Exactly… this guy doesn’t even understand the basic concept of why you need a differential. The inner wheel has less of a path to travel and the out wheel needs to spin faster because it has further to travel when turning. Duh….
Electric motor designer here. Great video. Even though simplified a lot at some points, I think you got your points across well. However you got some things wrong about the carbon fiber sleeve. Carbon fiber is terrible at conducting magnetic fields. Therefore, if you have a 3mm thick sleeve, from a magnetic point of view, its like the airgap is increased by 3mm. So the effective airgap is actually much higher with a carbon fiber sleeve. What carbon fiber is good at is preventing the rotor from destroying itself due to centripetal forces, allowing higher rpm. With higher rpm a very low aigap is actually not desirable due to increased rotor losses, but this is a complex issue. I'd love to chat about this with you, if you are interested let me know.
Fellow electric motor designer here. Surprisingly goes unmentioned but the carbon fiber sleeve also lets them get rid of the flux bridges between the magnets, essentially they break the rotor into separate segments and retain those segments using the sleeve. Cool design but obvious tradeoffs, mainly the larger airgap like you said
This is correct, the carbon fiber sleeve is to prevent the rotor from flying apart. And you also can get rid of the iron bridges in the rotor. Without the sleeve these bridges would have been very thick to hold the rotor together and thus stealing too much flux from the magnets. When you calculate it the increased air-gap due to the sleeve reduces the flux less than the iron bridges would have done. This with carbon fiber sleeve is not new however, we did a project around 2008 with such motors for a military vehicle prototype, however it did not enter into mass production. Also the Swedish company Elmo produced servo motors in the 80:s and 90:s with magnets held in place by winding Kevlar under tension instead of carbon-fiber. On of the large customers for the motors at the time was ABB Robotics.
So another potential connection between tesla and internal military knowledge/money, I mean skynet bringing high speed Internet to starving Africa is a bit of a thin Vale especially when the first true use case is war in Ukraine
Fiber-wrapped rotors were researched extensively during the 1960s & 70s, where rotary-energy-storage was being developed. Such rotors were used in urban buses & vehicles, as inertial storage. Physical design actually shows that a rectangular-shaped rotor dies not have an ideal amount of energy storage. High-energy rotors use a "semi-cycloidal" shaping, as dependent on the strength of the fibrous windings. We looked at some of this while we were developing the Lunar-Rover motors. Fiberglass & Kevlar & Aramid fibers were used before carbon-fiber was available. The fibers actually do reduce the efficiency of the motor, since it is an airgap. However when the rotor expands, due to heating, the carbon can be shredded-off, and actualy "scrubs-to-fit" the stator. As such the motor can be self-adjusting to its specific thermal regimen. This technique is now used in aircraft turbines, as in C17, where the fan actually is made to grind-to-fit the containment stator. However, if the Tesla motor "overheats" beyond its design range, and if the carbon is shredded, and IF oxygen is available, that motor will actually combust and burn internally. Some other vendors actually suck-out the air inside the motor, to a semi-vacuum level. This improves the aerodynamic efficiency of the rotor. If rotor goes near-sonic velocity, in the gap, this creates major aerodynamic losses (shock waves), which will either heat the motor, or cause high-energy vibrations, which can also destroy the bearings. We ran into this in uranium-seperation equipment, at 60-to-90-thousand rpm. None of this technology is new.
none of these ideas are original. Everyone is just titillated by all the advertising muscle Musk has spent. Calnetix has been making high speed rotors like this for decades and the stators are nothing special at all. I'm surprised Musk didn't buy Yasa before Daimler Benz did. Just tells me he really isn't interested in innovation that much.
Railway engineer here... What I've learned is that other than some minor design tweaks in the rotor which are specific to their design philosophy, that the power control and design of any Tesla or any other EV powertrain is basically the same as we have been using on AC traction on the railway since the early to mid 90s.
@@Matzes Railway motors are many times more powerful then Tesla's. Around 5000-7000 horsepower. Efficiency is about the same. The reason a train doesn't accelerate fast is because the weight is bigger then a human can comprehend. Like thousands of times the weight of a Tesla car.
Induction motors don't have permanent magnets in their rotors. A magnetic field happens in the rotor due to induced (hence "induction") currents in conductors in the rotor. Tesla uses brushless DC motors which have permanent magnets in the rotor and use electronic switching to control the polarity/strength of the fields in the wound stator. The commutator shown at 6:13 is a mechanical switch used to alter the field direction in a wound rotor. this would typically be used in smaller motors which have a pair of permanent magnets as a stator and are often seen in toys, also car starter motors. The commutated rotor can also be used with a wound stator, in the case of the universal motor, used in AC powered tools, like drills and skill saws. Induction motors tend to be large and heavy (there are low powered exceptions, like fans and old record players), but very quiet and very long lasting. Universal motors produce a lot of power and are comparatively small, but make a lot of noise and require maintenance when the brushes wear out.
Me not being engineer at this field just wonder: whe there were 3 contacts shown on the invertor? Dont they represent 3 phase of ac induction motor? Though i agree withagnets in the rotor:-)
@@yx2803 There are three phases to this motor, however, the frequency and amplitude of the three phases is controlled by some high speed switching circuitry Usually, devices called IGBTs are used in a chopped three phase H-bridge setup
Everyone saying "you explain it so simply" - not realizing how much is so wrong. To be fair, the Long Range does have both PM and induction motors, but the Plaid does not. I almost choked when he got to the commutator, as if the Plaid were a giant electric drill.
@@DontTreadOnMe_1775 I know, I intentionally worded it that way because not everyone is mechanically/electrically inclined. Second there is no differential. The axles are connected directly to motor and it's not "slips," slip is an actual technical term used describe when the rotor speed does not match synchronous speed.
Mechanical engineer here. The main reason for the carbon sleeve under tension on the rotor so that it prevents any further elasticity of expansion due to centrifugal force and thermal expansion which can cause the outer diameter of the rotor to rub against the stator. Very sophisticated thinking by Tesla's engineers. This must be done using FEA analysis.
The star shaped design where the inner part of the rotor comes up to the surface in addition to the poles is so that it can partially act as a reluctance motor, this is presumably what that boost in power they mention is. Also, although the carbon does stop the rotor expanding, it is a bit more than that since it's literally the only thing holding the the rotor together, adhesives would not be strong enough and metals would introduce serious losses. I think they had a previous iteration where the pole laminations were actually part of the core laminations and that just could not have been nearly as good as this, although it did reduce the gap in the magnetic paths so it might have had higher torque.
I think american have rights to sue all n a z i & jaguar for immitate & push political agenda to sell their ev into usa market. Which trapped american civilians a n d only supports elitz c0mies
And the reason this comment by Carl was entered is that the spokesperson did not catch the error in saying "the inner wheel has to spin faster, and the differential allows this to happen"... The most basic geometry is not understood by the chosen spokesperson. Perhaps the average voter is in a similar level of incompetency in voting for public officials.
I worked 38 years as a construction electrician, I worked 3 years as an Electric Motor winder, (I rebuilt electric motors) but there are still a lot of things I don't know of understand about Electric motors. I believe EVs are our future, I can say this even though I think we are not ready to shut down gas engines. The electric car has a lot going for it, if we get the batteries/charging worked out. Great video.
Plaid is a big win in power density mainly due to the higher RPMs it allows. This has 3 advantages in applications like the CyberTruck and Semi (both of which I'm expecting will use Plaid motors): 1. Lower weight -- the motor weight is reduced in inverse proportion to the increase in power density 2. Economy of materials -- the needed copper, aluminum, rare earths, etc scales in the same way 3. Reduced motor count -- CT and Semi will debut with 2 and 3 motors, not 4 and 4
If the inverter goes dead for some reason, the (very strong) motor could slow down the wheel as if you had suddenly stomped on the brake (but only for that wheel!). The explosive fuse could disconnect the motor in such a case, letting the wheel turn freely.
Oh my word & I thought improving electric motors, due to the already high level of efficiency compared to ICE was nearly as far as you could go & nowhere near as complex as ICE..... 🤦🏻
In the old days, a forced reversal was called "plugging". It resulted in hundreds of amperes of reversed current, the energy coming from the back-drive on the motor. In cars, this would result in an immediate skidding of the wheels, and uncontrolled spin-out deceleration. Usually the reversed rectifiers, SCRs, IGBTs just blow up.
I am thinking the explosive fuse has a lot more to do with the eventual failure of the IGBT or SCR and the likelihood that it becomes a dead short and a fire hazard due to the huge amount of Amperage available plus the high Voltage may arc and sustain the short circuit. Another factor is like you say that that one coil of the stator getting a huge amount of power and staying there would/could significantly and rapidly decrease the speed of the motor and wheels. There are several other ways to decouple the motor from the inverter without explosive fuses . I also wonder if it’s not maybe the DC bus supply to the inverter that’s being interrupted. 🤷♂️
I do agee with Tony Bjorklund: Tesla has lots of pyrofuses in case something goes wrong. Do to the cross-section, these "fuses" look more like contactors to short the motor's phases together...do you have a clearer picture of them? Or do you know where can I easily find this bus-bar?
When going around a corner, the OUTSIDE wheel goes faster... 14:18 It must travel further distance and keep up thus inside wheel is slower than the outside wheel.
Another fun fact, RC brushless motors have used wrapped rotors for many years. Not sure who holds the patent or came up with the idea. Pretty sure it wasn’t Tesla though…
For anyone fascinated by this as much as me, I want to recommend the Lesics video on the Model 3 motor. It goes into incredible detail on how brilliantly Tesla arranged their magnets to maximize efficiency.
well, when turning weight goes onto the outer wheel which makes the inner wheel slip, actually. in a perfectly symmetrical world, your argument would be the case, but factor in physics, it becomes counter intuive.
As an simple electrrician, I found this video very pleasant and well explained, cudo's to you ! If the schools would have such good explanation to physichs and other technical programs, the pupils would learn better and perhaps World could be a better place !
Correct, which is why there are people ditching the old motor design and exploring the other design explained by Nicholas Tesla that is in theary more efficient and has the magnets spin not the coils, it has taken a long time for that design because of timing the coils with the magnets to get the best performance possible.
Steamship / Hydroelectric Powerplant USCG Engineer here. If you think blackouts and brownouts are a big problem now, just wait ten years when millions of electric cars plug into The Grid at night to recharge. Better start fixing The Grid soon.
There is a surplus of power at night that's why there is cheap off-peak power at 1/2 to 1/3 the price only 20 % demand while people sleep 10 pm till 8 am were I am 9 cents a kw compared to 28 cents peak I have an electric car and enough solar to charge it and run the house those that have no solar would be foolish to charge at 3 x the price in the day. Black outs and brown outs are in the day when people awake using lots of electricity. Charging electric cars at night is a good way to lessen the load on the grid combined with less oil refining that uses lots of electricity.
Wow....GREAT VIDEO! I never thought I'd understand this but the way you put it in all your simplicity, I'm a friggin' genius now. Haha! Thank you for explaining this the way you did. This video was very well put together.
Great movie guys, you guys did a lot of work and it came out great. (Below are [3] small corrections I saw) *earths North Pole is magnetic south which is why the norther portion of a magnet points north (magnetic south *Centripetal acceleration (force) *outer wheel spins faster in a corner
where was the movie? was it the new Dr strange movie? i was listening to a guy ramble about an electric motor in the background. i didn't hear a movie playing.
“Engine“??!… What engine did they talk about?… Or do you mean motor“? A motor runs on electricity and an ‘engine’ runs on fossil fuels, whether it be gasoline, diesel or natural gas, etc.
@@Doing_it_right_the_first_time but people still say,” when you give it the gas” and more than a few people refer to pavement rollers as “ steamrollers “ that’s just the way people Communicate sometimes. Technically an accurate but really not a big deal
14:17 you said the inner wheel has to spin faster and that is incorrect. The outter wheel needs to spin faster and the "Inner" wheel needs to spin slower.
I am an “ok” engineer with a regular job in a software company but learned a lot from this video. Wondering, if the real mechanical/electrical engineers working at Rivian/Ford would learn a hell lot more from this, and can dramatically increase the performance of their Cars, beating Tesla! Is that possible?
No, not likely, and not because they're bad engineers. The answer is simply Tesla is designed differently as a company. From what I've gathered, they seem to have taken the principles of Agile software design and applied them to an entire company, from design, through manufacturing, and every step in the process. Tesla is frequently making changes to their design, both small and large, all in the goal of improving everything with their vehicles. Rivian is a much smaller manufacturer, and nowhere close to Tesla's scale, so there's a chance they can borrow some of Tesla's ideas, but I highly doubt they'll be able to take advantage of many of the largest Tesla innovations such as the custom motor wrapping, or 4680 cells as these are both completely new groundbreaking designs. These new designs require massive investments in either new product production plants or other major retoolings and I don't see Rivian being willing or able to change their production to make this happen. Ford potentially has the size and engineering capabilities, but from what I've seen, the company culture and heirachy has severely ossified and is so inflexible that they wouldn't dream of trying these radical ideas. Furthermore much of their supplies come from third party suppliers so they don't have the same flexibility.
Other thing to remember is, there tend to be reasons why engineers weren't already using these cool ideas. I'd assume that Tesla's engineers had to solve a /lot/ of problems to make these ideas actually work in prototype, and then a whole other set of problems for practical mass production. Engineers at other companies probably already understand these ideas in principle, but that's very different from making them actually useful in practice.
Your way of explaining the subject is so clear and easy to understand. If only my professor can explain the content like you do. Definitely subscribed.
The stark difference being that everyday astronaut knows how rocket motors work. This is a very wrong description of how an induction motor works (completely ignoring the induction part). What was described here is a synchronous motor.
Around 4:40 you show a rotor with permanent magnets arranges around it in alternating North and South orientation. This is what you find in a BLDC or Synchronous motor, not an Induction motor which you failed to to describe at all over the next two minutes where you refer to Tesla symbol being a section of Stator and Rotor. You did however manage to include a graphic of armature and commutator found in DC Brushed motors and universal motors. At no point did I hear or see any mention of Squirrel Cage motors which are the most common type of induction motor whether single or three phase.
A three phase electric AC motor with a permanent magnet rotor is a permanent magnet motor, not an induction motor. An induction motor has just wire circuits within the iron core of the rotor. There are no permanent magnets. The rotor becomes magnetized when it slips behind the rotating magnetic field in the stator. For example, my bench grinder is a four pole single phase AC unit. The rotating magnetic field at 60 hertz turns at 1800 rpm, while the rotor turns at approximately 1700 rpm, depending on the load on the grinder. Thanks for the very informative video on the Plaid motor. Mark Bishop
Great point!... That is what I was wondering about in the description here of the rotor, as well... there are no magnets in rotors of a single or 3 phase ``squirrel cage`` induction motor... it relies on induced eddy currents to create opposing magnetic poles to the rotating fields of the stator and does slip behind the speed by a percentage... as you mentioned, this was an informative video and I`m glad I watched.
When you were talking about, brushless motors you actually had a video of a brushed DC motor in there. Haha I was like why is he showing that, he's going to confuse people. But overall really good video 6:18btw
Excellent presentation, my neurons kept up with you most of the time. Don’t ever remember a better motor presentation in all my 79 1/2 yrs ! God Bless &. Keep up the good work, I will definitely watch this again ! 👍👍👍👍👍 🇺🇸🦅
The 3 main things that make the plaid faster is 1: the carbon sleeve allows the motors to spin faster 2: the much more powerful battery design allows a higher constant current to be fed to the motors. 3: probably the most important part is the much better cooling system being able to pull more heat out of both the motors and batteries. This allows for the higher constant power output of both the battery and the motors. The semi uses the same motors but gets way more power output by the sounds of it because the massive battery is easily able to supply a LOT more current at a higher voltage. I would say the Cybertruck will be the same.
At 6:13, the animation is a Direct Current Motor using brushes. You also kept switching between single phase induction motors (four poles) and a three phase diagram (six stator magnet working off 3, 120 degree separation phases for 3*120=360 degrees. Which you show only occasionally. All of this confusion comes before the explanation of the T in Tesla Symbol.
In a 3 phase motor do you always have 6 poles on the stator and on the rotor? I was surprised when they showed 6 and 4 but I wasn't sure if that was intentional or just a mistake.
At 2:30 the compass goes around the magnet. But shouldn't the compass point at the north or south pole as it goes around the end of the magnet? For example, after the compass goes all the way around and is at the lower left and compass is not pointing at the nearest pole of the magnet- it's at 90 degrees to the magnet's pole.
at 14:21 the video mentions differentials....making the claim when cornering - the inside wheel spins faster than the outside wheel. I believe that is not a correct statement. When a car turns a corner, one wheel is on the "inside" of a turning arc, and the other wheel is on the "outside." Consequently, the outside wheel has to turn faster than the inside one in order to cover the greater distance in the same amount of time.
14:19 No I believe it's the outer wheel that has to turn faster, as it has a greater distance to travel. Great video though. Very enjoyable watching this.
Induction motors DO NOT use permanent magnets! Tesla does Not use induction motors in their cars. I believe it is a SynRM motor (Synchronous reluctance motors).
Correct, also, Tesla Motors used an induction motor in their first car, the model S, the model 3 uses IPMSRM in the rear and an induction motor in the front. :)
Very interesting video - please let's have more of that ! At 14:20 though you have an error - th inner wheel do NOT turn faster than the outer - it's the other way around - right ?
Excellent video. I have owned 8 Tesla's over the last 11 years but have never heard such a clear description of how the amazing motor works. One minor point, when you describe the reason for a differential, wouldn't it be the outside wheel that has to turn faster than the inside wheel, rather than the other way around?
I was watching this video and was surprised to see Saietta's in-wheel motor, the one on which I was part of the mechanical engineering team during its development. Nice work on the video! Thanks
Thank you, this was so well explained, with just enough detail and language so that anybody can understand in a nice bite-sized portion. Love what Tesla is doing to evolve the electric vehicle and transportation as a whole.
What if I told you a brushless induction motor doesn't need permanent magnets? Anyway, the motor design is innovative but not surprising, imagine the magnetic field lines created by the field windings and it makes more sense.
These motors aren't actually induction motors, they are Switched reluctance motors which is a kind of DC brushless design. Tesla did used to use induction motors but I think they switched over to using PMSR motors for all their cars now.
Wouldn't the outer wheel spin faster going around a turn? at 18min That is a stargate motor if I've ever seen one. Rather than stacking the magnets on the outside though they used the stargate configuration on the inside most like adding more magnetic flux to an already powerful magnetic.
Unless it's an open differential on a high powered car on a tight corner at full throttle - then the inside wheel can turn much faster (while making lots of noise and smoke)...
Well done on the simplified break down. I have a preexisting knowledge on the subject and I felt like I gained a better understanding by watching your video. I’m in the process of creating learning materials for the company I work for and I wish I had your ability to make a subject comprehensible as demonstrated by this video.
Thanks for making this video, I think everyone needs to know the basics behind why electric cars are so good and why teslas are brilliant! IPM synRM plus the iron core rotator magnetic gap and the carbon fiber wrap (which doesn’t interfere with the magnetic field) is just plain brilliant!
The motors used by Tesla and as shown in this video are not induction motors as induction motors do not have permanent magnets but rely on an induced electric field in the rotor to work with the rotating electromagnetic field in the stator coils to cause it to turn. Tesla use a PMSR motor which stand for Permanent Magnet Switched Reluctance motor, this is a type of brushless DC motor where control electronics switch the current in each stator coil based on the position of the stator. This has many benefits over induction motors, it is more efficient, produces more torque at all speeds and generates less heat in the rotor which in turn means less maintenance than an equivalent induction motor. Tesla did used to use induction motors in some models though I think all their cars now use PMSR.
In general, larger motors are more efficient, the inverse for transistor switching where smaller is better. The new frontier is driven by smart high-speed semiconductors that end up to very high wattage semi-conductors with very specific chemistry & reaction characteristics. Add to that the new permanent magnet alloys with higher curie points & add in new induction motor designs made possible by computers as high speed intelligent relays, & it’s hard to keep up with you don’t have a magnetic personality or are not in the field.
When you hear idiots like Gordon Johnson who loves to state that Tesla has no competitive advantage Technologically or Materially it just puts things into context. Only 3-4 years ago Tesla was at 100k units a year and ramping up the the Model 3. Now we're at 1.5 million and the Model 3 and Y are two of the most popular Cars in the world. And that's not just for EV's that includes ICE with a clear lead in the US and Europe. I don't know whether Tesla can get to 20 million units by 2030 but even if they only got to 10, 12 or 15 million is anyone going to really be calling it a failure? Afterall even at 10million units per year which is where Toyota and VW were before COVID neither company came close to Tesla's gross margin! So 10 million units at an average of 30% plus gross margin would mean a gross profit of 180 billion? Not bad considering the experts have been writing off Tesla since it was founded.
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@Alex P. Pugh I met with him at Washington DC, in a conference meeting, after he has finished pitching, was opportuned to meet with him and started investing
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At 14::19 you said the inner wheel has to turn faster, your script was written wrong, in a turn the inner wheel turns slower, with a full posi rear end turning becomes very difficult.
Thank you for explaining this so thoroughly. My one nitpick is that in this context non-integers should be rounded rather than truncated, so the Plaid required 152 N, the Model Y required 112 N, I3 was 94 N, and Mach E 82 N.
Thud video was so well made and edited. I was fascinated through the whole video. Even though I know a lot about this topic I still feel I learned a lot from this video.
I remember when I was a little kid. We had these itty-bitty Hotwheels called "Sizzlers." I think the stators were permanent magnets and the rotors were copper-wound electro-magnets.
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When turning, the inner wheel needs to spin slower not faster. An easy slip.
Thank you
Exactly… this guy doesn’t even understand the basic concept of why you need a differential. The inner wheel has less of a path to travel and the out wheel needs to spin faster because it has further to travel when turning. Duh….
Yup just like regular car rear differentials
Boo... That's what I picked up too! Still trying to figure out if these are Easter Eggs or genuine fumbles...
@@GET2222 Hey easy with the nasty!
Electric motor designer here.
Great video. Even though simplified a lot at some points, I think you got your points across well.
However you got some things wrong about the carbon fiber sleeve. Carbon fiber is terrible at conducting magnetic fields. Therefore, if you have a 3mm thick sleeve, from a magnetic point of view, its like the airgap is increased by 3mm. So the effective airgap is actually much higher with a carbon fiber sleeve. What carbon fiber is good at is preventing the rotor from destroying itself due to centripetal forces, allowing higher rpm. With higher rpm a very low aigap is actually not desirable due to increased rotor losses, but this is a complex issue.
I'd love to chat about this with you, if you are interested let me know.
Im an electrical engineer.... how did you break out into electric motor design?
@@cyberlando Well I worked at a company, that produces electric motors, while I studied.
Fellow electric motor designer here. Surprisingly goes unmentioned but the carbon fiber sleeve also lets them get rid of the flux bridges between the magnets, essentially they break the rotor into separate segments and retain those segments using the sleeve. Cool design but obvious tradeoffs, mainly the larger airgap like you said
This is correct, the carbon fiber sleeve is to prevent the rotor from flying apart. And you also can get rid of the iron bridges in the rotor. Without the sleeve these bridges would have been very thick to hold the rotor together and thus stealing too much flux from the magnets. When you calculate it the increased air-gap due to the sleeve reduces the flux less than the iron bridges would have done.
This with carbon fiber sleeve is not new however, we did a project around 2008 with such motors for a military vehicle prototype, however it did not enter into mass production. Also the Swedish company Elmo produced servo motors in the 80:s and 90:s with magnets held in place by winding Kevlar under tension instead of carbon-fiber. On of the large customers for the motors at the time was ABB Robotics.
So another potential connection between tesla and internal military knowledge/money, I mean skynet bringing high speed Internet to starving Africa is a bit of a thin Vale especially when the first true use case is war in Ukraine
Fiber-wrapped rotors were researched extensively during the 1960s & 70s, where rotary-energy-storage was being developed. Such rotors were used in urban buses & vehicles, as inertial storage. Physical design actually shows that a rectangular-shaped rotor dies not have an ideal amount of energy storage. High-energy rotors use a "semi-cycloidal" shaping, as dependent on the strength of the fibrous windings. We looked at some of this while we were developing the Lunar-Rover motors. Fiberglass & Kevlar & Aramid fibers were used before carbon-fiber was available. The fibers actually do reduce the efficiency of the motor, since it is an airgap. However when the rotor expands, due to heating, the carbon can be shredded-off, and actualy "scrubs-to-fit" the stator. As such the motor can be self-adjusting to its specific thermal regimen. This technique is now used in aircraft turbines, as in C17, where the fan actually is made to grind-to-fit the containment stator. However, if the Tesla motor "overheats" beyond its design range, and if the carbon is shredded, and IF oxygen is available, that motor will actually combust and burn internally. Some other vendors actually suck-out the air inside the motor, to a semi-vacuum level. This improves the aerodynamic efficiency of the rotor. If rotor goes near-sonic velocity, in the gap, this creates major aerodynamic losses (shock waves), which will either heat the motor, or cause high-energy vibrations, which can also destroy the bearings. We ran into this in uranium-seperation equipment, at 60-to-90-thousand rpm. None of this technology is new.
none of these ideas are original. Everyone is just titillated by all the advertising muscle Musk has spent. Calnetix has been making high speed rotors like this for decades and the stators are nothing special at all. I'm surprised Musk didn't buy Yasa before Daimler Benz did. Just tells me he really isn't interested in innovation that much.
Railway engineer here... What I've learned is that other than some minor design tweaks in the rotor which are specific to their design philosophy, that the power control and design of any Tesla or any other EV powertrain is basically the same as we have been using on AC traction on the railway since the early to mid 90s.
Are u also wrapping the rotor?
I ll take teslas electric motor over anything you got in railways in terms of efficiency and power.
@@Matzes Of course you would because you haven't a clue about electric motors.
@@Matzes Railway motors are many times more powerful then Tesla's. Around 5000-7000 horsepower. Efficiency is about the same.
The reason a train doesn't accelerate fast is because the weight is bigger then a human can comprehend. Like thousands of times the weight of a Tesla car.
@@Ricko1Games obviously I m talking relative to size.
15:11 It's comforting to see that the stator windings are held together with good old string
Induction motors don't have permanent magnets in their rotors. A magnetic field happens in the rotor due to induced (hence "induction") currents in conductors in the rotor.
Tesla uses brushless DC motors which have permanent magnets in the rotor and use electronic switching to control the polarity/strength of the fields in the wound stator.
The commutator shown at 6:13 is a mechanical switch used to alter the field direction in a wound rotor. this would typically be used in smaller motors which have a pair of permanent magnets as a stator and are often seen in toys, also car starter motors. The commutated rotor can also be used with a wound stator, in the case of the universal motor, used in AC powered tools, like drills and skill saws.
Induction motors tend to be large and heavy (there are low powered exceptions, like fans and old record players), but very quiet and very long lasting. Universal motors produce a lot of power and are comparatively small, but make a lot of noise and require maintenance when the brushes wear out.
thank you for this comment, this guy's video is driving me crazy
Me not being engineer at this field just wonder: whe there were 3 contacts shown on the invertor? Dont they represent 3 phase of ac induction motor? Though i agree withagnets in the rotor:-)
@@yx2803 There are three phases to this motor, however, the frequency and amplitude of the three phases is controlled by some high speed switching circuitry Usually, devices called IGBTs are used in a chopped three phase H-bridge setup
Everyone saying "you explain it so simply" - not realizing how much is so wrong. To be fair, the Long Range does have both PM and induction motors, but the Plaid does not. I almost choked when he got to the commutator, as if the Plaid were a giant electric drill.
Awesome - I was hoping someone would make those points!
To turn or go around a circle, the OUTER wheels have to spin faster not the inner, as stated here!
Indeed, heard it too 😂
No, it's correct. The inner wheel slips and speeds up to match the outer wheels.
@@ExileXCrossno, that's not how differentials work. Anything that "slips" is in the differential, not on the inner wheel.
@@DontTreadOnMe_1775 I know, I intentionally worded it that way because not everyone is mechanically/electrically inclined. Second there is no differential. The axles are connected directly to motor and it's not "slips," slip is an actual technical term used describe when the rotor speed does not match synchronous speed.
Yeah,, a tip of the slungue
Mechanical engineer here. The main reason for the carbon sleeve under tension on the rotor so that it prevents any further elasticity of expansion due to centrifugal force and thermal expansion which can cause the outer diameter of the rotor to rub against the stator. Very sophisticated thinking by Tesla's engineers. This must be done using FEA analysis.
The star shaped design where the inner part of the rotor comes up to the surface in addition to the poles is so that it can partially act as a reluctance motor, this is presumably what that boost in power they mention is. Also, although the carbon does stop the rotor expanding, it is a bit more than that since it's literally the only thing holding the the rotor together, adhesives would not be strong enough and metals would introduce serious losses. I think they had a previous iteration where the pole laminations were actually part of the core laminations and that just could not have been nearly as good as this, although it did reduce the gap in the magnetic paths so it might have had higher torque.
I think american have rights to sue all n a z i & jaguar for immitate & push political agenda to sell their ev into usa market. Which trapped american civilians a n d only supports elitz c0mies
The outboard wheel always turns faster, it is traveling a longer distance in the same amount of time than the inner tire.
And the reason this comment by Carl was entered is that the spokesperson did not catch the error in saying "the inner wheel has to spin faster, and the differential allows this to happen"... The most basic geometry is not understood by the chosen spokesperson. Perhaps the average voter is in a similar level of incompetency in voting for public officials.
Ackermann Principle: The outer wheel must turn faster to travel the greater distance.
I worked 38 years as a construction electrician, I worked 3 years as an Electric Motor winder, (I rebuilt electric motors) but there are still a lot of things I don't know of understand about Electric motors. I believe EVs are our future, I can say this even though I think we are not ready to shut down gas engines. The electric car has a lot going for it, if we get the batteries/charging worked out. Great video.
So many Tesla channels nowadays but you guys are clear and to the point without being pretentious. Compliments from The Netherlands.
Plaid is a big win in power density mainly due to the higher RPMs it allows. This has 3 advantages in applications like the CyberTruck and Semi (both of which I'm expecting will use Plaid motors):
1. Lower weight -- the motor weight is reduced in inverse proportion to the increase in power density
2. Economy of materials -- the needed copper, aluminum, rare earths, etc scales in the same way
3. Reduced motor count -- CT and Semi will debut with 2 and 3 motors, not 4 and 4
Are you really expecting CyberTruck and Semi to use any motor? Like, do you think they are real, viable commercial products?
@@figadodeporco well the semi uses off the shelf plaid motors so he's right there
@1:27 Why does the vid show a pic of Guglieimo Marconi with his world's first radio telegraph while talking about Nikola?
If the inverter goes dead for some reason, the (very strong) motor could slow down the wheel as if you had suddenly stomped on the brake (but only for that wheel!). The explosive fuse could disconnect the motor in such a case, letting the wheel turn freely.
Oh my word & I thought improving electric motors, due to the already high level of efficiency compared to ICE was nearly as far as you could go & nowhere near as complex as ICE..... 🤦🏻
In the old days, a forced reversal was called "plugging". It resulted in hundreds of amperes of reversed current, the energy coming from the back-drive on the motor. In cars, this would result in an immediate skidding of the wheels, and uncontrolled spin-out deceleration. Usually the reversed rectifiers, SCRs, IGBTs just blow up.
I am thinking the explosive fuse has a lot more to do with the eventual failure of the IGBT or SCR and the likelihood that it becomes a dead short and a fire hazard due to the huge amount of Amperage available plus the high Voltage may arc and sustain the short circuit. Another factor is like you say that that one coil of the stator getting a huge amount of power and staying there would/could significantly and rapidly decrease the speed of the motor and wheels. There are several other ways to decouple the motor from the inverter without explosive fuses . I also wonder if it’s not maybe the DC bus supply to the inverter that’s being interrupted. 🤷♂️
@@brunonikodemski2420 "plugging" is now a perverse activity on certain websites 😂😅🤣
I do agee with Tony Bjorklund: Tesla has lots of pyrofuses in case something goes wrong.
Do to the cross-section, these "fuses" look more like contactors to short the motor's phases together...do you have a clearer picture of them?
Or do you know where can I easily find this bus-bar?
from someone who works in electrical trade sales: your history/physics lesson was fantastic, you gave an Intro to electric motors class in 5:30.
Thank you. Very important topic. Not covered enough even by the best tesla channels. Listening now
When going around a corner, the OUTSIDE wheel goes faster... 14:18
It must travel further distance and keep up thus inside wheel is slower than the outside wheel.
best explanation of how an electric motor works that I've seen, thank you!
14:17 The OUTER wheel spins faster, not the inner. I'm surprised this error wasn't spotted during even preproduction.
I was looking for this comment
Another fun fact, RC brushless motors have used wrapped rotors for many years. Not sure who holds the patent or came up with the idea. Pretty sure it wasn’t Tesla though…
For anyone fascinated by this as much as me, I want to recommend the Lesics video on the Model 3 motor. It goes into incredible detail on how brilliantly Tesla arranged their magnets to maximize efficiency.
this
The outer wheel turns faster as it travels further than the inner wheel
Are the Lucid.Motors lighter anf more compact then Tesla's drive system?
Yes, more powerful too. On Lucid Motors youtube channel they have a very detailed teardown and comparison.
Yes. The Lucid motor is superior in just about every way. Size, weight, power, etc.
At timecard 14:18 should be "the outer wheel has to turn faster."
Exactly, I wondered if someone caught this. Good!
well, when turning weight goes onto the outer wheel which makes the inner wheel slip, actually. in a perfectly symmetrical world, your argument would be the case, but factor in physics, it becomes counter intuive.
As an simple electrrician, I found this video very pleasant and well explained, cudo's to you ! If the schools would have such good explanation to physichs and other technical programs, the pupils would learn better and perhaps World could be a better place !
With stronger magnets, you need less current on the stator to create a field for the rotor to follow, would be my guess.
Correct, which is why there are people ditching the old motor design and exploring the other design explained by Nicholas Tesla that is in theary more efficient and has the magnets spin not the coils, it has taken a long time for that design because of timing the coils with the magnets to get the best performance possible.
@@aaronpalmer7425 the magnets always spin you tard
Steamship / Hydroelectric Powerplant USCG Engineer here.
If you think blackouts and brownouts are a big problem now, just wait ten years when millions of electric cars plug into The Grid at night to recharge. Better start fixing The Grid soon.
There is a surplus of power at night that's why there is cheap off-peak power at 1/2 to 1/3 the price only 20 % demand while people sleep 10 pm till 8 am were I am 9 cents a kw compared to 28 cents peak I have an electric car and enough solar to charge it and run the house those that have no solar would be foolish to charge at 3 x the price in the day. Black outs and brown outs are in the day when people awake using lots of electricity. Charging electric cars at night is a good way to lessen the load on the grid combined with less oil refining that uses lots of electricity.
Wow....GREAT VIDEO! I never thought I'd understand this but the way you put it in all your simplicity, I'm a friggin' genius now. Haha!
Thank you for explaining this the way you did. This video was very well put together.
Great movie guys, you guys did a lot of work and it came out great. (Below are [3] small corrections I saw)
*earths North Pole is magnetic south which is why the norther portion of a magnet points north (magnetic south
*Centripetal acceleration (force)
*outer wheel spins faster in a corner
where was the movie? was it the new Dr strange movie? i was listening to a guy ramble about an electric motor in the background.
i didn't hear a movie playing.
*AC induction motors don't contain permanent magnets.
Wow, You killed this comprehensive cliff-note lesson on Electromagnetic induction motors. Outstanding !
Really? He incorrectly described an AC induction motor as having permanent magnets. It does not.
Ya you guy's are doing a great job, keep up the good work. I am learning more and more every time I get a chance to watch. Thank you.
Great video! I really enjoyed it, i was actually curious about the engine. Great job 👏🏻, please do more about the engine
“Engine“??!… What engine did they talk about?… Or do you mean motor“? A motor runs on electricity and an ‘engine’ runs on fossil fuels, whether it be gasoline, diesel or natural gas, etc.
@@Doing_it_right_the_first_time but people still say,” when you give it the gas” and more than a few people refer to pavement rollers as “ steamrollers “ that’s just the way people Communicate sometimes. Technically an accurate but really not a big deal
We leave the steam at the power plant these days.
14:17 you said the inner wheel has to spin faster and that is incorrect. The outter wheel needs to spin faster and the "Inner" wheel needs to spin slower.
I am an “ok” engineer with a regular job in a software company but learned a lot from this video. Wondering, if the real mechanical/electrical engineers working at Rivian/Ford would learn a hell lot more from this, and can dramatically increase the performance of their Cars, beating Tesla! Is that possible?
No, not likely, and not because they're bad engineers. The answer is simply Tesla is designed differently as a company. From what I've gathered, they seem to have taken the principles of Agile software design and applied them to an entire company, from design, through manufacturing, and every step in the process. Tesla is frequently making changes to their design, both small and large, all in the goal of improving everything with their vehicles.
Rivian is a much smaller manufacturer, and nowhere close to Tesla's scale, so there's a chance they can borrow some of Tesla's ideas, but I highly doubt they'll be able to take advantage of many of the largest Tesla innovations such as the custom motor wrapping, or 4680 cells as these are both completely new groundbreaking designs. These new designs require massive investments in either new product production plants or other major retoolings and I don't see Rivian being willing or able to change their production to make this happen.
Ford potentially has the size and engineering capabilities, but from what I've seen, the company culture and heirachy has severely ossified and is so inflexible that they wouldn't dream of trying these radical ideas. Furthermore much of their supplies come from third party suppliers so they don't have the same flexibility.
@@ChristopherGoggans Good insights!
@@ChristopherGoggans ...also Tesla is trying to get to Mars, there must be some high tech trickle down landing at the Tesla factory.
Seeing the Ford engineers beating the Tesla engineers would be an amazing show to watch. I'll bring the popcorn!
Other thing to remember is, there tend to be reasons why engineers weren't already using these cool ideas. I'd assume that Tesla's engineers had to solve a /lot/ of problems to make these ideas actually work in prototype, and then a whole other set of problems for practical mass production.
Engineers at other companies probably already understand these ideas in principle, but that's very different from making them actually useful in practice.
Your diagram at 6:20 shows a wound rotor with brushes and a commutator, not a permanent magnet rotor.
Your way of explaining the subject is so clear and easy to understand. If only my professor can explain the content like you do. Definitely subscribed.
"Content"??? Is everything CONTENT now?
@14:17 the inner wheel has to turn SLOWER not FASTER. Am I wrong?
Good, simplified explanation; nice visuals.
Fascinating! Thanks for talking this complicated subject.
Loved this episode too. Congrats 👏!
I would like to know about the power distribution between the 3 motors...
This is the Tesla version of everyday astronaut
The stark difference being that everyday astronaut knows how rocket motors work. This is a very wrong description of how an induction motor works (completely ignoring the induction part). What was described here is a synchronous motor.
Not really this guy get the basics wrong quite often. Actually kind of offensive because he doesn’t seem to care when it is pointed out
Around 4:40 you show a rotor with permanent magnets arranges around it in alternating North and South orientation. This is what you find in a BLDC or Synchronous motor, not an Induction motor which you failed to to describe at all over the next two minutes where you refer to Tesla symbol being a section of Stator and Rotor. You did however manage to include a graphic of armature and commutator found in DC Brushed motors and universal motors. At no point did I hear or see any mention of Squirrel Cage motors which are the most common type of induction motor whether single or three phase.
A three phase electric AC motor with a permanent magnet rotor is a permanent magnet motor, not an induction motor. An induction motor has just wire circuits within the iron core of the rotor. There are no permanent magnets. The rotor becomes magnetized when it slips behind the rotating magnetic field in the stator. For example, my bench grinder is a four pole single phase AC unit. The rotating magnetic field at 60 hertz turns at 1800 rpm, while the rotor turns at approximately 1700 rpm, depending on the load on the grinder. Thanks for the very informative video on the Plaid motor.
Mark Bishop
Great point!... That is what I was wondering about in the description here of the rotor, as well... there are no magnets in rotors of a single or 3 phase ``squirrel cage`` induction motor... it relies on induced eddy currents to create opposing magnetic poles to the rotating fields of the stator and does slip behind the speed by a percentage... as you mentioned, this was an informative video and I`m glad I watched.
Great job of pulling so many resources together to make a solid video!
When you were talking about, brushless motors you actually had a video of a brushed DC motor in there. Haha I was like why is he showing that, he's going to confuse people. But overall really good video 6:18btw
Thanks!
Thank you for your support!
Excellent presentation, my neurons kept up with you most of the time. Don’t ever remember a better motor presentation in all my 79 1/2 yrs ! God Bless &. Keep up the good work, I will definitely watch this again ! 👍👍👍👍👍 🇺🇸🦅
The 3 main things that make the plaid faster is
1: the carbon sleeve allows the motors to spin faster
2: the much more powerful battery design allows a higher constant current to be fed to the motors.
3: probably the most important part is the much better cooling system being able to pull more heat out of both the motors and batteries. This allows for the higher constant power output of both the battery and the motors.
The semi uses the same motors but gets way more power output by the sounds of it because the massive battery is easily able to supply a LOT more current at a higher voltage. I would say the Cybertruck will be the same.
At 6:13, the animation is a Direct Current Motor using brushes. You also kept switching between single phase induction motors (four poles) and a three phase diagram (six stator magnet working off 3, 120 degree separation phases for 3*120=360 degrees. Which you show only occasionally. All of this confusion comes before the explanation of the T in Tesla Symbol.
In a 3 phase motor do you always have 6 poles on the stator and on the rotor? I was surprised when they showed 6 and 4 but I wasn't sure if that was intentional or just a mistake.
At 2:30 the compass goes around the magnet. But shouldn't the compass point at the north or south pole as it goes around the end of the magnet? For example, after the compass goes all the way around and is at the lower left and compass is not pointing at the nearest pole of the magnet- it's at 90 degrees to the magnet's pole.
Thank you for going above and beyond on this one. Value added, indeed.
at 14:21 the video mentions differentials....making the claim when cornering - the inside wheel spins faster than the outside wheel. I believe that is not a correct statement. When a car turns a corner, one wheel is on the "inside" of a turning arc, and the other wheel is on the "outside." Consequently, the outside wheel has to turn faster than the inside one in order to cover the greater distance in the same amount of time.
14:19 No I believe it's the outer wheel that has to turn faster, as it has a greater distance to travel. Great video though. Very enjoyable watching this.
That was very satisfying for a techie like me. Thanks.
Induction motors DO NOT use permanent magnets! Tesla does Not use induction motors in their cars. I believe it is a SynRM motor (Synchronous reluctance motors).
Correct, also, Tesla Motors used an induction motor in their first car, the model S, the model 3 uses IPMSRM in the rear and an induction motor in the front. :)
Very interesting video - please let's have more of that !
At 14:20 though you have an error - th inner wheel do NOT turn faster than the outer - it's the other way around - right ?
Excellent video. I have owned 8 Tesla's over the last 11 years but have never heard such a clear description of how the amazing motor works. One minor point, when you describe the reason for a differential, wouldn't it be the outside wheel that has to turn faster than the inside wheel, rather than the other way around?
Why have you owned 8 teslas in 11 years?
I was watching this video and was surprised to see Saietta's in-wheel motor, the one on which I was part of the mechanical engineering team during its development. Nice work on the video! Thanks
Thank you, this was so well explained, with just enough detail and language so that anybody can understand in a nice bite-sized portion. Love what Tesla is doing to evolve the electric vehicle and transportation as a whole.
@14:18 - The inner wheel spins slower. The outer wheel travels further so has to spin faster than the inner wheel
What if I told you a brushless induction motor doesn't need permanent magnets?
Anyway, the motor design is innovative but not surprising, imagine the magnetic field lines created by the field windings and it makes more sense.
These motors aren't actually induction motors, they are Switched reluctance motors which is a kind of DC brushless design. Tesla did used to use induction motors but I think they switched over to using PMSR motors for all their cars now.
Is there more info on the magnets?
Wouldn't the outer wheel spin faster going around a turn? at 18min
That is a stargate motor if I've ever seen one. Rather than stacking the magnets on the outside though they used the stargate configuration on the inside most like adding more magnetic flux to an already powerful magnetic.
Unless it's an open differential on a high powered car on a tight corner at full throttle - then the inside wheel can turn much faster (while making lots of noise and smoke)...
At what point in the video did they address the title (the real reason Tesla developed the plaid motor). Please tell me
Well done on the simplified break down. I have a preexisting knowledge on the subject and I felt like I gained a better understanding by watching your video. I’m in the process of creating learning materials for the company I work for and I wish I had your ability to make a subject comprehensible as demonstrated by this video.
Outstanding information 👏
Thanks for making this video, I think everyone needs to know the basics behind why electric cars are so good and why teslas are brilliant! IPM synRM plus the iron core rotator magnetic gap and the carbon fiber wrap (which doesn’t interfere with the magnetic field) is just plain brilliant!
Lolzzzzzz
yes but I wonder if the thermal envelop of the epoxy isn't an issue. Carbon fiber really need a new high temps binding agent !
How long do the carbon sleeves last?
wear and tear wise?
Fabuleous job! Love the simplicity in communication, particularly coming from such a heavy engineering subject.
The motors used by Tesla and as shown in this video are not induction motors as induction motors do not have permanent magnets but rely on an induced electric field in the rotor to work with the rotating electromagnetic field in the stator coils to cause it to turn. Tesla use a PMSR motor which stand for Permanent Magnet Switched Reluctance motor, this is a type of brushless DC motor where control electronics switch the current in each stator coil based on the position of the stator. This has many benefits over induction motors, it is more efficient, produces more torque at all speeds and generates less heat in the rotor which in turn means less maintenance than an equivalent induction motor. Tesla did used to use induction motors in some models though I think all their cars now use PMSR.
This episode is pretty amazing, seriously more tesla knowledge please 😅😇
The comments by the engineers are interesting and very detail.
Keep it up guys. Thanks!!
three phase induction motor is very different from permanent magnet motor
YERY interesting and well presented. Nice job and thank you.
No, the OUTER wheel has to turn faster when rounding a corner.
At 5:25 your diagram is backwards, your showing different poles pushing each other away.
Simply years behind Lucid .
In technology yes, in profitability the other way around...
I'm curious as to why you make no mention of the Tesla model S (non plaid).
In general, larger motors are more efficient, the inverse for transistor switching where smaller is better.
The new frontier is driven by smart high-speed semiconductors that end up to very high wattage semi-conductors with very specific chemistry & reaction characteristics.
Add to that the new permanent magnet alloys with higher curie points & add in new induction motor designs made possible by computers as high speed intelligent relays, & it’s hard to keep up with you don’t have a magnetic personality or are not in the field.
Where is that model of a motor at 1:40 in video? Be nice to build one like that.
I believe the 'explosive fuse' is detonated when there's a airbag deployment... therefore, immediately disconnecting power to the motors.
Beautiful! ❤ I’m pretty sure that fuse is if that epoxy breaks and prevents a rotor blowout accident.
the inner wheel will turn slower!!!
Nice. First time I have heard an explanation of the Tesla logo. Thank you!
When you hear idiots like Gordon Johnson who loves to state that Tesla has no competitive advantage Technologically or Materially it just puts things into context.
Only 3-4 years ago Tesla was at 100k units a year and ramping up the the Model 3. Now we're at 1.5 million and the Model 3 and Y are two of the most popular Cars in the world. And that's not just for EV's that includes ICE with a clear lead in the US and Europe.
I don't know whether Tesla can get to 20 million units by 2030 but even if they only got to 10, 12 or 15 million is anyone going to really be calling it a failure?
Afterall even at 10million units per year which is where Toyota and VW
were before COVID neither company came close to Tesla's gross margin! So 10 million units at an average of 30% plus gross margin would mean a gross profit of 180 billion?
Not bad considering the experts have been writing off Tesla since it was founded.
Poor old Gordon is beyond an Idiot. I think they only put him on shows these days is to give us all a laugh. Every court needs a Fool.
What material is the magnet made out of?
Great content, Money is worthless until you put it to work.... I made my 1st million investing in Crypto. Making money is the plan and with investing in crypto your plans can be fulfilled
I agree with you... I had a senior colleague at work who was doing well but never had an investment. Unfortunately he lost his job and went from living a comfortable life to hardship. There would had been something to fall back on if he had an investment
@Alex P. Pugh
I met with him at Washington DC, in a conference meeting, after he has finished pitching, was opportuned to meet with him and started investing
Wow, you trade with Mr Jesse also??. he is the best and his strategies works like magic. I have been making over 300% of my investment weekly, pioneered by Mr Jesse.
Please how do i get in touch with Mr Jesse ? I would love to work with him.
Thanks a lot. I'll most definitely ensure to do that 🙏
Maestro... Nikola Tesla.... thank you for everything you do for us...
Hello Spacemen. Nice, nice, nice! I learned a lot from this video. Greetings from Germany!
Ok, but there's question.
Why there are no Florida on motor controller board?
At 14::19 you said the inner wheel has to turn faster, your script was written wrong, in a turn the inner wheel turns slower, with a full posi rear end turning becomes very difficult.
Thank you for explaining this so thoroughly. My one nitpick is that in this context non-integers should be rounded rather than truncated, so the Plaid required 152 N, the Model Y required 112 N, I3 was 94 N, and Mach E 82 N.
Time traveling engineer here.
You forgot to talk about the Flux capacitor.
Great vid.
this was super informative! Thank you for all the hard work that went into this video
So what was the reason why they developed the Plaid? Would be nice that the video delivered what you advertise in the title.
Thud video was so well made and edited.
I was fascinated through the whole video. Even though I know a lot about this topic I still feel I learned a lot from this video.
How would this compare to a similar output axial flux motor?
Do the magnets get less powerful over time
I remember when I was a little kid. We had these itty-bitty Hotwheels called "Sizzlers." I think the stators were permanent magnets and the rotors were copper-wound electro-magnets.