How to debug your python code with the python debugger pdb

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debugging is an essential skill for any programmer, and python provides a built-in debugger called `pdb` that allows you to troubleshoot your code interactively. here's a comprehensive tutorial on how to use `pdb` effectively.
what is `pdb`?
`pdb` stands for python debugger. it is a powerful interactive source code debugger for python programs. you can set breakpoints, step through code, inspect variables, and evaluate expressions in real-time.
getting started with `pdb`
1. **installing python**: make sure you have python installed on your system. you can download it from [python.org](www.python.org....
2. **importing `pdb`**: you can invoke `pdb` in your python script or run it directly in your terminal.
basic commands in `pdb`
here are some basic commands you’ll use frequently while debugging:
- `h(elp)`: show help for commands.
- `n(ext)`: execute the next line of code.
- `s(tep)`: step into a function call.
- `c(ontinue)`: continue execution until the next breakpoint.
- `b(reak)`: set a breakpoint at a specified line number.
- `l(ist)`: list source code around the current line.
- `p(rint)`: evaluate and print the expression.
- `q(uit)`: quit the debugger.
example code
let’s create a simple python script that contains some bugs, and we will use `pdb` to debug it.
#### sample code with bugs
create a file named `example.py`:
debugging with `pdb`
1. **insert a breakpoint**: open the `example.py` file and insert a breakpoint at the start of the `main` function by adding the line `import pdb; pdb.set_trace()`.
2. **run the script**: execute the script from the terminal:
3. **using `pdb` commands**:
- when the execution reaches the `pdb.set_trace()`, you will enter the `pdb` interactive mode.
- use the `l` command to list the current code around the breakpoint.
- use the `n` command to execute the next line.
- when you reach the line `average = calculate_average(nums)`, use `p nums` to print the val ...
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