video; I can't wait for rest of the series. Paleogeography and paleobiology is fascinating; although this episode is before any of that stuff; like tectonics; etc.
The writing on this is superb! Not only accurate, but also vividly and beautifully written. Can’t wait for the other episodes!
the writing for this is fantastic. It is so imaginative and so well worded that I don't even need a video. This could legitimately be a podcast because it's so well done and so descriptive.
I’ve been waiting. Let us friggin go 🌏🌎🌍
2:40 the way you where building that up like an all out battle got me pumped. I was ready to kick ass and chew bubble gum.
This was great! Looking forward to the next installments. Thanks for all the hard work that went into this!
Wow now that was an amazing first episode. Can't wait for the next installment.
Here we go guys!
Hey guys, This is a very impressive piece of work! Well written, presented and visually enthralling... well done! The considerable amount of research you put in to producing this, has really paid dividends and shows why your channel is growing so fast... It’s just a shame that there are a lot of people out there, who are willing to accept the complete opposite! That Angular Momentum and Inertia don’t exist and the Earth is actually moving towards the Moon, due to Gravitational attraction!! And some even profess to having recognised qualifications? - _we are indeed living in very strange times!_ - keep up the good work!
You guys are amazing. You put to shame most things airing online. Thanks for your hard work uploading. As soon as I can, I'll be supporting you and your brother financially.
Just as amazing as I thought it would be. Truly epic. Bravo guy's 👏.
I've never seen such a good mix of in-depth research aligned with a brilliant text and poetic pace and production. Great work!
That was a goosebumps given narration. We will watch your career with great interest.
I love when writers describe the history of our world, with enough facticity to mean something, while also making it poetical.
Thanks for watching.. much more on the way!
Hmm, but Saturn's rings only formed 100 million years ago 😐
Wow. No one has ever narrated the cosmos into a living, wilful entities. Brilliant.
Minor correction: The Terra-Theia collision didn't re-melt the resulting mass, it _vaporized_ it. The kinetic energy converted into thermal energy by the collision was equivalent to the Sun's entire thermal output for a 24-hour period. Earth and Luna had to re-accrete from a cloud of rock vapor.
If it were a head-on collision or Terra had a thick crust then it would have been vaporized, but it was a glancing blow and Terra was mostly liquid rock at the time. Not every planetary or planetesimal collision needs to be violent, explosive, or vaporizing. Some are slow and akin to taking 2 pieces of clay and squishing them together.
Recent studies and simulations heavily dispute this and even when you wrote this comment your explanation wasn't widely accepted.
The writing and narration are incredible, hope to see more.
Holy crap, that was really good! Good job.
Thanks! More to come
Beautifully done! And thank you for including literature references for your material. It gives weight to the information you present. Very glad I subscribed.
12:16 Surely it is 50 million kilometres, not merely 50 kilometres :)
This is such an excellent documentary, I truly hope the series will continue long into the future!
Bravo ...... William, David and Peter ..... Outstanding job ....... This stuff is great ... Thank You ...
Sweetly poetic, you've taken hard fact and made it truly enjoyable to listen to. Superb job editing bits and pieces of video into a cohesive whole. I can't imagine how many hours that took! Excellent work! I look forward to the next installment.
i love your naration and the editing of your videos
Thanks! More to come
Thank you for this project, I really love the narrative style. It reminds me of stories of older more ancient times when our world was seen and understood to be full of magic and mystery.
I am excited to see more videos in the future
An amazing start for this new channel :) Good luck for your work in the future!
Stunning start! Really great visuals to go with the excellent writing and voice work. I can’t wait for the next one! 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
Time to make myself more knowledgeable in a new subject!
Thank you for this beautiful piece of art! I'm just speechless, wow!
Thanks for watching!
I cant tell you how much I appreciate these videos. They are exceptional. Narrator does a great job as well.
A very graphic and dramatic narration. I love the thought of the early planets duelling and fighting for survival. Subscription earned.
Omg it’s happening!!! 🙋♀️ 🍿
Excellent! Incorporates so much of the latest findings in formation of the Solar system! Definitely using it in my Earth Science class!
I just started from this video and plan to watch all the way through to the latest. This content is so well made, thank you for your hard work!
Wow. You guys really bring it! I so respect the care and craft you have invested. Extremely well done. Unique and interesting. Thank you very much.
I love this.
Locked in gravitational combat...
It is as if Homer, the Greek not the Simpson, is summarizing the history of our geology.
The feelings evoked are like those I wish to induce when writing physics. What a beautiful representation of our current understanding of a creation event.
Beautiful, thanks
I really love both the voices of the past and history time. The narrator is perfect. I love the poetic style, like a scientific origin myth.
Having watched a few of these I've come here to start at the beginning. These are brilliant. Top job.
I really love how u present theses topic. And you got a great voice for documentaries. Looking forward to more to come. Thank you.
Really incredible work you’ve done here. It sends the mind reeling outward and into the expanse of time and space as if it was another asteroid plummeting through the cosmos. Quite a trip. 👌
Beautiful!
Best series I’ve seen. After just a minute of two I thought: ok, better get comfy, this is binge-watching material.
Great video! Glad I found this channel early, I look forward to your future videos!
This is absolutely amazing, and the poetic nature in which it is done makes all the better. I think everyone should watch this video to form a better understanding of how we got here, how truly unique and lucky we are.
Really great video, I cant wait next episode... its like Im watching bbc earth, ng or discovery production, bravo!
Beautiful. Thank you so much for creating this series 🙏
This is honest to gods, one of the most beautifully written, narrated, entertaining and informational video I have ever watched on youtube. This is amazing. Thank you.
This is so great! I'm going to use this for my 6th graders science lesson tomorrow. The writing here is amazing, and you brought new life to an old topic. Incredible. Thank you for the quality content.
I look forward to the next video
Looks like I'm in time to see your "early stuff"! I can't wait to watch this channel grow.
This was so beautiful, it felt like a sci-fi story, and in the same time it was all scientific facts, good on you, all the best mate!
Very poetic: Theia's gravestone...
Nicely done, your content is always engaging.
I'm curious though about the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
Some theorize that there actually used to be a planet that was destroyed somehow.
The combined mass of the asteroid belt would make a body 4% the mass of the Moon. If it ever was a real planet it would have been less than half the size of Pluto.
The Prof is right. Its also unlikely the asteroid belt is the ruins of a planet given the diversity of material that exists there. The consensus seems to be that the belt is merely a remnant population of miscellaneous debris from across the solar system that formed after any inward migration of the gas giants. It survived by avoiding orbits that resonate with those of the migrating gas giants, an entanglement that doomed the majority of planetesimals in that region of the disk. It is, in a sense, a negative photograph of the early solar system! But you are on the right track; most objects in the asteroid belt are fragments of much larger bodies... just not quite the size of planets.
Amazing job putting everything together. Thank you.
THIS is some damn good content! Beautifully put together! Thank you.
Loved it!!!!!
"The earth forms layers"
Like an onion?
Or a parfait?
I love this channel so much, keep up the excelent work!
Woooow, I been a fan for long time, haven't checked in in a bit, JUST found this 4 months late!! This is so awesome. Thanks guys
In gravitational combat the weak are doomed to never be planets, like Theia....or Pluto.
I enjoyed that, just one thing which is not important, the title graphic i would of liked to see the continents move into place after the last global ice age. I realise that is nit-picking though.
I love your channel, guys! Amazing work.
Awesome!! Can’t wait for the next video!
Is anyone else a little scared/freaked out by this? Watching this video, I felt an almost existential kind of fear. I mean, I knew all the facts already, but I’m freaked out every time I think about the universe, and the (amazingly done and very realistic) visuals really didn’t help.
I just really don’t like the thought that the solid ground beneath my feet used to be a magma ocean. The... age and sheer size of everything they were talking about is a bit too much for this dumb young human brain.
Well done - this is a really incredible series
All lies
Wow, this is the beginning of our planet.
Little Jenny please do not be fooled.
There is a Magnificent Creator and His Name is Yahweh and he is calling you.
@@antonloubser I killed him
Although I consume a lot of science programming, including about this subject, I learned much detail from this short video about the formation of the earth. Especially outstanding is your inclusion of footnotes and references. Thank you, and please keep up the good quality and attention to detail displayed in this excellent presentation.
i’ve just been replayed the first three and a half minutes; i didn’t think i would _ever_ see Theia as a scrappy champion, but the opening narration is _incredible_
Great video. Thanks!
People like different things, as always. For the first 10 minutes I was waiting for the high school drama class reading to end, and the scientific documentary to begin. Oh well.. 😄
It's a bit exhausting to listen to for 18 minutes 😧
Depends on the person. I liked it a lot, personally - seems a bit different to other science channels and I'm not a great one for poetry or poetic discourse normally. As you say horses for courses or maybe vice-versa.
This is why science doesn't spread like religion. You attribute the poetry of the world, to high school drama.
RIP Theia
I'm impressed at how you managed to make the chaos of the early solar system seem so relaxing. Cascading rocks falling from the sky shouldn't be as relaxing this.
This series and the Entire History of the Universe are just marvelous! Thank you so much for creating such wonderful series!