Austro-Hungarian Uniforms of World War 1 I THE GREAT WAR Special
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- Опубликовано: 4 июн 2017
- For more details on Austro-Hungarian Uniforms: www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/
Austria-Hungary fielded probably the most diverse army of World War 1, the troops also had a proud tradition going back decades that influenced their uniform design as much as local customs. During the course of the war, the Habsburg Empire also suffered from a lack of supplies and still needed to modernise their equipment.
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» WHAT ARE YOUR SOURCES?
Videos: British Pathé
Pictures: Mostly Picture Alliance
Background Map: d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=6...
Literature (excerpt):
Gilbert, Martin. The First World War. A Complete History, Holt Paperbacks, 2004.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. A Combat History of the First World War, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. 1914-1918, Profile Books, 2013.
Stone, Norman. World War One. A Short History, Penguin, 2008.
Keegan, John. The First World War, Vintage, 2000.
Hastings, Max. Catastrophe 1914. Europe Goes To War, Knopf, 2013.
Hirschfeld, Gerhard. Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, Schöningh Paderborn, 2004
Michalka, Wolfgang. Der Erste Weltkrieg. Wirkung, Wahrnehmung, Analyse, Seehamer Verlag GmbH, 2000
Leonhard, Jörn. Die Büchse der Pandora: Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges, C.H. Beck, 2014
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There is a 94-year-old lady at my church and her Father was an Austro-Hungarian Naval Officer. He spoke 5 different languages!!! Insane.
Dunno why, but AH in the war always fascinates me.
Might also be because they are a pretty huge part of the war, but are most often even more overlooked than Italy in WWII (even though Austria-Hungary was a vastly more powerful ally to Germany in WWI, than Italy was in WWII). It's a pretty important and fascinating actor in the war that is usually completely swept under the carpet, or discarded as unimportant and derided as worthless - which is in part true, but in much larger part just a consequence of post-war propaganda.
Jack the Gestapo lol. He IS an interesting figure, but not for what he did during WW1
Make Austria great again Everyone just wants to forget, no?
Make Austria great again What? How is a social welfare state selfish?
Jack the Gestapo Have I a bad perception of a social welfare state? The state attempts to nurture and ensure the well-being of its people? That doesn't sound selfish to me.
4:43 "And here we see Karl Marx posing as an Austro-Hungarian soldier."
Geeglio Karl Marx: Bring Communism near you. Join the Austrian Army today.
Hungary was communist for a short time after WW1
@@nolemore9 for a millisecond actually before it got axed by its neighbors
🤣👌
Lol
I think the Austro-Hungarians were the most interesting nation in the war to me. I love their equipment and rifles especially. I have some of the ammo pouches, bayonet, and a modified rifle of theirs.
There were everything else but a nation. Franz Joseph adressed his subjects like this: "proclamation to my nations". Have a look at the plural :)
But which one nation? ;)
i agree
Atleast they collapsed with style.
OH MAN..
Unfortunately Austria went down without any style. It was a complete desaster for everybody. Leaders, soldiers, civilians, peoples. More war, hunger, desease and poverty for many years and the result (besides other things) was the second war. And it was completely our own fault. We started it senseless and we ended it without sense and without style. On the other hand, look where we are now, only 100 years later!
@@jacktarat where are you
At least the Hungarians kept everything
No they didn’t. From what I read it was awful and for a time Central Europe went through revolts and corruption.
We should un-invent the machine gun and reintroduce these glorious uniforms.
Jukelo Then they will litter Silesia again!
The automatic and bolt action rifle shall be un invent too then we will return to musket era where these uniform will shine.
Remember the beards. No shaving, we can all look like Karl Marx
Unironically this
@@jonaspete THen Un invent the musket rifles to and go back to swords and axes where uniforms will shine on your eyes so bright they will burn you. Im talking about knight armor
"The infantryman carried a tornister
A field pack
made of leather
on his back"
sick rhymes bro
MC conrad represents.
@@TheGreatWar the nickname for the tornister was a "toni"
At 1:58 is a picture of the famous Austrian actor Hans Moser (Johann Julier) who was born 1880 in Vienna and served at the Isonzo frontier, where he diverted his comrades thoughts from war with his jokes.
That's a cool little tidbit of info, thanks!
This was Hans Moser, when he was young? Interesting! He was an good actor.
The was another famous actor Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó. Known in America as Bela Lugosi. In 1914 he was deployed to Galicia as an infantry lieutenant in the 43rd Royal Hungarian Infantry till 1916 when he was wounded.
The eternal punchline " Conrad"
At least they weren't literally walking rainbows that could be seen from miles away *cough* the French *cough*
Steve not really
StardustNotHötzendorf The French haved the worst uniform
Paul Alexander Napoleon 3rd -ish uniforms actually. But still, they were at least 20 years late. Actually the main reasons for not changing were mainly an irrational national identification to an uniform, but also the idea that being able to identify one's own soldiers on a battlefield allowed to shoot on anything that doesn't wear such bright colours. So yeah, minds were still very turned to napoleonic times.
But it's not as if the military hadn't realised what was wrong with the bright uniforms. There were several attemps to change it.
In1902 there were trials for a steel helmet for the artillery
1903 a company was equipped with a boer style uniform (less visible, and with a bush hat). No one knows why trials didn't continue as the uniform was found to be very practical.
1906 there were similar trials for a mix of blue and beige which gave a greyish uniform, but the trials were not carried out.
Above all in 1911, a brown uniform called "reseda" was about to be adopted. It was very practical, and the infantry had an helmet in cork that looked a bit like the future Adrian helmet. But the current minister of war Berteaux who supported it was killed by a plane during an air show, and the following minister wasn't able to cope with the criticism from the press and the parliament about the new "unpatriotic" uniform, so he gave up.
So basically years were lost in trials and in deciding to not decide, until the war broke out. The conclusion is that France can change, but it needs a tragedy to do so.
Paul Alexander
Between 300,000 and 400,000. That's the number of kia for 1914 (knowing that the new blue uniform was introduced in 1915). On a total of 1.4 million losses for the whole war, clearly 1914 was the most deadly period for the French. It's more than the French losses at Verdun (which lasted 10 months). So yeah, apparently wearing bright red and blue uniforms and charging machine guns wasn't a very wise tactic.
And yup, the British had learned from the Boers and were very well equipped and trained. The downside was that in 1914 they were only able to deploy 70,000 soldiers (against 2.9 millions for the French and 3.8 millions for the Germans)
At least, the french weren't led by Hotzendorf.
Reminds me of a joke,
two senior AH officers meet after the war:
Officer 1: We had the most beautiful army
Officer 2: Indeed our uniforms were unrivaled in elegance and style, our marching bands the best in the world
Officer 1: And then..
Officer 2: .. these idiots started a war
Sounds like Texas football
huh?
@The Philosoraptor o
I don’t get it
@@VOTE_REFORM_UK It's trying to imply the myth (popularized mostly by Germans explaining their defeat after the war) of "terrible" A-H army, who only looked fine but couldn't fight. Spoiler: it was not the case.
Such a shame that almost nobody care about Austrians although they were very important in most of european conflicts since 30 years' war.
‘Tis a real shame.
My grand-grand father fought for Austro-Hungary and died in 1916 in south Tyrol at the Dolomiten. He was a member of the Jagdkommando and died by a grenade
If you are interested, we did an episode about the Jagdkommandos and we also visited the Dolomite front and published a few episodes about it.
My grandfather (never met him) fought for Austro Hungary as well. First, as Leutenant at Drina river (Goražde, Bosnia and Herzegovina), then he was transfered as Oberleutenant to Isonco (Soča, Slovenian) river, where he was wounded. He died in 1968. He was Slovenian. I have his six medals.
Jure, what regiment your grandfather was? Any of so called "Slovene" regiments (17 IR, 47 IR, 87 IR etc.) According to some research only one battalion of 87th IR was fighting on Balkan front (all the other "Slovene" regiments were sent first to Galicia and later to Italian (Soča and Tirol) front. My great-grand father was probably a member of 20th Honved Infantry Regiment or 48th Infantry Regiment from Velika Kanjiža (NagyKanizsa) where men from Prekmurje (the part of Prekmurje which belonged to Zalamegy) served. All I know about him that he was talking about fighting on a "fiume" (river) probably Piave.
@@darkec71 My father (1932) told me,that his father (born March 25th, 1885) served in IR 070 (70th Infantry Regiment). Im going to ask my aunt, if she has any additional information about him. I have to correct myself: my Grandfather was wounded in Bosnia and Herzegovina (grenade, thrown from airplane). When he has recovered, he was transferred as CO (Commanding Officer - Oberleutenant) of Railway Station in Prvačina (now Slovenia); Soča/Isonco front. His father was solider too: 17 years of service, Battle of Custozza 1866, medal.
@@darkec71 Fiume is also the Hungarian name of Rijeka, but it's probably not what he meant.
A Logistics Nightmare
Xelerium Da I would hate to have been a Austro-Hungarian Quatermaster.
could be worse, you could have ended up being a russian quartermaster
Why exactly? The only nonstandard thing was tiny colored patches.
And that's before you have to figure out how to send them their uniforms by railway, which was chaos.
The regimental facing colours were hard to reproduce accurately - different factories tended to produce different colours irrespective of what the regulations said.
In summary; every soldier had their own unique uniform. If you where caught copying another man you where shot. :P
their*
.... and millions died .
were*
Great series, a masterpiece. You really made a capital dissection of WW1. I enjoy it alot, for the historical accuracy and value. Greetings from Bosnia
Love to Bosnia ❤️
I hope you guys are doing well
@@rodger3352 thanks man. We try but they won't leave us be. Hopefully no more war ever again
Important question for out of the trenches:
What was Wonder Woman's role during WW1? She led a British charge across No-Mans land, liberated a Belgian village, and even went behind enemy lines and assassinated Erich Ludendorff! Can't believe I haven't heard more about her before, please explain Indy!
Er….. I seriously hope this wasn’t serious
i was forced to see this movie and the only thing i liked was seeing Spud from Trainspotting casted in it. im happy the actor probably got a decent paycheck
@@zeppelinboys Also, the accuracy of the German machine gun firing at Wonder Woman and only hitting her shield. Unless that thing was magnetic (have not seen the film, only the part of the trench attack), there is no excuse for her not losing her legs. Those rifles had a massive spread.
@@chrismath149 Wait, Wonder Women was in WW1?
4:46 I never knew that Karl Marx joined the Austro-Hungarian army...
Just a small note: The signs of rank weren't /aren't stars, but symbolized "Edelweiss" a traditional Austrian mountain-flower as can be seen in some of the closeups. Incidentially this is still the case on contemporary Austrian Army uniforms.
They should have done a better job not having them look like stars.
Actually not only the army but also firefighters and the Austrian Red Cross still use it on rank patches
The Edelweiss collar insignia was specific to the Austro-Hungarian mountain regiments (Landesschutzen Regiments 1, 2, 3 and Landwehr Regiments Nr 4 and 27). The Edelweiss worked in tandem with the stars identifying the man as (1) a mountain infantryman and (2) by his specific rank.
@@TheGreatWar The Edelweiss looks like a star.
Same with the Honvédség, but they are stars.
Thanks for showing these great uniforms! Have been waiting for it a long time. The uniform combined with the Feldkappe looks awesome.
great video.
You forgot to mention that outstanding change they made in 1915 where they replaced the leather in the boots with cardboard. Simply magical
Love Austro-Hungarian uniforms they are so formal and beautiful.
Always knew my great grandfather had served in WW1, but only just found out today he was in the Austro-Hungarian army as an artillery gunner. It’s a shame his life wasn’t great after the war, but I am proud of his service and have much respect for him.
That’s cool
My family fought in the Spanish civil war (on republican side) and they lost so my family moved to Cuba then to America
My country tis of thee, Austria-Hungary, Obey your king.
European Union!
My grandpa was still born in the AH empire (1911)
I'm proud to live in acountry that had such great heritage
last time I was this early, France was still a monarchy
Teddy Roosevelt last time I was quick to respond the U.S.A wasn't a thing
Kaiser Franz Joseph I those are fighting words mister! come to the white house for a one on one!
Teddy Roosevelt last time you were that early america was actually great -_-
BUUUUURRRERRRRRRRRNNNNNN
Last time I fought Austro-Hungarians they stopped being an empire
My Great Great Grandfather was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was in during The Balkan Wars and beginning of WW1, he died in 1914.
ever heard of Standardization?
They never heard of it, probably
Stanislaus Kitagaul we heard of it but it's boring Austrians are fancy and not boring like the Brits with their khaki.
felix Tuvelid The uniform was standardised, just the hats were different
you want boring? we americans didnt even have unit unique cap badges. just an awesome badass looking eagle.
halorecon95 not so much
Indy i have one for out of the trenches How important was the Danish units in the german army since 1864
søren hulemose how can a pastry fight XD
WhiteShadow what do you mean
søren hulemose i think Whiteshadow is refering to the danish tart meme :D
Allen Rodrick I can't believe people remember that...but yeah thats what i was refering to.
its a joke about an American when asked something along the likes of "what are people from Denmark called?" the woman says denmarkers. so the interviewer says they're called danish. tgen she asks "how do pastries have a country?"
thats basically the origin. danish tarts are refered to as just "a Danish" in many parts of the world
WhiteShadow no danes
Indy and team, thank you so much for all the hard work you do for these videos. They are amazing, and your attention to detail is wonderful! Thank you!
Dude,please make review of 2.Bosniaken Regiment,they was most decorated regiment in Austro-Hungarian army ,they even have they marching Anthem,Die Bosniaken Commen
“Get them, they’re wearing different uniforms!”
“No, wait!”
“I can’t understand them! They must be an enemy!”
That's exactly what happened although AH soldiers killed each other regardless of the language. My grand grandfather was a Serb in AH army fighting in Galicia and they always had to sleep with one eye open because of Croatian soldiers and we basically have the same language.
I've said it before and I'll say it now, the Special Episodes on uniforms are some of my favorite content on this channel. As a long time collector of historical military uniforms and clothing I just want to say well done. Excellent work, Indy and crew.
One hundred and fifty one years ago today, the monarchical union between the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary was proclaimed by the Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867 which saw the dual monarchy established with Emperor Franz Joseph at the helm.
Was waiting for this episode for years!
Yes, I've been waiting for this for a long time !
MM = Master Monarchy! Best of its time. Greetings from Hungary!
Hello, thank you for making this amazing show! Speaking of Austria-Hungary, could you do a special episode on Czechoslovakian Legions?
working on it.
Love you guys!
Wow... just wow.! Indy's attention to detail is amazng !
YES! FINALY! Thanks so much guys!
Austria-Hungary: Indivisibiliter ac Inseparabiliter!
Imperial Army: That's where you're wrong kiddo
You really deserve more subs
really enjoyed the level of detail, great work Indy and team!
Finally !!
Great as always.
thank you for this amazing show sir
Well-done research, probably at a professional level. My respect!
I have been waiting for this episode for years
Complete information. I enjoyed this vídeo.
I love this channel please keep feeding us knowledge
can you discuss some of the impact bosnian soldiers had in the austrian army
They had quite an impact both socially and militarily. Many famous Austrians including the author/ photographer Pero Blaskovic, writer/radio broadcaster Rudolf Henz, filmmaker Robert Michel and even a future Austrian president Dr Adolf Scharf served in the Bosniaks. On the military side of things they were very highly decorated and regarded with some of the best combat records in the Austrian Army - the 2nd Bosniaks was the most decorated unit in that army with 42 Golden Bravery Medal recipients (maybe the equivalent of the VC/ Medal of Honour). The Italians in particular had a great fear of the Bosnians - sometimes when a non-Bosnian unit moved into the line fezzes were handed out to give the Italians the impression that Bosnians were present :)
Thanks for this
I've waited so long for this! :D
you guys should totally do an episode on trade and the impact blockades had on central powers.
loving your channel.
Excellent video!
This is a great channel, The presentation and contents are extraordinary! Two curiosities from my part. I had the honor to meet and talk to a French WWI trench veteran inside the Museé des Invalides in Paris in the late 1970's; My grand-grandfather, luckily migrated here to Brazil, in 1913, as a young 21 years old adventurous man, from the Austro-Hungarian Empire! How lucky was that! When he returned to Austria in 1959 to visit his relatives, they could not believe the vintage German language accent and vocabulary.....
You guys make my lunch even better
God bless America.
Thank you!
i have been binge watching this channel for 5 days now keep up the great content
Welcome to the show.
Thank you for being great teacher.
Dude, love your vids!
They were so stylish and diverse.
your the best! keep it up
so complex but so much thought was put into them
Im from Poland and my great great grandpa who was also from Poland was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian army 3 star during ww1, we dont know what happened to him after the war😥😥😥😥
Love these uniforms and the empire!
Fascinating! Yet another layer of TGW revealed. Applause, Applause, Applause!
Indy and team. Superb job! I wonder what light vehicles were used on the fronts, which were more sucessfull and what role they played during battle. Greentings from Brazil!
Fascinating stuff.
Very interesting.
My grandfather fighted as the legionary of Pilsudski (who was called "grandfather" by soldiers) in 4-rth Infantry Regiment of Polish Legions. (The number of his military identity card - 30108). And I proud of this!
Such an interesting subject !
Hi Indy and team, question for out of the trenches: I am of Belorussian descent and would like to know more about their role in the war, what major battles were they involved in and was independence promised to them by any country/countries if they promised to fight a certain enemy like what was proposed to Poland by Germany and Austria? Love the show, keep up the great content.
My grandfather was in the Austro Hungarian Army before the First World War. He lived near Przemysl in Galicia. I have after him buckle with the symbol of Austria-Hungary.Greetings from Poland!
Fascinated by all things related to the Austrian Empire/Austria-Hungary
2:42 Heroes of my beloved Bosnia
Bosniaken Power👏🇧🇦💪
@@Sana-vr4xr yes my dear such heroes that we in Serbia still remember war crimes against civilians,celebrate war criminals , your way
awesome episode!!! austro-hungarian uniforms come in a dizzying array. despite being updated in 1907-08 early war uniforms still showed a lot of 19th century and napoleonic influences. at least until the economies of war forced more standardization.
Thank you Indy for using metric!
Can we get a video on Bosnia?
@6:08 The guy second from the right is trying to figure out where the feather in his hat came from.
I see a great opportunity for "Tannenberg" A-H squad variations.
I am amazed at the complexity of the uniforms worn by so many European soldiers. As time went on the need to equip soldiers and replace items forced standardization, but I continue to be amazed at variety of items worn that depended on the branch of service. A tailor and quartermaster nightmare.
nice video please continue the good job but could you do a special about pocketknifes in ww1 like the mercator "Katze" which has been used or the opinel which existed but i do not know if it has been used but i do know that "larger numbers" 8000-10000 each (i think) had been exported to italy switzerland and another country. maybe you could talk about the classic victorinox too. i really hope you could do a special about that because i think it is a very interesting theme to talk about. and say hi to flo
The Berndorf Helmet looks fresh
Hey! I was wondering if you could do a video on Argentina during WWI. I know they didn't do much in the war but it would be pretty cool to see a video on one of my countries. Thanks!
Hey Indy, Love the show. Been following ever since I discovered the show. Amazing work to all of you guys! People my age (21) far to often don't realize what a disaster WW1 really was for all people involved. I have a question for the "'out of the trenches" segment.
What was the eventual goal of both sides? Ofcourse it was 'to stop brutal emperialism", but I feel all sides are guilty of this. Did France hope for a piece of German Land? Did Germany want to have Belgium as its vassal?
We keept the Gold for Officers in Austria.
White for non nco's , Gold for officers and ........... for the Spieß / Vize Leutnant white gold. Because he is the highest non officer but still below the lowest officer.
Great video and as always good job!
Crazy and interesting stuff
Hi,Great War can ye do a miniseries on each nations cavalry where Indy talks about the kit and uniforms and structure of each nation ,I hope you like this idea
to win or loose is not important but to do it with style.thats the way
Do a special on the Bosnian units in the AH army!
They were feared by the enemy. I heard that sometimes, the Austrian troops wore the Fez to trick the enemy into thinking it was the Bosnian battalion. hehe...
That was common on Italian front in the alps, where they issued Fez to hungarian troops, so Italian army observers think that in that sector of front are still Bosnian units. lol
Yes.Good idea for a special. Bosnian units were elite fighters and famous for bravery.
One of the units (Bosnisch-hercegovinisches Infanterie Regiment Nr. 2) was the most decorated unit of whole imperial army.
1. Why would Hungarians willingly wear fezes when A) it Isn't part of neither their culture nor religion, B) gives the glory in battle to somebody else but them and C) is impossible for them to attempt anyway since there isn't enough of those fezes to go around and also violates the rules of war by fielding a foreign uniform. What's next - the British wore Aussie hats pretending to be Aussies to scare the Germans?
2. " Bosnian units were elite fighters and famous for bravery." That's now what I've read. In both world wars they were noted for having little to no intention to integrate with others and fighting more as an independent force only concerned with the local war and regional issues rather than their overlords. That was duly noted.
While we are at it - what "Bosnians" are we talking about anyway? The nationality, composed of three ethnic groups - basically being the same but belonging to different religious faiths - or the Muslims, whatever they call themselves? Last I checked Bosnia has never been a homogenous country and what constitutes a "Bosnian" seems to be a matter of some debate among the locals. Are you sure the same locals just magically dropped all that in order to serve their Austrian emperor? While the Czechs, Poles and even the Hungarians had little loyalty to the Austrians, the Bosnians somehow had even though they neither share the language nor any Austrians customs?
I seriously doubt any Hungarian would willingly play charades in war. Somebody has been telling you a load of nonsense. It's most likely a war myth, much like Finns supposedly lining up 20,000 frozen Soviet soldiers during the Winter War of 1939-1940 to scare off the Soviet invaders.
First: Your opinion is based on some semi-information about this subject. And your examples are banal.
Second: Nobody told me nothing about this subject. I read it and researched for myself. From historical books writen by regimental oficiers of Bosnian units and various regional historical sources..( War museum Vienna, Kobarid War museum etc.
When i talk about Bosnian units i mean about all people and all religious groups from teritory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.As they were mobilised at the begining of war like all other nations in Austrian empire.
Third.. switching headgear was a fact recorded from several sources, and by order of higher command , coz Hungarian units did not have such fighting reputation as Bosnian units.
Once more that is a historical fact. coz it is observed that Italians didnt attack in sectors of fronts held by Bosnian units.
Quoting Werner Schachinger: "even non Bosnia units would sometime use Bosnian fez to make enemy think they are fighting against Bosniaks, what was discouraging."
In total, troops from Bosnia and Herzegovina earned 106 golden medals,. It seems that most famous venture of them was battle for Monte Meletta during last days of May and first days of June in the year 1916, where Bosnian troops destroyed Italian forces.
And last..what homogeneous nation means? This remark is totaly pointless.
Most of nations where heterogenous more or less. Especially in 19. century .
You think that Germans or Italians or Belgians where homogeneous national entity at the begining of 20. century? or Britts?:D
Check your facts better ;)
The German "Hecht" means pike, as in the fish.
can you a video about hms malaya in ww1
In war you just have to be beautiful
I have an Austo-Hungarian M95 Styer mine and to my knowledge was one of the last 100 off the production lines in 1918 with has the Austrian coat of arms on it. My fathers has an M95 Styer with the Hungarian coat of arms on it.
Austro-Hungarian Anthem in romanian language:
Doamne sânte, întăreşce
Pră al nostru Împărat!
Să domnească ’nţelepţeşce
Pe dreptate răzimat!
Părintescule-i coroane
Credincios să-i aperăm:
De-a Habsburgei ’nalte troane
Soartea noastră s’o legăm!
4:35 This is probably the second time in 40 years that I ever heard "hob nailed boots" not used as part of an insult.
Which uniforms will you do next? Italian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Portugal?
Might be Serbian.
The Great War oh maybe the Great War unifotm
Since you mentioned Portugal (I'm impressed!), I'll clarify you:
The majority of the Portuguese Infantry wore British-style uniforms and weapons, with the standard colour being blue, more like the French ones.
The uniforms of the men of the "Portuguese Independent Heavy Artillery Corps" were somewhat diferent, but I don't know many details about them.
the great war, should be a short episode.......
Will you guys do a episode about Emil Rebreanu's story ?
Since comments on video about Croatia in WW1 are disabled, I thank you here Indy.
Unfortunatly the wider public here in Croatia have forgotten about sacrifices of our great-grandfathers. Partly because of traumas of the 1990's ex-Yugoslav wars but mostly beacuse we are living in perpetual reinterpretation of WW2.
I guess we just can't handle the burden of our 20 century history. Even our victories have a taste of defeat (and that goes for all ex-Yu nations).
from what I know, FJI stands for Franz Josef der Erste (Franz Joseph I). great video nevertheless!
yes it does
It could have the dual meaning of Ist and Imperator, given both are Latin, and given the dual nature of the Empire.
true. I know for a fact that the Hungarian version IFJ stands for I. Ferenc József (Franz Joseph I in Hungarian). but Imperator is also possible.
The "I" does not stand for "first". It means "Imperador" ... Emperor in Latin.
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