How Niels Bohr created the quantum atom
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 29 авг 2024
- Secure your privacy with Surfshark! Enter coupon code JKzero for an extra 4 months free at surfshark.deal...
Presentation of the development of Niels Bohr atomic model, which introduced quantum physics for matter. Bohr's atomic model introduced quantized electron orbits, providing a groundbreaking explanation for atomic spectra and electron behavior. This pivotal model laid the foundation for modern quantum mechanics and significantly advanced our understanding of atomic structure.
[Related videos]
Playlist video series on Quantum Physics • Quantum Mechanics
[Affiliate links (may earn a commission)]
∘ R. Rhodes, "The Making of the Atomic Bomb" amzn.to/49ti6kX
[References]
∘ H. Geiger and E. Marsden, On a diffuse reflection of the α-particles, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A82495 (1909) royalsocietypu...
∘ E. Rutherford, The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom, London Edinburgh Philos. Mag. & J. Sci. Series 6. 21 (125): 669 (1911) archive.org/de...
∘ N. Bohr, On the constitution of atoms and molecules, London Edinburgh Philos. Mag. & J. Sci. 26, 151: 1 (1913)
∘ J.W. Nicholson, The spectrum of Nebulium, MNRAS 72, 1, 49 (1911) doi.org/10.109...
∘ J.W. Nicholson, The Constitution of the Solar Corona. II, MNRAS 72, 667 (1912)doi.org/10.109...
[Credits]
Ernest Rutherford, public domain
Rutherford atom animation, by G. Creador under CC BY 3.0
Fifth Solvay Conference, by Benjamin Couprie, AIP
Geiger counter by T. Vickers, public domain
Geiger counter sound, free use via Pixabay
Rutherford scattering, by S. Raphael, public domain
Thomson's atom, by Valkurare under CC BY-SA 4.0
Rutherford scattering, public domain
HMS Valiant battleship, public domain
Geiger-Marsden experiment expectation and result, by Kurzon under CC BY 3.0
Solar system, by Orrery under CC BY-SA 4.0
James C. Maxwell, Engraved by G. J. Stodart, AIP
Radio towers on Sandia Peak NM, by G.E. Johnson under CC BY 4.0
People playing football, by T.Miroshnichenko free use via Pexels www.pexels.com...
Harald and Niels Bohr, Niels Bohr Institute
Danish football team in 1908 Olympic Games at London, public domain
Mountain view from plane window, by A. Akpolat, free use via Pexels www.pexels.com...
Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, AIP
Physics Laboratory, University of Manchester
First Solvay Conference 1911, by Benjamin Couprie, public domain
Periodic table, by P.Tankilevitch in Pexels www.pexels.com...
Hydrogen orbitals, by C. Barraco as free license
Periodic table, by ExplorersInternational, free use
John W. Nicholson, AIP
Spectral lines, by Sassospicco/Jhausauer, public domain
Fraunhofer's original spectrum, by J. Fraunhofer under CC BY-SA 4.0
Spectra of the fixed stars and nebulae compared with the sun-spectrum, by Dodd, Mead and Company, public domain
Johann Balmer, public domain
Johannes Rydberg, by P. Bagge, public domain
Absorption spectrum, by Almuazi under CC BY-SA 4.0
Visible Balmer series, by MikeRun under CC BY-SA 4.0
Bohr atom animation, by Kurzon under CC BY-SA 3.0
Paul Langevin, by H. Manuel under CC BY 4.0
Maurice de Broglie, by M. Baschet, public domain
Bohr atom animation, by Kurzon under CC BY-SA 3.0
Hydrogen atom Balmer series, by MikeRun under CC BY-SA 4.0
Mathematical equations, by Wallpapers.com under CC BY 2.0.
Maurice de Broglie in his laboratory, by Bonney under CC BY 4.0
Maurice de Broglie, by Studio Harcourt under CC BY-SA 4.0
Drawing of Louis de Broglie, by C.S. Hauschka, AIP
Louis de Broglie, public domain
AIP: American Institute of Physics, Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
CC BY 2.0: creativecommon...
CC BY 3.0: creativecommon...
CC BY 4.0: creativecommon...
CC BY-SA 3.0: creativecommon...
CC BY-SA 4.0: creativecommon...
I cannot say how much I am thrilled by this series which goes behind the scenes and sets the stage for all the wonderful physics we now take for granted.
I am glad you like the series, I am having a great time producing it. The cool kids (and books) just want to get Heisenberg and Dirac, but I find the early developments so fascinating that I have no rush to get there. Honestly, it is the physics of early quantum mechanics that made me fall in love with physics research as a kid (at least the little things that I could understand back then).
I am looking forward for similar chronological series in development of General Relativity. From Maxwell theory, to Lorentz transformation, to Poincare works, to Einstein Miracle year, to Minskowski Spacetime to GR to black hole to Gravitational wave.
Wow, that's quite a list. I cannot guarantee to be able to fulfill all the requests but I always open to collecting suggestions, thanks.
@@jkzero Don't disappoint us. :)
I am just a simple engineer, but I have been interested in the history of quantum mechanics since my youth. Thank you very much for the precise and highly understandable presentation!
Thanks, I am glad you liked the video. In case you haven't, make sure to check the currently running series on quantum physics ruclips.net/p/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH
It's not often that a precise and mathematical presentation of the history of quantum theory is made on RUclips. It is a very clear account with some anecdotes (Bohr was at a time a professional football player). Thanks a lot !
I am glad you liked the video. Blending historical context and mathematical details are some of the features that identify this channel. In case you haven't, make sure to check the full playlist on quantum mechanics, the kick-off video has been on fire since day one, viewers really liked to see what Planck actually did and what textbooks don't show so check it out ruclips.net/p/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH
Exceptionally well done. Thank you
Glad you enjoyed it!
Great video once again! The derivation of laws seems fairly simple yet very meaningful, the implications of electron orbits and how they behave was surely a very impactful discovery for the field
this is one of the reason I really like this derivation, it is quite simple but very significant in the early days of quantum physics
Awesome videos, so elegant and well put together. Thank you.
Thank you very much! I am glad you enjoy the content.
One very minor detail, is that Einstein managed to quantize the vibrational modes of a solid, by considering that each one of them was like a 3-d quantum oscillator, that has energy e = h \omega(r+1/2) , with r = 0,1,2 etc. The thing is to get this you need to solve the Schrodinger equation, that would not be invented for another 19 years. It turns out he did not need it, as the mad lad just used the results from the blackbody equation that already deals with oscillators and derived an excellent expression for the final heat capacity of solids. It failed at lower temperatures and the only thing Debye added was a cutoff frequency. That's it, their genius produced a formula 1-2 decades earlier than it should have. Truly ahead of their time, especially Einstein
I know that I might sound like an Einstein fanboy but despite of the popular media attention, Einstein is so underrated
@@jkzero It is honestly insane that with very simple mathematics he was able to give us some of the most accurate physics results. Photoelectric, Einstein coefficients, Brownian motion, Special relativity, General Relativity, Quantum mechanics. He is like an anime protagonist fr fr.
@@gregorykafanelis5093 "with very simple mathematics..." LOL! I've never heard the math of General Relativity described like that. :)
i wish i had a teacher like you while i was an undergrad.
That's very kind, thanks. I am glad you liked the video. In case you haven't, make sure to check the rest of the series on quantum physics ruclips.net/p/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH
How about a detailed video on Larmor's formula? I have always wondered how the emission process of accelerated electrons can be described mathematically starting from Maxwell's equations.
I cannot guarantee to be able to fulfill all the requests but I always open to collecting suggestions, thanks.
So the standard calculation from SR Maxwell's laws is very cumbersome since you need to be quite careful around the accelerated objects. You can do it reasonably well by doing it in Rindler coordinates using the GR versions, but that assumes you know some GR...
There is a version of the special relativistic derviation of it on wikipedia, see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%E2%80%93Wiechert_potential
From A (or E and B) you can find the pointing vector and thus the emitted radiation. Beware the derivation is long and a little ugly
in the meantime, here is a step-by-step derivation that appear quite easy to follow pulsar.sternwarte.uni-erlangen.de/wilms/teach/astrospace/spacechap5.pdf
@@jkzero : Ta. I hadn't realized J. J. Thompson was responsible for this derivation.
@@terrycole472 JJ Thomson was one of those who did most of the key results in the early 1900s, its contributions beyond the classic ones in textbooks are not widely known even for physicists
This channel deserves more subs and viewer count
They will come, for now I appreciate sharing, liking, and commenting as that helps the mighty algorithm to show the content to new viewers.
@@jkzero There are right now 25,000 physics nerds who are loving your videos 😍
@@jasonl_ quite excited with the results almost one year after launching the channel
Oh, time to brush some basics of QM now! 🙂
Truly magnificent video. I love how you include the math as well as go over some of the history as well. Bravo! 👏
Thanks for watching, I am glad you liked the video. The blend of historical context, calculations from the original papers, and the physical concepts in the the trademark of this channel. Make sure to check the rest of the series on quantum physics ruclips.net/p/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH
Absolutely wonderful video as always, Jorge, thanks! One detail: I thought that Bohr's papers already mentioned the application of his theory to He+ spectra as well (with data from solar observations, I think)? Congrats again!
Thanks, I am glad you liked the video. Yes, you are right, on the second paper of the Trilogy Bohr describes "hydrogenic" atoms, meaning highly ionized Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium so there is a single electron. I wanted to talk about this but the video got too long, there is a great story about astrophysical and lab measurements of lines that could not fit a Rydberg-like formula because semi-integers were needed. Bohr easily solved this with his model. I plan to add this in a future video.
@@jkzero Thanks for the reply, Jorge!! By the way, did we by any chance cross paths at Karlsruhe, or a conference? I do work on 2HDMs and visited KIT a few times to work with Maggy. Congrats on the awesome videos!
@@PedroFerrr I am not sure of we crossed paths in Karlsruhe but maybe, I was a postdoc at the ITP during 2014-2016.
Bohr's explanation of the atom is indeed very impressive.
Your videos are fantastic! Easily one of the absoluty top channels for QM and physics! Keep up the excellent work:)
thanks for that, it means a lot when viewers appreciate the effort and find the content of value
Phenomenal work, as always. Please continue this series, your videos on QM are fantastic, and i can't wait to see you cover Heisenberg and Schrodinger.
Thanks, glad you liked it. Heisenberg and Schrödinger are coming but I have no rush, I really enjoy this old-quantum physics and how everything was so motivated by experimental observations, not like most of fundamental physics in the past 50 years (looking at you strings and supersymmetry)
I look forward to every one of your videos :)
thanks for that, it means a lot when viewers appreciate the effort and find the content of value
Rutherford was less than impressed with the Nobel for chemistry. He thought of himself as a physicist not a chemist. Chemistry after all was just stamp collecting 😂
just like other sciences (except physics ofc) :-)
There is a famous quote attributed to Rutherford “all science is either physics or stamp collecting” which presents him as the typical arrogant physicist looking down on all other fields. I don't know if he ever really said that, but reading his papers and about his way of caring for his students I doubt that Rutherford was such an ah. I would expect something like this from Millikan but not from Rutherford. If Rutherford really thought like that, then giving him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry instead of Physics would be a top-level way of trolling.
@@jkzero it doesnt really matter. It makes for a good story. No atoms were injured in the making of this dtory and 😀
@@davidmitchell3881 I can now say "No atoms were injured in the making of this story," which is not the case in my early videos
@@jkzero : Rutherford probably did think like that. Blackett in 1958 mentioned hearing him say it, though around 1925 so a generation earlier. I wouldn't be too hard on Rutherford, regardless. At the time, enthroning Physics was not a completely unreasonable proposition. It's a jokey variant on an old idea, not purely English - Auguste Compte also ranked the sciences with physics at the top, a century earlier. Rutherford was surely just poking fun at the cultural pretensions of some who looked down on him as an uncultured if useful colonial.
Even as late as the early twentieth century one could argue other branches of scientific thought were less well developed. Only physical chemistry was approaching a similar standard. In particular, by Rutherford's time physicists had systematically brought mathematical rigor to bear on their stamp collections for three centuries, ie. roughly since the time of (say) Newton, or Hobbes.
In fact I'm reminded of Hobbes' remarks in Leviathan, that geometry "is the only science that it hath pleased God hitherto to bestow on mankind". Shortly thereafter Newton et al. had elevated Physics to a science also. Hobbes added that scientific thought starts with "settling the significations of their words"; not a bad analogy with stamp collecting. Traces of that attitude persist, cf. Luis Alvarez vs the geologists.
This was wonderful. It's funny how I often think I know the subject of your videos, then the math animations point out something I missed. Thank you.
Glad it was helpful! Interestingly, the other day another viewers made a similar comment, he said: "the video starts and I think 'yeah, I know where this is going, I know this stuff' and then bam, something I never heard before suddenly happens"
The 2pi in the Bohr’s postulate always seemed really arbitrary, like how did he managed to get that? But now I finally got an answer…(except I haven’t really studied Hamiltonian mechanics just yet soo it will still take sometime for me to truly understand it…)
Coincidentally, today I also gave an exam of atomic structure!
You are absolutely right, that factor 2π looks like out of a hat until you learn that the quantization was at the generalized momentum level; however, this only got clear to me after studying Hamiltonian mechanics. There are many other details that become clear in quantum mechanics after you study Hamiltonian mechanics. This is in fact how Dirac created the recipe to go from classical theories to quantum theories. Becoming familiar with Poisson brackets, Dirac brackets, and Hamilton-Jacobi theory is crucial for understanding quantum mechanics.
All the best in your exam!
Very nicely done. Great details that put this piece beyond the usual regurgitation. Yet you buried nothing in the process. In the moment I feel more convinced than ever. Thank you for being so straight forward and for digging deeper too. Perhaps there is also an openness in your position that helps this content, for myself anyways. It is presented more as a discovery than a dictate.
Thanks for the feedback, I am glad you like the video and my style of presenting the content. In case you haven't, make sure to check the rest of the series on quantum physics ruclips.net/p/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH
Thank you for this. It must have been an exciting time to be a physicist.
I am glad you liked it. Textbooks just want to get Dirac and mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics, but I find the early developments so fascinating that I have no rush to get there. Honestly, it is the physics of early quantum mechanics that made me fall in love with physics research as a kid (at least the little things that I could understand back then)
@@jkzero I studied all this in university 50 years ago! It is fascinating to go back and learn about it all over again with fresh eyes.
Happy to bring back good memories. I remember going through this content way too fast in my QM classes in just one or two lectures because everyone just wants to get to the postulates and the Schrödinger's equation.
Thanks for your works. Please if possible increase your video production frequency by at least n=2.
I am glad you like the content. I would be happy to increase the frequency but I have day-job and I can only create content in my free time.
...almost forgot to wach this video and boy it was an interesting "scientific thriller".
The part that really cought my intention was the "what if" moment (10:15). It was a powerful assumption that led to the wonderful theory. It reminded me of Einstein's assumtion "what if speed of light was constant constant and independent of the relative motion of the source"...and thus a theory of relativity was born. Since speed of light is constant there is a point in spacetime where curvature is so great that light just can't escape it (Schwarzschild's radius)...:D
The derivation for Bohr's hydrogen atom is one of my favourites and his model is on my student cap :)
nice, I hope you enjoyed the video then
Another banger, thanks Dr :3
thanks, glad you liked it.
Thank you for publishing this video.
My pleasure, I am glad you like the content.
Thank you Dr. Diaz these videos are quite remarkable!!!
Thanks for your kind comment, I am glad you liked the video series. I am always curious to know what brings viewers to the channel, were you searching for something in particular or did the 'mighty algorithm' find you? Also, In case you haven't, make sure to check the running series on quantum physics ruclips.net/p/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH
@@jkzero I've been subscribed for a while but I haven't watched in a long time as your videos haven't been showing up in my feed. In any case, the detail you went into in this video showing the way in which Bohr came up with his model I found particularly interesting. I've read several books on the history of quantum meachnics but none of them went into such detail, I guess since publishers don't allow equations these days smh.
@@jamesfullwood7788 Thanks for sharing. Yeah, I suppose that publishers limit the math level in popular books, and academic textbooks leave aside the historical context and the many secondary characters of the story. This is the gap that I intend to fill, there are plenty of channel covering entertaining but superficial stories, I bet that there was an audience for a more elevated level when it comes to the physics and the math, but without making video lectures, that can quickly get boring for an audience of physics enthusiasts. Glad to have you back in the channel.
Wonderful series. Thank you for producing these videos.
Glad you like them! Don't miss the follow up to Bohr's atom published yesterday
I want for this great channel to transcend English language barrier. How can I help adding subtitles to videos, now that RUclips only allows authors of the videos to do it?
All of the videos make excellent hooks of internets for children in dull classrooms trying to learn physics
Thanks for your positive feedback and I appreciate the desire to make the content available in other languages. RUclips offers automatic subtitles in dozens of languages, simply go to Settings > Subtitles/CC > Auto-translate, and then select the desired language. Translations are not perfect but quite good. Unfortunately, actual subtitles in other languages would require that I check everything, word by word, and I cannot afford the time for that. I am quite perfectionist and don't feel comfortable delegating this kind of tasks.
I was in dire need of an understanding of why we know what we know about electrons. Then RUclips gave me your videos! Thank you!
Now I have questions and requests for more content! 👀🙋♂️
In one of your earlier videos, you answered my question of why we confidently talk about electrons as particles. 👍
I’ve also been wondering why I have not found a nice tidy explanation of electron behavior in molecules.
But first, huge thanks for this neat story: You get from Einstein’s “specific heat in solids…“ all the way to Bohr’s angular momentum, and you bring me to Rydberg at 17:05. Holy cow!!! NOW I see why Bohr is a god in QM! Wow!
Okay…please do the same thing for how proteins behave…? I am not finding succinct models for electron behavior in molecules. 👀
I can understand that a protein is not merely an extension of hydrogen. But I do hope that we should have a MUCH better explanation of, say, H2O…? Or maybe we need less energy, such as CO2? I really want physics to have a tight discussion for how these two greenhouse molecules behave when bombarded with a lot of UV photons???
Do we know how a photon gets turned into an electron? Feynman did great drawings but what is going on there, in terms of quarks and gluons and whatever? (Please feel free to correct my questions, of necessary. I’m not a physicist, as you can see…)
And in case I’m asking trivial leading questions… ultimately, I’m trying to get an understanding of why our explanations of ATP synthase don’t allow us to build this enzyme in a lab? (Same question for RuBisCo?)
And if molecules are not your jam, could you please do a similar review of the Strong Force? I feel like QCD is too speculative. I realize there’s evidence. But I’m prolly like the doubters of photons as particles…but way less qualified to have an opinion. 😂 So why is the Strong Force the one and only force that works backwards from all the others???😮 How do gluons just magically pop in if you pull too far? …why is this okay?
Okay man. Please be brilliant some more!
Thanks for your channel! Awesome!
-Russell H
Thanks so much for your generous support. More content is coming for sure, Bohr will be back in the next video. Proteins and molecules in general is way beyond my expertise. I hope to get to the fundamental interactions, in this video series we are still in 1913 :)
@@jkzeroYou are too modest bro!
Your ability to explain is what I find most unusual. Feynman always said you can’t explain until you understand. Therefore, I say, you have the right kind of mind to tackle molecular orbitals.
Alternatively, here’s my next area of “…but how?” I want to find a clean equation for heat transfer using ammonia as the coolant, since that’s the most efficient (as I understand things, so far) and it doesn’t eat the ozone layer…
I figure the model should have a unit of measure for “air” at sea level… 1000 cubic meters maybe? And then I want to find a reasonable way to express how much evaporation is needed to chill that unit of air to minus 100 Celsius… starting at, say, +35 C at sea level and 50% humidity…
One thing I always found interesting is that orbitals with "zero" angular momentum exist, so that classically, the electron would just zip back and forth through the nucleus.
The principal quantum number starts at 1. An "orbit" zipping through the nucleus can be problematic but mathematically possible, specially when you allow highly elliptical orbits. The problem is that at the turning points the speed would diverge.
Awesome 👏
Haha, i just wondered today when the next video is coming! Love it :)
yeah, this came with a delay because sometimes life gets in the way
@@jkzero Oh this wasn't meant as a complaint in any way! Take your time, as you need it :)
@@Skellborn got it, but yeah, I wish I could dedicate more time to making videos, I really enjoy the whole process from reading the original papers and crafting a fun story to share
Absolutely spectacular video!
Thanks, I am glad you liked the video. In case you haven't, make sure to check the rest of the series on quantum physics ruclips.net/p/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH
Thank you for video!
make sure to check the follow-up, just published today
Question, age of nuclear mass, there degrade over time , so a nuclear weapon will degrade in time ? As mass is loss would this degrade of power ?
It depends a lot on the nuclear weapon in question, many use explosives with very long half lives so other components tend to degrade first but those that use plutonium do need to semi regularly be replaced.
I still don’t quite understand why - given the plum pudding model - it was so unexpected that alpha particles would scatter in all directions - including backwards…
Thomson knew there were electrons and he knew atoms were neutral, so isn’t it possible that whatever the ‘pudding’ part with the positive charge was - would be deflecting the helium nuclei…?
Maybe if I knew what they *were* expecting from that experiment it would help draw the picture. Inferring lots, I guess they thought the alphas would pass *mostly* through with some very slight deflections(?)
In the plum-pudding model, electrons are in a spherical region of positive charge; given their low mass, there was no way that electron could affect the trajectories of the α particles. The positive region was symmetric for the α particles so any net repulsive force would be zero and the α particles were expected to go through mostly undisturbed. In a more technical level, you can calculate the distribution of scattered particles in all directions for a blob of positive matter (Thomson's model) and for a point central positive nucleus. The experimental result (the distribution of scattered α particles) agrees with Rutherford's model.
A great video once again
Glad you enjoyed it
Sometimes magic condenses into reality..
Complex numbers + Fractal Universe + A Butterfly Somewhere...
Absolute Units... . ....
tbh your videos are great and very detailed in every aspect (historical, biographical, formulas and graphs/models) but I hate to say that your view and subscription number might not be as high as you deserve, for some time. so dont be upset about it.
Thanks, I appreciate the good wishes. To be honest, I am more than happy with the current state of the channel, I started less that a year ago and the response from viewers has been overwhelmingly positive. Yes, I want the channel to keep growing but so far the community has been great and I am grateful for the support.
Love 💕 this video. Thank you for Amazing detailed information.
Thanks, I am glad you liked the video. In case you haven't, make sure to check the rest of the series on quantum physics ruclips.net/p/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH
Is it really proven that light (EME) is a particle? The energy of a so called photon it given in Joules which is an amount of energy for one second and I would not think that a photon lasts for one second. I would propose that it is an EME of a set frequency so a wave. We know that two frequencies can mix and create a third one. It just needs some thing non linear to help the mixing. In my mind that could fulfil the jumping of electrons (that also are waves) between the different locations in the atom.
Could you please clarify what you mean by "EME"?
@@jkzero Electro Magnetic Emission = EME. it is Radio transmissions, radiated heat, light and x rays etc.
@@leonhardtkristensen4093 thanks for clarifying, I always prefer to ask when people use abbreviations. To your question, it is not totally correct to say "light is a wave" or "light is a particle," because light is a quantum object with properties of what we classically associate with waves as well as properties of what we classically associate with particles. It is not one or the other, but something different. Just like a platypus is an animal with properties of what we normally associate with ducks as well as properties of what we normally associate beavers, but it is not one or the other, but something different.
@@jkzero I guess you could say that. Although I have learned about physics then I am not a physician but an Electronic Design Engineer with many years experience in electronics. I probably use some words a little different to what physicians might but I am learning. I have since my retirement watched a number of lectures by known Physicians online. As they are the original it cant be much different to actually attending them live.
My main interest is actually Energy which I believe in it's simplest form is what I call an EME. There is a lot of things from my electronics knowledge that can be explained with the physics knowledge and visa versa. I am learning all the time and I am on occasions changing my mind when I am being convinced that I am wrong. I have too much experience from electronics to say that although I am convinced to be right then I might still be wrong or there might be different explanations to what I believed. Also I see physicians disagree about things. The other thing is that the more you have learned the more difficult it is to question what you have learned.
It is currently my idea that there are really no particles at all. I believe it is more like waves. So called particles are then some thing like Standing waves.
I am very interested in knowing more about your "Platypus" idea of wave, matter or energy that you mention. I can visualize in my mind that there is like a fog around an electron or in other words that the whole electron fog stretches out for some distance. The outer of this fog would then be what we normally call the electric field I would think.
I don't like attraction at all. I would much better like pushing forces. A vacuum cleaner doesn't work well in vacuum. It works much better with a lot of air pressure around it to push all the dust up the pipe. Water pumps are the same. I have seen other peoples explanation of magnetism as a pushing force and also to some degree electric attraction as pushing forces and that does make some sense to me.
@@leonhardtkristensen4093 I will definitely get to the wave-particle duality of light soon on my series on quantum mechanics
How to calculate the injection pressure of plastic screw injection?
Mi novela acaba de empezar
espero que el episodio te haya gustado
how they build a cathode ray tube and can i make one at home?
I just love how these videos bring along step by step how modern physics came about. One giant standing on top of another giant. From this quantized stairs of giants came our most incredible knowledge about nature. Today's 99.9999% of so called 'scientists" are nothing but termites in comparison.
I am glad you appreciate the building-up way I have been presenting the material. When it comes to quantum mechanics, most textbooks and popular stories move from Planck quickly to Schrödinger and Heisenberg; however, most of the very exciting physics that led to the building up of modern quantum mechanics happened before 1925. I believe that most of the confusion about the conceptual ideas of modern quantum mechanics arise due to the neglect of old-quantum physics, all the key ideas arose there.
@@jkzero Mybe I missed something, but it would be really cool to see how Bohrs model was then inferred from Schrödinger's work. Just a suggestion if you didnt cover it yet.
Yes, this can be done after the Schrödinger equation is in place.
This gives rise to the question of orthogonal deconstruction across the 3sub1 X M. Is space and time rationally irreducible?
the social sphere of physics seems so much.... smaller at that time
true, the physics community was way smaller; the most important conference (Solvay) had less than 30 people; today, very specialized conferences have thousands of attendees.
How long till you get to dirac equation? 😅😅
yeah, the cool kids (and books) just want to get Dirac and Feynman diagrams, but I find the early developments so fascinating that I have no rush to get there. Honestly, it is the physics of early quantum mechanics that made me fall in love with physics research as a kid (at least the little things that I could understand back then). But I will get to Dirac, promise.
@@jkzero that's all i wanted to hear 😅
One question: Why does the calculations use mv²/2 for the electron speed?
Doesn't this equation suitable for bigger objects?
The formula mv²/2 for the kinetic energy applies to any massive object that moves at low speed (low with respect to the speed of light in vacuum). There is nothing in this formula that requires the object to be macroscopic; therefore, if you have a slow electron or a slow car, the equation is valid.
so bohr got lucky just by applying the popular trend in other areas into his
I would not put it like that. Bohr was highly influenced by experimental observations and theoretical insights. There is great merit on writing that quantization rule and the working out all its consequences. The quantization rule is arbitrary, yes, but not trivial from a physics standpoint. Just like Planck's and Einstein's quantization rules. They seem trivial for us now, but with the knowledge back then, their proposals were gigantic conceptual jumps.
@@jkzero yeah I know so Im just joking
@@berdigylychrejepbayev7503 sorry, I am not the best at spotting sarcasm
We can imagine each of us coming here as a moon or black hole!!🕳️
The nucleus of an atom is the moon and like a ripple effect, we experience expansion!! 🍎 🐛 🦋
Until you complete you work here in this dimension and like a star, collapse in onto itself, becoming a neutron star!! Betelgeuse becomes Rigel!! 🍊 🫐
You’re one with the universe!!💫
The universe is your best friend!! 🧶 🐈⬛ 🐶 🎾
Spooky action at a distance is the connection to the universe!! Just like the internet!!🛜 👻
Connect to your higher self and twin flames!! Heaven on earth is created here, through galaxy collisions !! Andromeda is like a drop of water!!💧 🌌
The Earth now is like a bucket!!🪣
Purrthquakes!! 😻
Zyprexa.
@@peterfireflylund Pluto is the 9th dimension!! Cloud 9!! 🐶 🐾
Andromeda is a drop of water!!💧
The merger also represents two thoughts!!💭 💭
Everyone is Andromedan!! 👽
Mercury Rising!!! 🌡️💕💕💕💕🤒 It’s getting hot in here!! 👙Global warming is the planet warming up to each other!! 🐨🐨
The Big Bang Theory!! Gravity is memory!!🐘 🐾 🥁
We’re each a particle, photon or star; cosmic surfing!!!🏄♂️ 🏄♀️ When this wave collapses seems to depend on us. The physics!! 👩🔬 We’re all fizzicists!! 🥤 Mount Shasta is the root!! ⛰️ Root beer!! 🍺 🐻 Big bear!!! Big bear chase me!!! The Great Outdoors!!🐾 🌲 🐾🌲🐾🌲🐾🌲
The 7 goddesses of the Pleiades!! 💎💎💎💎💎💎💎 After I personally tie the knot with them, we’ll create the figure 8 and become infinite!! Astronauts and cosmonauts!! Naughty!! 🪢 🧑🚀🎱😂 My Russian nesting dolls!! 🪺 My fine China!!! 🍽️
Each thought represents a bang❗️Higher vibrational thoughts 🐝🐝🐝 will create bigger bangs‼️
Pebbles And Bam Bam!! 🧊 🦕 🧊 🦖 🧊 🦣 🧊
Each grain of sand or pebble, a building block for planets or dark matter!! 🪨 Dark energy aka consciousness, creates the bang!! Supernovae!! 💥
Super Moons!! Flowery moons!! 🌹 Saturn a flowery moon!! Representing the 6th dimension!! More energy!!🪐 🛸
We control it!! 🧞 We’re stars!!✨
Hi, Hey, Hello!!🦜
The more G’s, the better!! They’ll reflect our minds, technology and more!! G strings!! 👙 👙👙👙
Our brains look like gum!! 🧠 Juicier the better!!!🍏🍋🟩🫐🍍🍎🍌🍈🥥🍐🍉🍒🥝🍊🍇🍑🍋🍓🥭
Love everything until it loves you back!! Mosquitos too!!🦟 ❤ Love cancer!! The Crab Nebula!! 🎇 Don’t be crabby!!🦀🦀🦀🦀🦀
Nothing transcends space and time more than love!! 💗 Love is a spaceship!! Taking us higher!!✈️ 🚀 🛸 The greatest attraction in the universe!! 🎪
Each of us and each galaxy would represent a cell!! 🦠 We’re stars putting ourselves back together again!! Like Humpty Dumpty!! 🥚 🐓
The sky is blue because we’re meant to imagine it as a diamond!! The auroras then create the rest of the spectrum!! 🌈 💎
A purple sky would reflect the heart of the ocean!! An opened mind!! 🤯 The earth purring more!! Purrrrrple rain!!☔️ 🐈⬛ 🧶
Each thought to me is a solar flare, which shifts us into parallel worlds!! It’s hard here!!! I’m a peaceful dude, yet my life here has been super difficult!!🥹
Alpha Centauri represents a shift in consciousness!! Dog planet!! We’re riding the alpha waves!! Woof woof!!🐶 🐾 This is our world peace and enlightenment for the world and universe!! All is one!!😇🥳🥰🤩
We’re each a mini universe!!🌌
The 3 Body Problem represents our gut brain, 🍱 heart,❤️ and mind!! 🧠 Connecting mind, body, soul, and spirit!! The Holy Spirit becomes whole!! A glory hole!!! 🔆
The moon is a black hole!! 🕳️ A neutrino!! The planet is a colonized moon!!😇🌍👽 The sun is a shapeshifter!! 🌞
Are you and I sculpting together as a team or as individuals??? 🧑🎨 Using the moon as a tool!!! 🪨 The Sun is the eye!!👁️
I love the tool/word grinder!!!😮 We’d be Bumping and Grinding!!😂
The Earth is like a refrigerator and the atmospheric pressure is melting or defrosting the stars above, as if they’ve been in the freezer!! 🥶
It would also reflect us krystalyzing and becoming diamonds in the sky!! 💎 💎💎 Lucy becomes Maisie!! 🐒 👽
We could be stars from above aka heaven, melting everything from above, as well! Like a River Running Through It!!! 🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊 Gravitational waves or our thoughts raining down on us through higher dimensions!!! 🌧️
Pass the doobie to the left hand side!!🇯🇲🍍
Unlocking a Secret Garden within and outside of us!!🤫 An Oasis!!!🏝️ 🏝️🏝️🏝️🏝️
Flowing!!! It helps a lot to flow!!!🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊 Letting go, so we can concentrate more and work on our project!! Heaven On Earth!!🌍 👼
Flowers!! 🌺 🌸 💐 and Flow-Ers!!🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊
I know energy is still impurrtant!! 😻
And of course imagination!!! Love!!!💗 🐶 🎾 🧶 🐈⬛
To create heaven On Earth, the galaxies collide!! 🌌 Twin flames connect!! 🔥 🔥 We’re creating quantum entanglement!! Ghost particles merging, becoming more like the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man!!👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻
The universe is still the Earth!!⭐️🌍⭐️ We’re seeing it from the insides!! 🕵️ Like we’re inside a volcano 🌋 or wishing well!! The stars and galaxies are like coins!!🪙 The Goonies vibes!! 💀 We’re treasure!! Antarctica is treasure island!! 🐧🇦🇶 Unlocking antimatter!! 🐜 Booby and booty traps exposed!! Planet X!! Hubba Hubba!!🥰
Everything and everyone has been our teacher!!👩🏫
3D is like the murky bottom of a bong or volcano!!🌋 The fourth dimension, representing Mars is like the stem of the bong or the volcanos vent!! 👽 Experiencing higher dimensions is like the smoke or magma reaching our mouths 😋 and then circulating through our bodies!! We are the Earth!!🌍 👼
The road less traveled!!!🧳 🌹 Straight up!! 🎈 🎈🎈🎈🎈We’d be super condensed or extremely packed neutron stars!! Like Rigel!! Blueberries!! Antioxidants!! Betelgeuse has evolved into a neutron star!! 🍊🫐
Our long winding road, exploring different dimensions, finally straightening out!! I’m getting Pee Wee vibes!! Large Marge sent me!!🚴😂
We’re vaporized, as if we’ve been smoked or roasted!! 💨 The smoke representing again those compressed neutron stars climbing the higher dimensions of the universe like a chimney!! I’m Mary Poppins, y’all !! ☂️ 🧞♀️
It would also represent us as a comet traveling through a wormhole!! 💫
Who me, I’m just a worm!!🐛 🫖 Solving a labyrinth!! 🦉 Solving amaze!!! 🦋
Different energies tell a different story!! 📚
We’re storytellers!! Artists!!🧑🎨
We’re energy first!! 🐝
A 12 inch boner is like receiving a foot of snow!!⛄️ 😂 When powered by neutrons and a magnetar energy field, one is like the energizer bunny!!🐰 They’ll keep going and going and going!! 🐇 🐇🐇🐇🐇
If you’re destined to have more than one twin flame, you’re like Frogger, playing leap frog!! Lucy is a sucker for Lillies!! 🐸 🍀 🐸 🍀 🐸🍀🐸🍀🐸
G Force!!!🥳👙🥳👙🥳👙🥳👙🥳
Dorothy’s Ruby red slippers!! ❤❤
Something here in 3D land has to change, yes, mmmmm! Dark Crystal Series!!😍 🧚🏼
We need to get this show rolling!! 🎥
We need our second moon!! Two moons!!! Two Mercurys!! Two black holes!!🕳️ 🕳️ They’ll need some color!! 🌈
Two blood moons!! 🩸 🩸
Two Ruby red slippers!!🥿 🥿 We have to die and become reborn!! Dye!! Dye those slippers red!!😮❤❤😂
Makes complete sense!! 🤯
There’s no place like home!! Home is where the heart is!! Jupiter and the 5th dimension!! 🐸 🍀 Clover Field!!👽 🛸
Time speeds up real fast once we’re there because seeing is definitely believing!! We get excited, hearts start pumping!! 💕 Minds start to open up!! 💜 Oxytocin pumping through our blood!! A love signature!! ✍️ Removing our writers block!! We’re storytellers!! 📚
The two blood moons also like draculas fangs!! Or the fangs of a snake and spider!! A kundalini experience!!!🐍💜 An anti venom!! 🐜 A love bite!! I’m nibbling your ear!! Ringing your ears like church bells!! A liberty bell! 🔔 Heightening your spidey senses!!!🕷️😳🩸🩸
My story just gets juicier!! 🍇 Sticky icky!! 🎄When is it juicy enough for you, I guess, is the question!! Strawberry Hill!! Cherry Blossoms!!🍒🍓We even got hills named after chocolate!!🍫
Purrthquakes instead of Earthquakes!! 😻
A Never Ending Story!! 🐺 ☁️ 🐌 ☁️ 📖
“Still in love! Still in love with that dream!! 🏔️ 🏔️ 🦌 “
Super Earth!! ⭐️ Superheroes!! ⭐️ Super pets!! ⭐️ Super foods!!⭐️ A place where everything is awesome!!🤩 A place where everyone is adorable!!🥰
I’m a sighentist!!🙄 A souldier!!😇 A Glad I Ate Hers!!😋🥧 And most of all a Roarier for the universe!!🦁
The Great Lakes represent the heart of the ocean coming together!! 🫀🌊 A huge manifestation!! 🐰 ⏰ 🍄 A microcosm of our oceans, which will someday become fresh!! 🔬 We’re sky people!! The planet our backyard!! An aquarium!! 🐠 An octopuses garden!!🪴 🐙
Dinosaurs have played the role of our bacteria!! 🦠 They’re back!!! 🦕 🦟 Hold on to your butts!!! Everything is getting supersized!!🧑🏿🍳🍟🍔🥤
When the Earth gets it two blood moons 🩸 🩸, it will represent us!!! Mostly centered around twin flames!!🥰🥰
Like we’re children of the universe!! We’ll be cells too and it will be like we’re watching each other grow and evolve!!🦥🐾🦥🐾
Our stars bursting here and there!! 💥 🎇 🎆
My cosmic perspective!! 🐼 🧪 ⚛️
Yay, another episode of Solvay Bingo!
wait until I get to 1927, there will be a full Solvay Bingo
@@jkzero I don't know if I can wait!
@@jkzero More seriously, wonderful work. There are not a lot of videos on RUclips with this level of quality. You make the world a better place.
@@OlivierMIEL Thanks, that means a lot. To be honest, I have a blast making these videos. Many of the original papers that I have used I read them now for the first time. I don't get why I was not requested to read them during my undergrad or doctorate, they should be minimum reading material to any physicists. It has been an experience of discovery too, many of the stories in textbooks are just the regurgitation of someone else's version, which perpetuates so many wrong stories.
Hevesy's name is pronounced with an "sh", not an "s".
Thanks for the correction, I will keep it in mind. I attempt the correct pronunciation, but as with Gustav Kirchhoff I mess it up quite often.
I always wanted to be a Noble prize winning scientist
so that everyone would respect me.
I find this a tricky statement. Scientists earn respect of others in the scientific community by their work quality and integrity, the Nobel prize becomes just a recognition to a great career (or a lucky moment). It is mostly the general public who gets impressed by Nobel laureates.
I'm not sure I like calling bohrs model quantum. To me it's an intermediate step between classical models and the schrödinger model. Neither quantum nor classical. Some really important aspects of quantum theories are missing still. Maybe "the first model of a quantized atom", similar to how einsteins description of the photoelectric effect didn't give us a quantum theory of light, but rather a theory of quantized light.
Btw my quantum theory prof told this story fairly similarly, but derived the quantised levels by treating the electron as a wave with wavelength obeying einsteins relation. Given that de boglie won't publish for another decade, I find that kind of hard to believe. Do you know if that has an ounce of truth in it, or was he just mixing up history a bit?
The model is not fully developed quantum mechanics, but it is a quantum model owing to the discrete values of physical quantities, as opposed to continuous values.
I agree in not calling quantum mechanics, that is what came later. However, Bohr's model is quantum in the sense that his electrons are restricted to well defined discrete orbits in which they can only have discrete energy levels. You are right, Bohr did not proposed a quantum theory of the atom but rather a model, meaning a mathematical formulation that captures some of the key features of the physical system. A model is just an approximation of reality, not a full theory. What Bohr and many others at the time were doing is what today we call "phenomenology."
QM classicalized in 2010. Forgotten Physics website uncovers the hidden variables and constants and the bad math of Wien, Schrodinger, Heisenberg, Einstein, Debroglie,Planck,BOHR,etc. So,no.
Zyprexa.
@@peterfireflylund “He who will not read is no better than he who cannot read “, Mark Twain.Try it during your lucid moments - if any- and when you are released from constraints.
The argument against the Rutherford model of the electron having a acceleration is laughable at best. If you have a particle remain at the same distance to the other particle whose existence cause the force, how can that "count" as a acceleration. No change is distance is clearly not a acceleration.
Specific energy levels does require some more refinement though!
This is basic physics: uniform circular motion requires continuous acceleration towards the centre. Otherwise the particle would travel away in a straight line.
@@DavidMFChapman That is the classical explanation yes.
That I don't agree with at all.
It's simply a matter of perspective.
Very much similar to rotating a ball attached to a string. It remains at the same distance to you. Yes there is a force involved. But is there really a "meaningful" acceleration? The kinetic energy doesn't change. The change in position over time -> 0.
Seems to me like you could equally see this as a internal state of the system not affected by anything outside the system. A way to store kinetic energy maybe.
Electron philosophy if I may.
My view is that uniform circular motion can be seen as the same thing as traveling in a straight line. In certain cases.
@@no-one_no1406An object in a circular orbit is moving in two dimensions. Yes, the speed is constant, but the velocity vector is continually rotating-that changing velocity is the acceleration.
@@no-one_no1406 ruclips.net/video/wxkErwF2fOg/видео.htmlsi=vDcmP3z6V-Ljzkka