Thanks for sharing, I am also a service engineer was based in Harrow, then Milton Keynes, worked for Roland, Yamaha Line 6 and Alesis (mostly digital with some transistor circuits, since relocating to Brazil, I am called to repair guitar valve amps and authorised by Marshall, Fender, Bugera etc. I only have just over 35 years of experience but not a huge amount on valves. Thanks to your channel and Uncle Dougs, I have refined my knowledge and also learnt about substitution of tubes and their characteristics (ie. EL34, 6L6, 6V6..). You'll be glad to know I already knew 99% of what you said, but it's good to be reminded and I wasn't too sure on how the negative bias was derived. Unfortunately many amps don't have a bias pot, so you need to calculate the relevant resistors.
Thank you so much! I will watch this many times I'm sure. I'm amazed at how much this opens my understanding and brings new questions at the same time.
It's me again ! hihi ! I'm a house builder and so frustrated that I didn't choose electronics when I was youger at school . Trying to understand and re-visiting this video and I must say that the way you explain things is really good so thanks for the second time ! Will watch them all and like them all !
Hi lou. I'm an electronics engineer and so frustrated I didn't become a builder5 - would have been minted by now!! :) I'm glad you're enjoyong the vids. Keep learning!
Would love to see you go through each half of the 12ax7's and what they do, cathode follower vs driver stage vs phase inverter(long tail vs cathodyne) ect. Thank you
Found this really useful! I would find another walk through like this with a class A solid state amp really helpful as well. The way you explained everything was at the perfect level of specificity.
Excellent presentation Stuart. Really enjoy your videos. Would be a blast hanging out with you in your shop for a few days. Thanks for sharing your knowledge. Looking forward to watching some more of your videos.
Thanks mate, that was really informative and well explained. I built a couple of 5E3 Fender Deluxe clones that wen really well and enjoyed the build. It's good to have an understanding of how things work. Cheers !!
A useful automotive-themed mnemonic device for understanding the symbols for resistors and capacitors is that a resistor is like a series of speed bumps for forcing traffic (voltage and current, ie: electrons) to slow down and lose energy; and a capacitor is like an automated tollbooth gate mechanism that needs to be charged up (a handful of coins thrown in the basket) before it can let the current pass through.
Thanks for the great tutorial. You have a real gift for making all the seemingly complicated very easy to understand for the novice, without unnecessary waffle or condescension. It's much appreciated. I've subscribed and I look forward to diving into more of your videos. I'd really love if you could do the same breakdown with some guitar pedals. Cheers.
Thank you so much for all your videos Stuart! You have really helped me learn a lot. Your channel is worth its weight good (and I'd venture your channel has featured quite a few ac30s, so that's a lot!)
Fan-Flippin'-tastic! Solid Value in this video. I did pick up a little bit more with your video and I got reinforcement on what I learned before but maybe kind of forgot. Thank you Mr. Stuart. Much obliged.
I watch and listen to this before any DIY on my amplifiers, it helps keep my mind clear of clutter and gives me a bit of "Why" these components work, thankyou.
Great video Stuart especially showing the part of the amp's actual circuit relating to the schematic. It certainly helps if you can read resistor values which helps you identify from the diagram which part of the amps circuit your looking at or trying to identify.
Hey Stuart, just a fab video..Lots learned again...This explanation of the circuit certainly does remove some of the fog I have with regard to the schematic and it's reading. Thanks again for posting, keep em' coming..Ed..UK..😁
Stuart, I completed my first cap job on my Fender Concert today. I also replaced several resistors that were out of spec. I plugged it in with my variac and bulb set up. It no longer blows fuses, but I found the vibrato channel was still weak. I couldn't figure this out until I pulled the tube and one of the connectors came off on the tube. It must have been broken. I will replace this socket and see if that clears it up. It is your videos that Gave me confidence to do this and the ability to do it in a safe manner. The video on schematics has helped me greatly in understanding how tube amps work. I'll continue watching and learning while exercising my skills. Thank you so much for your continued tutoring. Mike.
Hi Stuart. I've owned a few amps over the years (from a 200w Marshall stack back in the 70's to a Vox 2w [two w] Night Train now!) but never really understood what goes on under the bonnet. Your videos are fascinating and very easy to understand because of your style of presentation. Thank you.
I've had been interested pretty recently into electronics, specifically for amp construction and studying more deeply a Mesa/Boogie Mark IIC+ schematic. Stuart, I can't thank you enough for this video as it's shedding a light on what it seemed like pretty much rocket science so far as a newcomer 😂
Hello Stuart, great tutorial.... I changed my normal circuit on my Vibrolux reverb amp. I changed the .047uf coupling capcitor to a .033uf and changed the tone stack bass .047 uf cap to a .022uf like the super reverbs. I now enjoy the normal channel. It seems more open and not muddy . Very useful.
Very well done cleared up a lot of questions ....I have worked on my own and some friends' amps for years and schematics are a weak point. I have been doing a deep dive on them for a few months now and this was very helpful. Thanks and Regards
Hello Stuart, I'm a Japanese guy who builds his own guitar amps as a hobby. I found it helpful to remove the thin wire coating inside the reverb tank by melting it with the tip of a soldering iron. I don't want to put tension on the thin lines, so I'll try it next time.
Thank you for the spot on amount of information here. I matched the rest of the schematic to the components .. I think 🙂. The 3 CAPS in the POWER amp, and the 2 series caps of the Power supply are in the "doghouse", is this correct? By showing us the Vibrato Preamp section, it was easy to deduce the pre-amp for Normal and Reverb (on a SuperReverb). Awesome, thanks again!
Really great explanation! Would you be willing to make a video how guitar schematics map to the actual circuit boards? That's what I conceptually don't understand because the board obviously looks nothing like the schematics, even though it follows it (I guess) :D
Hi. The problem with that is that it varies from amp to amp, there is no standard tranlation. It's not usually too difficult to follow though. E.g. find V1, then find pin 2, ah... there's the 100k resistor which is on the schematic etc. The layout is usually fairly logical.
Hi Mr. Stuart, your beginner tutorials are amazing. I have learned more about electronics and power circuits from your 3 videos about how tube amplifiers work than in all the hours of classes in school and university. I am a bit ashamed to say it frankly, but the truth is that mechanical engineer degrees in my country don’t go very deep into electro-engineering. Is there a possiblity that you make similar videos for transistor amplifiers like the ones you made for tube amplifiers? Cheers.
Thanks very much! It's the same for me. My degree in electrical engineering didn;t really do much on the mechanical side. Yes that's a good idea, I'll do one on transistor schematics.
Fantastic video. Thanks so much. It would be cool if you could explain in the input jack the low impedance and the high impedance inputs. Also, when we see connections to ground, is it really the amp ground or is the ground connected to the Neutral power supply cable?
@@stuartukguitarampguy5830 Hi, thanks for your reply. Is it normal to have circuit that just dumps a massive amount of current to the ground as part of normal operation? The giant smoothing capacitors with the 400 volts rating in series, are acting like some sort of high pass filter right? The AC signal starts becoming like DC to feed the voltage of the power tubes but the high frequencies are constantly sent to ground. I suppose this is normal, but still somewhat surprising as sending signal to ground is normally we intuitively see happening as a safety mechanism when something shorts and connects a voltage source to the metal casing. Still too much of a ignorant in respect to electrical circuits, it's what it is.
@@ertreriHi It's a bit hard to explain in short reply. Maybe the mest way is to consider a battery connect to a lamp. So the positive goes to one side of the lamp and the negative to another. The amp lights. WHere is the current from the positive terminal (which goes through the lamp) being 'dumped' to? It's dumped to the negative side of the battery, right? Now if I happen to also want to connect that negative terminal to my metal case and also the mains ground, nothing changes. No current is being 'dumped' to ground in that case. It's the same with mains powered gear. That's the best I can do without a coirse in electrics! Keep studying and learning.
On the high tension rectifier, are there three diodes stacked in series to allow for a lower voltage rated diode to be used to withstand the 440V B+? ( Im thinking along the lines of three 250v diodes could withstand 750v in series...)
In this video, the guitar input circuit looks interesting. The input signal seems to be going through resistors to the preamp grid, but there's also a path for both inputs 1 and 2 that appears to be grounded. Is this intentional, or are the ground wires supposed to connect to the jack's ground lug instead of the hot connection? it is hard to imagine a short to ground from the hot would make any sense. thanks
I think what you're seeing is the fact that when the guitar lead is UNPLUGGED, the hot contact is grounded. This is to stop the amp humming. When you plug in, this ground connection is broken.
@@stuartukguitarampguy5830 Thanks, that was most definitely not obvious. While a direct short to ground on the hot input during normal operation wouldn't necessarily damage the circuit, it's not a typical design choice for a couple of reasons: 1. **Potential for Ground Loops:** Even though the hot isn't connected to a power source until the guitar cable is plugged in, a direct short to ground on the input could create a ground loop if there are other grounding inconsistencies in the circuit. Ground loops can introduce unwanted hum or noise. 2. **Unexpected Behavior During Troubleshooting:** If a technician were troubleshooting the amp without a guitar plugged in, a direct short to ground on the hot could lead to unexpected behavior, making it more difficult to diagnose the actual problem. In a well-designed amp, grounding the sleeve of the input jack is the preferred method to minimize noise when no cable is plugged in. This avoids potential ground loops and unexpected behavior during troubleshooting. Would you agree?
@@stuartukguitarampguy5830 peavey amp.. my first real badass amp I got around 2001 and it just died... dont know why... not places around me that fixes them... had a guy looking at it... he does some stuff with amps... its got him stumped... I have another one, but thats my baby...
Good presentation Stuart! If you want to give yourself a headache, track down a schematic for a Fender Super Twin Reverb amp. They were only produced from about 1976 thru 1980 or so. 180Watts RMS, 395 Watts Peak. Six 6L6CG power tubes, and a couple of unusual tubes in the circuit. (6C10 and 6CX8). If you want to see photos of the inside of mine, let me know.
@@stuartukguitarampguy5830 Hello Stuart. I have that schematic. I actually printed it out on four letter sized pieces of paper and taped them together. I showed "Uncle Doug" how to set up the printer to accomplish that. It comes in handy for complicated schematics where you want a hard copy to make notes on.
@@miguelrichartmellado2834 Yes, 2 x 12 combo. Mine has the UTAH speakers with the large square magnets. Very heavy. I built a head cabinet for the chassis, and left the speakers in the original cabinet so it's easier to transport.
When a newcomer to all this, this is exactly the content you need. Very instructional and thank you Stuart
Thanks Howard
As a guitar player I really enjoy you walking us through these amps
Thanks Mario!
Thanks for sharing, I am also a service engineer was based in Harrow, then Milton Keynes, worked for Roland, Yamaha Line 6 and Alesis (mostly digital with some transistor circuits, since relocating to Brazil, I am called to repair guitar valve amps and authorised by Marshall, Fender, Bugera etc. I only have just over 35 years of experience but not a huge amount on valves. Thanks to your channel and Uncle Dougs, I have refined my knowledge and also learnt about substitution of tubes and their characteristics (ie. EL34, 6L6, 6V6..). You'll be glad to know I already knew 99% of what you said, but it's good to be reminded and I wasn't too sure on how the negative bias was derived. Unfortunately many amps don't have a bias pot, so you need to calculate the relevant resistors.
Great to hear from you and thanks for shating. I went to Recife once!
Thank you so much! I will watch this many times I'm sure. I'm amazed at how much this opens my understanding and brings new questions at the same time.
Thanks Michael I'm pleased you found it useful.
This was great, and even having watched a great many “basics” videos, you clarified several points for me. Thank you!
Excellent thanks Stephen
Amazingly informative again Stuart! Thanks!
Thanks! Glad you enjoyed it.
Thanks! You explain it well!
It's me again ! hihi ! I'm a house builder and so frustrated that I didn't choose electronics when I was youger at school .
Trying to understand and re-visiting this video and I must say that the way you explain things is really good so thanks for the second time !
Will watch them all and like them all !
Hi lou. I'm an electronics engineer and so frustrated I didn't become a builder5 - would have been minted by now!! :) I'm glad you're enjoyong the vids. Keep learning!
@@stuartukguitarampguy5830 Haha ! That is funny ! I love the vids ! Take care !
Would love to see you go through each half of the 12ax7's and what they do, cathode follower vs driver stage vs phase inverter(long tail vs cathodyne) ect. Thank you
Really useful. Thank you!
Stuart, you rock more than all the amps you've ever serviced combined. Thank you for taking the time to make this video.
You're too kind!
Thank you very much for this! Learnt so much from you already and excited to get stuck into some less beginner friendly content soon!
Excellent thanks Kit
you have no idea how helpful this was. thanks!!
Thank you so much!
Thank you for taking the time too share the knowledge , my kind of entertainment for sure.
From across the pond ,thumbs up!
Cheers Ronnie
Absolutely fantastic video, thank you so so much!
Thanks Tomas!
Found this really useful! I would find another walk through like this with a class A solid state amp really helpful as well. The way you explained everything was at the perfect level of specificity.
Thanks for the great feedback I'm glad you enjoyed the vid.
Excellent presentation Stuart. Really enjoy your videos. Would be a blast hanging out with you in your shop for a few days. Thanks for sharing your knowledge. Looking forward to watching some more of your videos.
Thanks I'm pleased you enjoyed it! Feel free to drop in if you are down my way (Reading)
Thanks mate, that was really informative and well explained. I built a couple of 5E3 Fender Deluxe clones that wen really well and enjoyed the build. It's good to have an understanding of how things work. Cheers !!
Great well done Adam
You’re the best!!🙏🏼
Thanks Jason.
Very very good video. Thank you Master.
Thanks Miguel.
A useful automotive-themed mnemonic device for understanding the symbols for resistors and capacitors is that a resistor is like a series of speed bumps for forcing traffic (voltage and current, ie: electrons) to slow down and lose energy; and a capacitor is like an automated tollbooth gate mechanism that needs to be charged up (a handful of coins thrown in the basket) before it can let the current pass through.
Nice thanks.
Thanks for the great tutorial. You have a real gift for making all the seemingly complicated very easy to understand for the novice, without unnecessary waffle or condescension. It's much appreciated.
I've subscribed and I look forward to diving into more of your videos. I'd really love if you could do the same breakdown with some guitar pedals. Cheers.
Thanks James. Hmm, guitar pedals are SO varied and often fiendishly complicated. They even have 100 pin computer chips and suchlike in them!
Thank you so much for all your videos Stuart! You have really helped me learn a lot. Your channel is worth its weight good (and I'd venture your channel has featured quite a few ac30s, so that's a lot!)
Thanks I'm really pleased you enjoy it!
Fan-Flippin'-tastic! Solid Value in this video. I did pick up a little bit more with your video and I got reinforcement on what I learned before but maybe kind of forgot.
Thank you Mr. Stuart. Much obliged.
Excellent!
I watch and listen to this before any DIY on my amplifiers, it helps keep my mind clear of clutter and gives me a bit of "Why" these components work, thankyou.
Thanks Giulio I'm glad you find it useful.
Great video Stuart especially showing the part of the amp's actual circuit relating to the schematic. It certainly helps if you can read resistor values which helps you identify from the diagram which part of the amps circuit your looking at or trying to identify.
Cheers Pete
Keep up the great work 👍🏻👌🏻
thank you so much for this!
Glad you enjoyed it Roy.
Awesome explanation.. iv done an electronics degree but never did valve amps .. loved this thanks
Thanks Peter.
Very informative for beginners. It's nice that you take your time to teach here 👏
Thanks Richard
As a novice - this is explanation has been invaluable. Thank you for taking the time to do this. Areal gentleman and scholar.
Thanks very much.
Really useful video - thanks for sharing your extensive knowledge.
Thanks Greg
Hey Stuart, just a fab video..Lots learned again...This explanation of the circuit certainly does remove some of the fog I have with regard to the schematic and it's reading. Thanks again for posting, keep em' coming..Ed..UK..😁
Thanks Ed
Stuart,
I completed my first cap job on my Fender Concert today. I also replaced several resistors that were out of spec. I plugged it in with my variac and bulb set up. It no longer blows fuses, but I found the vibrato channel was still weak. I couldn't figure this out until I pulled the tube and one of the connectors came off on the tube. It must have been broken. I will replace this socket and see if that clears it up. It is your videos that Gave me confidence to do this and the ability to do it in a safe manner. The video on schematics has helped me greatly in understanding how tube amps work. I'll continue watching and learning while exercising my skills. Thank you so much for your continued tutoring.
Mike.
Excellent well done Michael.
hi Stuart.. Thanks for the basics very much appreciated Top man ..
I'm pleased you enjoyed it.
Hi Stuart. I've owned a few amps over the years (from a 200w Marshall stack back in the 70's to a Vox 2w [two w] Night Train now!) but never really understood what goes on under the bonnet. Your videos are fascinating and very easy to understand because of your style of presentation. Thank you.
Thanks Brendan
I've had been interested pretty recently into electronics, specifically for amp construction and studying more deeply a Mesa/Boogie Mark IIC+ schematic. Stuart, I can't thank you enough for this video as it's shedding a light on what it seemed like pretty much rocket science so far as a newcomer 😂
Great I'm pleased you liked it.
Hello Stuart, great tutorial.... I changed my normal circuit on my Vibrolux reverb amp. I changed the .047uf coupling capcitor to a .033uf and changed the tone stack bass .047 uf cap to a .022uf like the super reverbs. I now enjoy the normal channel. It seems more open and not muddy . Very useful.
Ok interesting thanks.
Very well done cleared up a lot of questions ....I have worked on my own and some friends' amps for years and schematics are a weak point. I have been doing a deep dive on them for a few months now and this was very helpful. Thanks and Regards
Great I'm glad it was helpful!
Very informative video. Thanks.
I'm pleased you enjoyed it.
Well done 👍
Excellent primer; thank-you. Looking forward to more. Topics of interest: a) amp biasing demonstration, b) Class D amp schematic primer. Thanks again!
Thanks David. I wonlt be doing the class D primer - barely understand it myself!
Man you are awesome....I subbed.
cheers Josh!
36:41 The choke and the first 20u/525V capacitor form an LC filter, applying a stage of smoothing to the DC supply to the screen.
Very cool. Trying to follow along on my Marshall JMO schematic. Fender definitely is easier to follow.
Great that's how you learn!
Hello Stuart, I'm a Japanese guy who builds his own guitar amps as a hobby.
I found it helpful to remove the thin wire coating inside the reverb tank by melting it with the tip of a soldering iron. I don't want to put tension on the thin lines, so I'll try it next time.
Yes that's the best method.
Thanx for sharing
Thank you
Oh man , how come this one slipped ! So happy ! Thank you Sir !!
Glad you enjoyed it!
thank you!
Glad you enjoyed it.
I worked in civil engineering for 30yrs I'm hoping this will be similar enough tht it will be a smooth transition. I'll see soon enough . Thks
Let's hope so!
Thank you VERY much! Very informative...to me anyway. I'm a rookie. Subscribed.
Great I'm so pleased.
Thank you for the spot on amount of information here. I matched the rest of the schematic to the components .. I think 🙂. The 3 CAPS in the POWER amp, and the 2 series caps of the Power supply are in the "doghouse", is this correct? By showing us the Vibrato Preamp section, it was easy to deduce the pre-amp for Normal and Reverb (on a SuperReverb). Awesome, thanks again!
Yes that's correct. Glad you enjoyed it!
👍👍
Can you explain what B+1,B+2,B+n stands for? Thanks for the excellent lesson!
They're just old deginations from way back when. Mught as well call the A, B and C for want of anything better. They are DC voltages.
Really great explanation! Would you be willing to make a video how guitar schematics map to the actual circuit boards? That's what I conceptually don't understand because the board obviously looks nothing like the schematics, even though it follows it (I guess) :D
Hi. The problem with that is that it varies from amp to amp, there is no standard tranlation. It's not usually too difficult to follow though. E.g. find V1, then find pin 2, ah... there's the 100k resistor which is on the schematic etc. The layout is usually fairly logical.
Hi Mr. Stuart, your beginner tutorials are amazing. I have learned more about electronics and power circuits from your 3 videos about how tube amplifiers work than in all the hours of classes in school and university. I am a bit ashamed to say it frankly, but the truth is that mechanical engineer degrees in my country don’t go very deep into electro-engineering. Is there a possiblity that you make similar videos for transistor amplifiers like the ones you made for tube amplifiers? Cheers.
Thanks very much! It's the same for me. My degree in electrical engineering didn;t really do much on the mechanical side. Yes that's a good idea, I'll do one on transistor schematics.
Fantastic video. Thanks so much. It would be cool if you could explain in the input jack the low impedance and the high impedance inputs. Also, when we see connections to ground, is it really the amp ground or is the ground connected to the Neutral power supply cable?
Glad you enjoyed it. Yes the ground is the metal chassis and that's connected to the eartn wire in the plug, definitelty not neutral!
@@stuartukguitarampguy5830 Hi, thanks for your reply. Is it normal to have circuit that just dumps a massive amount of current to the ground as part of normal operation? The giant smoothing capacitors with the 400 volts rating in series, are acting like some sort of high pass filter right? The AC signal starts becoming like DC to feed the voltage of the power tubes but the high frequencies are constantly sent to ground. I suppose this is normal, but still somewhat surprising as sending signal to ground is normally we intuitively see happening as a safety mechanism when something shorts and connects a voltage source to the metal casing. Still too much of a ignorant in respect to electrical circuits, it's what it is.
@@ertreriHi It's a bit hard to explain in short reply. Maybe the mest way is to consider a battery connect to a lamp. So the positive goes to one side of the lamp and the negative to another. The amp lights. WHere is the current from the positive terminal (which goes through the lamp) being 'dumped' to? It's dumped to the negative side of the battery, right? Now if I happen to also want to connect that negative terminal to my metal case and also the mains ground, nothing changes. No current is being 'dumped' to ground in that case. It's the same with mains powered gear. That's the best I can do without a coirse in electrics! Keep studying and learning.
On the high tension rectifier, are there three diodes stacked in series to allow for a lower voltage rated diode to be used to withstand the 440V B+? ( Im thinking along the lines of three 250v diodes could withstand 750v in series...)
Hi Dan Yes I believe that is why they do it.
Hi Stuart I also have a schematic of a Preamp by Langner. It is a bit complicated. Maybe you can check it out.
In this video, the guitar input circuit looks interesting. The input signal seems to be going through resistors to the preamp grid, but there's also a path for both inputs 1 and 2 that appears to be grounded. Is this intentional, or are the ground wires supposed to connect to the jack's ground lug instead of the hot connection? it is hard to imagine a short to ground from the hot would make any sense. thanks
I think what you're seeing is the fact that when the guitar lead is UNPLUGGED, the hot contact is grounded. This is to stop the amp humming. When you plug in, this ground connection is broken.
@@stuartukguitarampguy5830 Thanks, that was most definitely not obvious.
While a direct short to ground on the hot input during normal operation wouldn't necessarily damage the circuit, it's not a typical design choice for a couple of reasons:
1. **Potential for Ground Loops:** Even though the hot isn't connected to a power source until the guitar cable is plugged in, a direct short to ground on the input could create a ground loop if there are other grounding inconsistencies in the circuit. Ground loops can introduce unwanted hum or noise.
2. **Unexpected Behavior During Troubleshooting:** If a technician were troubleshooting the amp without a guitar plugged in, a direct short to ground on the hot could lead to unexpected behavior, making it more difficult to diagnose the actual problem.
In a well-designed amp, grounding the sleeve of the input jack is the preferred method to minimize noise when no cable is plugged in. This avoids potential ground loops and unexpected behavior during troubleshooting.
Would you agree?
can you do one for the triple X....
Hi Jay What is the triple x?
@@stuartukguitarampguy5830 peavey amp.. my first real badass amp I got around 2001 and it just died... dont know why... not places around me that fixes them... had a guy looking at it... he does some stuff with amps... its got him stumped... I have another one, but thats my baby...
Good presentation Stuart! If you want to give yourself a headache, track down a schematic for a Fender Super Twin Reverb amp. They were only produced from about 1976 thru 1980 or so. 180Watts RMS, 395 Watts Peak. Six 6L6CG power tubes, and a couple of unusual tubes in the circuit. (6C10 and 6CX8). If you want to see photos of the inside of mine, let me know.
Hi Michael I have that schematic do you need it?
That amp is a monster. In my city there are two, 2x12" combo.
@@stuartukguitarampguy5830 Hello Stuart. I have that schematic. I actually printed it out on four letter sized pieces of paper and taped them together. I showed "Uncle Doug" how to set up the printer to accomplish that. It comes in handy for complicated schematics where you want a hard copy to make notes on.
@@miguelrichartmellado2834 Yes, 2 x 12 combo. Mine has the UTAH speakers with the large square magnets. Very heavy. I built a head cabinet for the chassis, and left the speakers in the original cabinet so it's easier to transport.
@@MichaelSmith-rn1qw Ok great. I usually just print off the bit I'm interested in. Tbh I rarely have to do even that.
how come every time I drink too much beer, I get shocked?
Ho ho!