Starship Price Revolution, Space VS Mass Media, Galaxy Collisions | Q&A 213
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- Опубликовано: 1 июл 2024
- Could black holes collapse directly in the early Universe? How do two galaxies become one after they collide? How would you communicate time units to aliens? How much will Starship change the prices of space launches? All this and more in this week's Q&A!
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00:00 Start
00:50 [Tatooine] How do direct collapse black holes work?
06:20 [Coruscant] How can two galaxies form one?
08:34 [Hoth] How to communicate time units to aliens?
11:07 [Naboo] What Astronomy research areas don't get to the news?
16:15 [Kamino] How do I come up with questions for interviews?
21:42 [Bespin] How can we claim exoplanets non-habitable?
25:19 [Mustafar] Does humanity have a chance at all?
27:56 [Alderaan] How much cheaper will space travel be after Starship?
31:35 [Dagobah] Why do science communicators not emphasize the impossibility of faster-than-light travel?
35:34 [Yavin] Best places for stargazing?
37:32 [Mandalore] How do we know black holes are spinning?
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[Kamino] I appreciate how you know your audience and can have the guest to skip the basics and get to the core of the subject at hand, the interviews are also my favourite part of your work.
A number of years ago I was camping in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, I woke up and stepped out of my tent to relieve my bladder and looked up and was stunned by what I saw. The milky way was so clearly defined, there were hundreds if not thousands of times more stars visible, everything looked so vivid and real. A whole different experience from being in a place with pollution and light. I must have stood there marveling for 7 or 8 minutes before remembering to zip up my fly. I live in Arizona and have been out in the middle of nowhere to observe meteor showers and such, but nothing compared to that experience.
try viewing from the southern hemisphere....mind blowing
That plus Arora with ice with lake 👍
I had the same experience. I didn't know u could actually see the Milky Way with the naked eye until then (I was 28 at the time, grew up in Seattle)
Same, in Big Bend National Park, Texas. Also would add that the stars were different colors, too.
I experienced a similar event up in northern ON Canada one night during a new moon. I was shocked when I looked up. Unforgettable.
A big THANKS to all the patreons who make this great channel possible. So nice to get so much good info without the hassle of having to skip adverts. Thank you Fraser for setting it up this way.
Hooray! You mentioned the Vera C. Rubin Observatory! We're going to see (1) Interstellar objects drifting past, e.g. I/Borisov and I/Oumuamua; (2) Previously unknown asteroids; (3) Supernovae from all over; (4) Objects in the solar system, such as large slow distant objects, possibly including comets; (5) Visiting aliens.
I discovered your channel a short time ago. I’ve enjoyed your interviews for exactly the reason you described. I can see the scientists get more relaxed as they realize they don’t have to dumb down their answers. It makes for a much better learning experience for those of us who just can’t get enough. Thank you!
Kamino.
The interviews are absolutely my favorite thing you put out. Every single one fascinated me in some way. I eat them up.
I listened to this episode on the background doing my things and it feels so positive optimistic and soothing, thank you!
I never understood the confusion on the existence of super-massive black holes until you said one line at ~5:34 "How did they get so massive so quickly"
And then it dawned on me, the confusion is related to time, duh! I get it now, there just hasn't been enough time for enough mass to gather in one place in the classical way.
Interviewing: you DO have a method. It’s just not formal or stilted. Your explanation of journalistic interview is exactly what all journalistic interviews should be. Spot on explanation. I enjoy your content always. Thanks for Space Bites!
Yes, I go have a method, it's just informal, as you said. Follow my curiosity and get out of the way.
I find your “ways of working” very awesome! Thank you for the great content dude. It’s really appreciated.
This is my 1st time seeing one of your Q&As. You do a great job! Thanks!
Naboo - great answer, too. A follow-on question to this is: the data all these surveys generate is vast and far reaching. Much more than our scientists could possibly process. What is the current state of AI software that can be applied to all this data? And are there efforts to make AI entities available so I could say: "Okay, look through this instrument's data set, and bring me anything that looks unnatural about this set of stars, that could indicate that intelligent being might have constructed an apparatus around it?" Or, " Calculate the nature of perturbations in gravity waves that would result from a spaceship traveling at faster than light speeds, and sift through LIGO's data and find any examples of such perturbations."
You like interviewing the best? It shows, your incredible at it. Your natural informed curiosity shines through and makes the interview that much more informative and deep.
From an observer, I would agree with you that your interviews are most entertaining and a delight. Really neat to see a meta-expert asks questions and further the conversation like you do.
11:33, true. Most people talk about science fiction as if it is going to be reality very soon, like dyson spheres, interstellar travel, time travel etc. But, I am more excited about the actual technologies that are going to help a lot of researchers, like you mentioned.
Interviews are the best. Binge-worthy all of them. They would also be my favorite if I got to ask "questions I don't know the answer to" to the experts. Who wouldn't love that? As a listener, I love how they go into the weeds on the edge of science. The more in-depth they go the better.
Another great Naboo show! Your enthusiasm really shines!
“You fire the wave motion gun”. YAY STAR BLAZERS...or Space Ship Yamato, depending on what you watched. I still get the theme song stuck in my head sometimes :D
Also, very fun video- an exciting time for astronomy. :). I loved the analogy about taking surveys being a step up from photos to video.
12:55 what a wonderful synopsis of the fundamental shift that is coming to astronomy. Thank you.
Hooray for consilience in astrometric methodology! You're right Fraser, never thought about it before, but the ability to scan more, and in different ways creates new ways of interpreting the universe that is more than the sum of their parts.
Wow, you don't see that word used very often.
@@terrysullivan1992 Which is why I take every chance I get, haha
Fraser! I remain a huge fan of your life choices and I enjoy all your journalism.
And I still regret that I can only afford to support you at what I call the Patreon, "blew up on the tarmac" level.
Keep up the good work.
PS I live on the East Coast of the US but you'd think it's the land of the midnight sun. :(
I live in Western Australia and am lucky enough to have easy access to some of the darkest and clearest skies on earth. It is a truly inspiring sight that it is not possible to tire of.
Kamino
Great advice and insight. Currently studying physics and astronomy with the OU in the UK. catch your show every week. Great job!
New to the channel and loving it. How the universe looks like from space? Are there any stars you can see?
Haven't finished listening yet, but for sure Kamino this week. The behind the scenes glimpse was super interesting!
Awesome, thanks for letting me know.
Hi, Fraser! Boy, do you have it right about popular misconceptions! Some people are really aggressive about it. As an example, I once had a "discussion" on Facebook where someone demanded to know when Mars spacecraft would get laser comms, to get rid of the long radio delay. I pointed out that laser light and radio travel at the same speed, and he told me no, lasers travel much faster than radio waves. I told him radio waves and laser light are all just photons of different frequencies, and that all photons travel at the same speed, regardless of frequency and energy level. He yelled at me for confusing him with technobabble, he knew what he knew and I wasn't going to succeed in telling him any different. And he called me several uncalled-for names, probably because I disagreed with his radio talk shows about most other things, as well. So, I blocked him. I figured, it wasn't my job to try and force the guy to actually think. To be honest, I doubt he had the ability. A perfect example of "Some people without brains do an awful lot of talking, don't they?" 🙂
Naboo for sure! I think gravitational wave astronomy will change everything in ways we can't understand. We have spent all of human history looking at the sky with electromagnetic waves, and just now we have the ability to see things a different way and that's huge!
Besides the best channel, your camera is amazing too! Looks super crisp and the lighting is awesome
Dagobah - Great response.
More widely, great episode Fraser.
Thanks Patrons and Team
I wish more people would talk about AI safety and synthetic biology risks, we need more people focused on them! Thank you for bringing them up!
Amino! I’m fascinated by your interview techniques!
Dagobah. I loved how clearly your enthusiasm for the 'real' stuff showed through
These videos never get old.
A follow-on question to the galaxy merging question is, what happens to the central black holes? If they merge, how violent or disruptive is that event, and how long does that take to settle down?
I work on boats physically and on paper, and would love to evolve what I do to fit space exploration. Could you go in depth about frozen ocean planets, and the future of exploration on them? Above and below the surface
Naboo - I loved how excited you got
Thanks for the video love this channel while I'm at work at the factory listening to space channels 🙃
You are a champion Fraser. Thanks for all you do :)
Kamino: More interviews, fewer answers to questions that people could just look up.
Is TON-618 still the largest known black hole in the Universe? And will the Event Horizon telescope be able to take an image of it??
Love the show!
A warp bubble for a ship seems to be impossible at our current level of technogloy but would it be possible to create tiny warp bubbles, big enough for photons, to communicate faster than light? If aliens would take such an approach, what would it need to detect those signals?
Creating a warp would distort space-time in a way unlike any astrophysical object. Gravity waves... but when we don't detect them will you accept it's not a thing?
That's a really interesting idea. One issue I can think of is keeping the photon stationary within the bubble. With the alcubierre concept the ship is stationary with respect to the bubble. It might be easier to send low-mass particles with this method.
Another difference from the alcubierre method is generating the bubble from the outside, as opposed to creating it around the bubble generator (i.e. the ship).
I hope Fraser takes this one on!
@@drewlop Didn't think about the photon having to be stationary...
@@jimmyquigley7561 The absence of evidence is not evidence of something not existing, right?
I didn't hear or read about distortions of space time on a sub-atomic scale. So I don't know what it would take. Do you?
You say that confidently, despite the fact that 90% of all scientific developments happen in secret.
Mandalore - I never thought about that, but once I did I was like, "hey, that's right!"
Question for the next question show:
You've talked about a gravitational lens telescope before, but as I see it the biggest drawback is that you can only see things on the opposite side of the sun, so you have to pick your target. Which target would you like to see get first priority? Alpha Centauri to get a look at our closest neighbour? The Trappist 1 system to get a closer look at the planetary system there? Betelgeuse on the off chance that it goes supernova inside the life of the telescope? Something else I haven't thought of?
Yavin
I agree that the Australian Outback is some of the best stargazing skies I have ever seen, and that was way back before I really got into Astronomy. Just a couple hours outside of Brisbane, I saw skies that I have never seen again. Of course it helped that I was there with an Astronomy professor, who did most of the talking. Cannot recommend enough.
The Southern hemisphere has a more interesting view of the universe too.
All the cool astro-objects are in the Southern hemisphere.
Love it "Warp drive never numb nuts." or at least until a rogue blackhole rolls by.
Excellent as always.
As a science communicator, I think you should get people excited and interested in trying to figure out things that you don't think are possible. If FTL travel is not possible, we are stuck in this solar system.
I vote for Coruscant. Fascinating stuff. A follow-up question - When the Milky Way & Andromeda merge, I assume the black holes at the center of each galaxy will also eventually merge. Have we detected mergers of super massive black holes already with LIGO? Would such a collision so close to earth pose a risk? Thanks very much.
Naboo!
About faster than light, perhaps it's possible, perhaps it's not. We don't know. What we know is that it's definitely not possible with our current understanding of physics.
But who knows about the future? That's why the kind of news I most like are those about the discovery of anomalies... Things that can point us for deeper discoveries.
Anyway, thanks for the news, Fraser! 😊
Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊
I'm really impressed with this channel and so glad I found it... I too share your insatiable curiosity for learning 😉
Coruscant) very interesting idea, and deeply neat question, about galaxies merger
my very basic question after watching this episode, is even if we did end up with warp drives, or any other sci-fi type transportation, what is the best idea so far about how we actually navigate a system that is moving that fast? With all the theories I have seen about how FTL travel could work, no one mentions the proverbial "steering wheel" and I would imagine that outside of the fantastical nature of such a system, that the tech to steer it would have to be grounded in tech we have today.
My best guess is that Starship in its current form will cost ~$20 million, assuming a once per week flight rate. If the demand beyond starlink comes online, the flight rate will increase and we could see $10 million per flight
Musk & SpaceX want to be launching a most Starships 1 or more times a day - That would be needed with large space stations (1 km Diameter) & industry in LEO, MEO & GEO, Cislunar Space, Mining on the moon, Near Earth Asteroids & in the Asteroid Belt & colonies on the moon, Mars, Venus & the moons of Jupiter & Saturn. Costs would go down to as low as $2 million/launch as starships fly 1,000 or more times each.
Hi Fraser,
have we observed the merger of two supermassive black holes yet? And how do they differ from mergers of stellar black holes?
Great show… love it… and I look forward to it 👍👍👍
Black Holes go right along with galaxies. When galaxies form the centers have large amounts of gravity and large amounts of mass. so it wont be long before Black holes and super massive black holes take form. The Galaxies come first, usually, a rouge black hole could come across a new born galaxy and take over
i love the "tecnical level establishment questions"
and the fact interviews go deeper to the rabbit hole. Cuz when i watch q&a i able to answer some question myself and its not that exciting as getting somthing totally novel
I wish your patreons to get richer!!!
Love the way you handled the unschooled questions
Naboo: "good news is not news" is a common phrase in journalism.
Question: Will old eliptical galaxies assume a disk shape over time? I often hear descriptions that sound like merging galaxies will assume an eliptical shape and that this will be their final form. But don't the same processes that make spiral galaxies, the oribits of planets around a star, and rings around a planet also still affect eliptical galaxies?
Hoth- I really enjoyed the answer. Thanks
Naboo... please discuss the state of development to achieve optical interferometry over distance [e.g. practical quantum networking]
We talked about quantum telescopes in this interview: ruclips.net/video/eXchT7mtEao/видео.html
You daring someone to start Universe Tomorrow will be the high point of my day. It's all downhill from here.
Question: Say we have an EM mass driver in LEO matching the moon’s inclination. We fire a payload to the moon, altering the mass driver’s orbit. 14 days later, fire another payload to the moon, correcting the mass driver’s orbit. Put several in orbit of both bodies. Could we play a well timed game of target practice to eliminate lunar transfer burn delta-V requirements? We would probably still need a capture burn on payloads unless we figure out how to also catch these things.
The slow accretion and direct collapse attempts to explain black holes presume formation comes from a large enough concentrations of conventional matter. But the best theory of the early life of our universe started with the big bang and inflation period where "matter" was already enormously concentrated. As the universe expanded and cooled allowing conventional matter to form, it may have been possible that there were spots where that density of forming matter remained high enough that a black hole was formed directly. Sort of a remnant of the earlier period of even hotter and denser spacetime.
If so, it would overcome the problems with the accretion and direct collapse models where the increasing concentration of matter destroys the black holes before they can reach the sizes observed. It would also explain the lack of any observed intermediate sized black holes. If the supermassives were remnants of the earlier hotter denser proto-universe, they would have formed during the process of expansion and cooling that eventually allowed conventional matter to form. It's just that the supermassive black hole may be a stable form that occurs during this transition when the conditions were favorable. Direct formation of black holes during expansion immediately after the big bang, instead of accretion or collapse during concentration from matter once it was able to form.
Human interstellar travel is theoretically possible *IF* one gets close enough to c (the speed of light) for time dilation to make a difference. At 99%c the dilation is 7 (1 day on Earth = 7 days at 99%c). However, even with antimatter as a fuel it is doubtful we can accelerate to relativistic velocities. *AND* the closer you get to c the more your spaceship "weighs." At 99%c your spaceship would weigh 7-times its rest mass (cf Lorentz factor.) This is one way the Universe prevents us from reaching c let alone exceeding it.
So a black hole can send information outside afterall. So does this mean the space and time itself is the key to many futuristic stuff? Like maybe send stuff faster than light or it can hold information or provide us some information regarding the expansion of the universe or black holes? I feel like we need to study more into that even tho we already are wirht he gravitational wave telescope for example
Ynys Enlli is another great place to go star gazing, it recently became a dark sky sanctuary.
Another theory is that the primordial black holes formed in the extreme conditions of the big bang. They were born big. So some of today's most massive super massive black holes are these big primordial black holes. That may solve the how they got so big and that fast problem.
It would also answer the heating problem mentioned in video. Direct formation during the inflation period / expansion after the big bang would be a cooling process not a heating one. The heating problem mentioned only comes with formation by compression / collapse.
My question: I understand spectroscopy for simple elements. How does spectroscopy differ for molecules ? That is: how & why are the lines different for H & H2 ? How are the lines different for carbon & oxygen from CO2 ?
The question about how time can be communicated to an alien race sent me down a fascinating rabbit hole and got me thinking about the classic sci-fi trope of a highly evolved alien species that communicates telepathically. What are some other novel ways an advanced alien species could have evolved naturally to communicate over millions of years besides written or spoken language, such as using signs or even bioluminescent light signals?
okay, I have a question... When black holes collide, much of their mass/energy is lost to the gravitational wave, and sent away at the speed of light. What is the proportion of that gravity wave energy compared to dark energy? (follow up, is the gravity wave energy perpeutual or slowly absorbed by something over time?)
Every theoretical physicist I've heard talk says that Warp drives do NOT violate the laws of physics. In fact Miguel Alcubierre proved that a Warp bubble is a specific answer to Einstein's Field Equations. In theory Warp drive is possible, but in practice it may require such huge amounts of energy or require negative energy, which we don't know if it even exists in nature or only in the math, that it may be impractical. Many things which the math first indicated but were unknown or unprovable at the time imagined, later proved to exist in nature. Black holes are a great example of this. Even Einstein thought that they were an artifact of the math and couldn't possibly exist in nature. Now we have photos of them. In any case being impractical to achieve and violating the laws of physics are two very different things. It is impractical to build a Super Collider the size of the Solar System, but it does not violate the laws of physics. Warp drives seem to be this way, at least for now.
Alderaan! It's important to know one's personal likelihood of tripping to space.
about the direct collapse black holes - I know the early universe was very hot, but would/did that universal heat persist long enough after the big bang/ be hot enough around the gathering H and He to offset the outward pressure that usually prevents the direct collapse? I'm no expert, so let me know if i'm misguided, but in my head this environment of dense hydrogen and helium, freshly hot following the big bang, in tandem with a phenomenon like "cooling' jets of material detectable through lasting radio waves could allow for these supermassive black holes.
Thanks Fraser.
Love the content! How do gravitational wave observatories pinpoint the location of a neutron star or black hole collision?
There are three detectors: Washington, Louisiana and Italy, so they can triangulate the source.
i fking love you and this channel, dont want to suck up too much but i just love the way you conduct interviews, you always have interesting questions and you steer the conversation to the right places while never being too much in love with your own ego or voice .. (hi neil ;) keep rocking!
Hey Fraser, big fan!
I’ve got a question for you:
In the far, far future when the sun becomes a red giant and gobbles up the inner planets. There are a lot of animations out there that the inner planets just burn up and are falling into the sun but this doesn’t seem right to me. They seem to forget the Roche limit.. does this also mean that the sun for a brief period gets a dirt ring system? (before radiation blast everything away)
The first time I ever used my telescope in a truly dark site, I was lost for a good 20 minutes
Love your show/channel ... QUESTION ... Would the sky/stars & constellations look different from Alpha Centauri?
Is the space between the elements of an atom the same type of space between astronomical bodies? Also when and object moves through space does it push space aside like a boat through water or does space move through the object?
I've been thinking about just what you are talking about around 33:00. What if it really isn't possible to accelerate past the speed of light, or even near it, with physical space ships ? I'm a life long SF reader, but just because we have envisioned faster than light travel; doesn't mean it is possible. A bitter nut to swallow, but maybe it is true.
Hey Frazier! Love the show. Thanks for keeping my mind and imagination busy and satiated. Question: our vision developed around a star that gives off light in the spectrum we call visible light. if life developed around a star that gives out light in a different part of the spectrum than ours does, say further into ultraviolet or infrared, would the life that develops there see those spectrums of light as visible?
Probably.
There are creatures on Earth that can see parts of the EM spectrum that we humans can't.
There are gonna be limits based on the scale of biology, ie wavelengths that are just too short or require detectors that are ridiculously big.
Great video, but no way I could choose which news segment I liked the most this time - way too many coin-flips needed for me to do that!
Regarding craters on the moon, can we tell which ones were made by rocky asteroids vs metallic vs comets? Thanks
Love your videos 👍👍
Dear Fraser Cain! 1. Question. we can see galaxis with c11. and where told that they are large. So how large are they compared to milkyway or andromeda?
Look up the Light Pollution Map for Bortle one and two skies. Bortle one is as dark as it gets.
That's why your channel wins against "Event Horizon". You don't talk about aliens so much as they do (he does). Because we don't know if we will ever meet them. Maybe we will see them, but IMO, we'll never meet them, because of physics. Because of distances in space. And it's so much more things to talk about around astronomy than aliens. So much things in cosmos, so much things in our current technologies, or possible upcoming technologies to explore the space. Yes, SETI - it's important . But it's just a small part of all beautiful and interesting things. And those are the things you are talking about on your channel. So you win. And I know that you are not competing, you are supplementing each other. It's just thoughts from my perspective as a follower of both. Thank you.
How many rogue planets could be between us and Alpha Centauri, and could they be used as waystations on the route? I realise that directly between would be minimal, but close enough to be a small diversion. And would these rogue planets interfere with the interstellar medium in such a way that a ship using a ‘sail’ propulsion could use it to alter its momentum?
Bodies between us and a destination like Alpha Centauri would not be good as way stations because you would not want to stop along the way. Getting up to speed, and stopping again, is the hard part!
A solar sail uses light, so the interstellar medium would not affect it otherwise.
Hi John,
Thanks for the reply, that is a good point, although it could be interesting to study them on the way past.
Fraser Cain interviewed Andrew Higgins two months ago, and they discussed the idea of using the solar wind and current differentials in the interstellar medium to change the momentum of spacecraft. And that it could be extremely effective. Research has been done indicating that a path could be plotted that moved back and forth across a sharp boundary between particles streams that moved at different velocities - such as at the heliopause (but other such boundaries are known to exist, or theorised to exist in the interstellar medium) and on each cycle, the ship would either pick up, or lose momentum toward the target of travel, depending on the path chosen.
It’s a great interview - “Interstellar Travel Without Breaking Physics”
Also, I was probably thinking of two situations simultaneously. A planet full of potential resources might be very useful if it proved difficult to send manned missions direct to Alpha Centauri (or any other potential destination) in some long distant future.
But if rogue planets had magnetospheres, they might cause a sharp boundary in the velocity of the particles in the interstellar medium and so might also be useful in the example I give above. Plus gravity assist?🤷♂️
Other than the tides being weaker which I'm sure would mess up a good portion of the oceanic food chain, what would happen if the moon disappeared?
Mandalore
Fantastic question!!! I think you did not address the "information access" part of the question. The way I think on it is: if you are inside the event horizon, can you broadcast information to the outside by changing the angular momentum of the black hole? The answer is no, as the angular momentum inside a closed system, like a black hole, must be conserved. For example, if you tried to speed up the angular momentum of the black hole, you would fire your rockets in a direction, but then the exhaust would go on the opposite direction and perfectly counteract it. The thing here is, angular momentum is defined by the state of the black hole before it was such (a big star) and everything that fell inside it. And if you had been paying attention from the beginning of time you could have known this, so there is no real information transfer from the black hole to the outside
Alderaan. Definitely intrigued by the notion of cheaper and faster payloads into space. I'm personally really interested to see some company make modular payloads that connect into an orbital manufacturing array. I'd love to see it used to clean up the man made debris around the planet and maybe recycle it and dropped back to earth. Clean up our sky and bring resources back
If time is evolving at different rates on planets of different mass, are chemical reactions taking place at different rates as well?
If so, would that make smaller mass bodies in a sense older than larger mass bodies
Mandalore. Didn't know I needed to know that.
Dark skies: "When you see the Southern Cross for the first time, you'll understand then why you came this way..." The darkest place I've ever been was the middle of Yellowstone Park on an early fall night. There was no one around. I turned off the car lights and took in the starry sky for about half an hour.
Thanks! ❤
What’s a real life tech or aspect of science in astrology that you think sci-fi doesn’t represent enough?
For me I guess would be the expanse representing realistic “enough” artificial gravity.
What I mean is, similar to teleportation or warp or FTL or the Fermi paradox, what’s a real thing or topic in science or astrology that you think isn’t talked about enough?
Do you mean astronomy instead of astrology?
What is the lower weight limit for the mass of a black hole? Is there any?
Mandalore
Dagobah.
Thanks for dealing with the exciting views of reality, yet acknowledge SF's attraction.