"Informal Fallacies, Part 2" by Leonard Peikoff
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- Опубликовано: 25 ноя 2024
- Introduction to Logic by Leonard Peikoff -- part 3: Informal Fallacies, Part 2
Course playlist: • Introduction to Logic ...
This two-part lesson presents common fallacies by way of illustrative examples. The fallacies examined are: the appeal to authority; ad hominem; ad populum; ad ignorantiam; begging the question; equivocation; composition; division; misuse of the mean; and false alternative.
Recorded in 1974.
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0:40 11. Equivocation: Ambiguity by using the same term (word, phrase, etc.) in two different ways as part of the same argument.
14:30 12. Amphiboly: Ambiguity arising from the grammatical construction of a sentence or paragraph.
E.g: "Woman without her man is helpless"; Meaning 1: "Woman, without her man, is helpless." Meaning 2: Woman, without her, man is helpless."
22:40 13. Accent: Fallacy that occurs when you distort the meaning of a proposition by improperly emphasizing some element in it.
E.g: "I hope you will come to dinner." - different meaning with every word you emphasize.
27:00 13.b Excerpt lifting: Omit out certain parts of a sentence thereby taking it out of context.
(Personal note: Hilarious example from That 70's Show: ruclips.net/video/jCHRkoMD3EM/видео.html&ab_channel=krizitoyness )
30:28: 14. Composition: The fallacy of composition consists in inferring that what is true of each part taken separately must necessarily be true of the whole as a whole.
(Interesting examples from Economics and Metaphysics covered.)
48:25 Caution: Do not confuse Composition with Generalization (which is covered in Inductive Reasoning).
51:10 15. Division: Fallacy of Composition in the opposite direction. The fallacy that if something is true of the group as a whole, it must be true for every member of the group individually.
56:15 16. Fallacy of False Alternative
1:11:40 17. Appeal to Laughter/Argument by Ridicule (Variant of Appeal to Emotion): Ridicule or mock a position in stead of addressing the argument. (X is false, because, ha-ha-ha).
(Wider category under which this belongs was identified by Ayn Rand: Argument from Intimidation. Ref: www.andrsib.com/rand/intimidation.htm)
(Ayn Rand's contribution)
1:20:48 18. Stolen Concept Fallacy: Fallacy of using a concept while denying one of the antecedent concepts upon which it itself depends, without which it could neither be formed nor defined.
E.g: Prove that the laws of logic are valid. (The concept of proof depends on the laws of logic.)
1:24:20 19. Cliche Thinking (form of Appeal to Authority): Replaces thinking with using a proverb/cliche. Among other issues, cliches often occur in pairs. How do you know which one to use?
"Haste makes waste" vs "He who hesitates is lost"
"Out of sight, out of mind" vs "Absence makes the heart grow fonder"
"Many hands make light work" vs "Too many cooks spoil the work"
"Nothing ventured, nothing gained." vs "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread."
Even if there were no opposites, and even when they do apply in some cases, by what standard do you decide when it applies? (more details in lecture)
1:29:35 20. One extremely common instance of Cliche Thinking - Misuse of the Mean
(Peikoff is better but this article is good too: www.developgoodhabits.com/middle-ground/)
1:46:15 21. Neglected Aspect Fallacy: Selective omission of relevant facts to distort the conclusion. (More general, catch all fallacy. You would have to show at least some of the relevant facts being omitted). This is the basis for the oath "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth."
E.g: This liquid will kill the virus (neglected aspect: Will also kill the patient.)
1:53:00 Neglected Aspect Fallacy is extremely prevalent in Economics. Refer to Economics in One Lesson by Henry Hazlitt. The whole book essentially deals with different examples of Neglected Aspect Fallacy in Economics.
Caution: Do not use this fallacy loosely, because otherwise every fallacy will be an example of Neglected Aspect Fallacy. Only use this fallacy if there's no other more specific fallacy you can put it under.
1:56:50 22. Non Sequitur Fallacy (Irrelevant Conclusion): This is pretty much the widest most general fallacy. Where the conclusion simply does not follow from the premises. Use this sparingly, only if no other more specific fallacy applies.
2:01:40 22.b Extension Fallacy ("Straw Man" Fallacy): Subcategory of Irrelevant Conclusion - Irrelevant Refutation. Extend the original argument (create a Straw Man) and then refute that argument instead of the actual argument.
2:03:22 Note: Straw Man is different from Reductio ad Absurdum (Reduce to the Absurd) which is a valid form of reasoning of the type "if you accept X, then it leads to consequences Y, which are absurd/inconsistent."
2:06:43 Assign homework for this week and discuss homework from last week.
1:50:37 Is this really special pleading? Isn't special pleading when you make an unjustified exception to a generalisation? Also, aren't "non sequitur" and "irrelevant conclusion" different fallacies? Based on my lookup, "non sequitur" is when the conclusion does not follow the premises, whereas "irrelevant conclusion" is when the argument, logically valid or not, fails to address the issue in discussion. Lastly, Dr. Peikoff's definition of the accent fallacy is broader than Aristotle's, but the way it is extended makes a lot of sense. Apart from these, I see no issues with respect to terminology. In any case, it was a very illuminating lecture.
2:06:43 Assign homework for this week and discuss homework from last week.
can you please tell me where to find the script to this course and its homework, thank you.
@@Kelkhatan There isn't a full script.
You can find the course notes and homework here: courses.aynrand.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Leonard_PeikoffIntroduction_to_Logic.pdf
@@YashArya01 thank you so much for your answer!
@@Kelkhatan Hope you enjoy the course as much as I did. :)
Teacher,it is interesting to learn logic .sir i have an assignement.20 questios.i have a little bit confusing.if you are ok,how can i send the questions?
1:12:56 Haha 😂😂😂
Laughter is lethal boy-o!