Protein Synthesis | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool
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- Опубликовано: 12 сен 2024
- Protein Synthesis | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool
Proteins are made of a long chain of amino acids, which has been coded for by DNA. The order of the bases of DNA determines which protein is made, by coding for a specific order of amino acids. This is protein synthesis, and in this video we are going to look at how it works. You may want to watch our ‘what is DNA’ video first to remind yourself all about DNA.
A set of three bases in the DNA molecule codes for a particular amino acid. GGT, for example, codes for the amino acid called Glycine. The 3 base codes are known as codons, so GGT is a “codon” for Glycine.
There are 20 amino acids that make up our body’s proteins. 9 of these we need to take in through our diet as our body cannot manufacture them. These are known as essential amino acids.
Our body can, however, manufacture non-essential amino acids. Whilst 20 amino acids build proteins, there are actually many others that do not form proteins, possibly over 250. They may form sugar, for example.
Before we start, you need to know what RNA is - so you may want to watch our ‘what is RNA’ video first.
The DNA is in the nucleus and cannot move, but the ribosomes in the cytoplasm are where the proteins are made. This means the code from the DNA needs to be copied and carried across to the ribosome by a molecule called messenger RNA or mRNA before the protein can be made. Let’s have a look at how this all works.
In the nucleus, the enzyme RNA polymerase unwinds and unzips the two strands of DNA that contain the protein-making gene. Only one of these strands is going to be replicated. Complementary RNA nucleotides base pair with the chosen strand. RNA polymerase also binds the RNA nucleotides together making a new RNA strand. This is the messenger RNA or mRNA. This process inside the nucleus is called transcription.
The mRNA travels from the cell nucleus and out into the cytoplasm, until it reaches and attaches to a ribosome. The ribosome then sticks amino acids together to make a polypeptide chain, following the order of amino acids as coded by the mRNA. Three base codons on the mRNA code for one amino acid. This process is called translation.
Let’s look at translation in a little more detail - what is actually happening inside the ribosome...
Transfer RNA or tRNA molecules, carrying specific amino acids, base pair with the mRNA inside the ribosome. So the tRNA brings in the amino acids and the mRNA provides the information of the exact order that the amino acids need to be bonded together in, to ensure the correct protein is made. As more tRNAs match up with the mRNA, the amino acid chain becomes longer. Eventually the polypeptide chain will form into the protein. So there we have protein synthesis.
Inside the nucleus, the DNA molecule is unzipped from around the gene by DNA polymerase. The DNA is replicated and mRNA is formed in the process of transcription. The mRNA travels out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it binds with a ribosome. In the ribosome, the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is translated by tRNA molecules which carry related amino acids. The polypeptide chain is formed, and will eventually fold into the required protein.
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This graphical animation made it so much easier to understand. Thanks a lot for making this!
give this video the nobel prize!
This is the best video i have seen on protein synthesis. Thank you so much
Rimsha Fawad freesciencelesson ????
Thank you! Appreciate it!
I kept pausing to make notes and rewatching the animations and descriptions and THIS MAKES SO MUCH SENSE!! Thank you so much :DDD
You are most welcome!
now i know that there a two steps of takes the synthesis of protein.the transcription and translation.and the animation help a lot to understand it easily.❤
GAL!! you should do MORE voice-overs as your explanation is THE BEST!!!!!!!!!!!
Oh thank you!
Oh my word! I LOVE THIS! I TOTALLY GET IT NOW!!!! Thank you!!!!!!
This is just what i needed, an almost sarcastically slow explanation haha thanks for saving!
No worries!
This topic is the bane of my existence but thanks for the clear explanation! 🙃
Happy to help 🙂
I have watched like 12 other videos at least 3 times, just trying to understand this concept of Protein synthesis, and this is the only video that ACTUALLY MAKES SENSE!! I thank you so much for teaching me an entire concept in like 5 min.
Any time! Glad it was helpful!
Well I got that wrong in the exam
hyyperrrsteffi rougher
r
Because the video is wrong helicases unzips the dna NOT DNA Polymerase
r
@@kachyn_ RNA Polymerase is also capable of unwinding DNA during transcription.
Thankyou!!!! Maybe go a little slower next time but yessssss you have saved my life 💗💗💗
Overall, I really like the how protein synthesis is described in this video. However, there are some mistakes at the beginning (before the 1 minute mark). At the beginning, when showing the DNA and protein/amino acids, you say the DNA has codons and that GGT codes for glycine, which isn't correct. The mRNA made from DNA has the codons. GGT can't be a codon, and the mRNA made from it is CCA, which codes for proline. As the video goes on, codons and mRNA are explained correctly, but the start of the video is very wrong.
Could someone explain how the tRNA works and how it already has the amino acids?
Thank you so much, truly❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
What prevents tRNA connecting to the mRNA before it reaches the "linking" step in the synthesis? Furthermore, what prevents tRNA from connecting to an "offset" portion of mRNA, either 1 or 2 spaces over?
MISTAKE at 4:20 the DNA is unzipped " by DNA polymerase " is wrong it should be unzipped by DNA helicase
yea uh this isnt dna replication
This is very precise and on point for protein synthesis. The best video I have ever watched!! thank youu
Wow, thank you!
Is bases GGT codon or triplet? codon are found on mRNA which do not contain base thymine [T] instead it contain Uracil [U]
dna polymerase doesn't unwind the DNA, it's the helicase that does this...
It's *RNA* Polymerase that unwinds the DNA in this case. If this were DNA replication, Helicase is indeed what unwinds the DNA. :)
That's only in DNA duplication. In protein synthesis, RNA polymerase both unwinds and unzips the DNA and manufactures mRNA.
Can anyone help me? I don't get the difference between amino acids and nucleotides...
@@mmalik1339 nucleotides contain a pentose sugar group (might be ribose or deoxyribose ), a phosphate group and a nitrogenous group which can either be purines Adenines or Guanine or Pyramidials which are Urilic acid Thymine and cytosine, meanwhile amino acids have 20 different amino acids they contain an amine group, a carbolic group, an R group and hydrogen
how does the trna know what order the mrna is going in?? On the animation it seems seamless as if it already knows, but that can't be right. Is it a random process?
Great question. Effectively lots of tRNAs bombard the ribosome and only the ones that "match" the mRNA sequence will be accepted and allowed to bind to their corresponding mRNA sequence.
Answer is, it's total bullshit.
I am studying human biology, the first module is cells. The reading material provided says that the rna joins to an amino acid but not once does it mention what the amino acids are made of and gives no codes like GGT. Watching this video is the first I’ve heard of it?! So will they not ask more about the make up of amino acid in the exam?! I’m so confused?
Thank you very much lovely lady 😂 now I understand it ! 💖
Glad it helped 😊
Ya it's very best video I like it very much and I have clear all my concepts which I didn't understood and I have done well thank you so much
So glad you've done well! 🙌
Omgggg this is so smooth and so helpful thx alooot 😍❤️
Glad you like it! 🤗
Everything is clear Alhamdullilah, but is it DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase since you used both...
After a long time i got a real image of this action....thank you so much ❤❤☺...i downloaded this viedo
You are welcome!
This video helped me understand the lesson thanks a lot
You are welcome! Glad it helped!
Omg I actually love you, you made it rlyyy easy to understand
Thank you! Glad it helped!
thank you so much ...you save me cuz i have a report and its all about protein synthesis omg thank youuuu
Glad we could help!
Can you please tell me the cases that the first amino acid doesn't start with methionine.
I googled for it but I didn't find the answer.
Thanks.
beautiful way of explanation
Thank you!
This is such a brilliant video! Thank you!
You're so welcome! ❤️
Looks like candy crush 😍 TYTY for dumbing this all the way down for us normies. Brilliant 💓
Glad you enjoyed it 🙂
Made me understand better, thanks for the video!
Glad to hear it! You're most welcome!
That was amazing!
Thank you so much for this!
You're so welcome!
doesn't DNA Helicase 'unzp' the section of DNA?
Yes it does - what did we say? DNA helicase unzips, primase generates short strands of RNA and the DNA polymerase synthesises the DNA.
This video is GCSE level (age 14-15), so if we said 'polymerase' or simply said 'enzyme' then that's because we are simplifying the process appropriate to the level needed.
FuseSchool - Global Education you said polymerase that does not make it any simpler for gcse students
@@fuseschool is it rna polymerase that unzips dna or dna polymerase since you said BOTH
@@fuseschool
Just admit to your mistake, you didnt say that, the narrator specifically stated that RNA polymerase unzips the DNA molecule.
It doesn't, helicase does this.
Man up, admit the mistake, and eliminate the confusion. Mistating the enzyme that unzips the DNA doesn't make it simpler to understand, it confuses matters, especially since GCSE textbooks state that helicase unzips the DNA, contrary to what was stated in the video.
So I found out that the tRNA gets its anticodons from an enzyme, one of which I forgot the name of. However, I saw that the mRNA does not go through that enzyme or does anything else I can find. So how does that enzyme know how exactly to put those anticodons onto the tRNA?
Great Video really helped me study for my test
Excellent!
How can mRNA travel from the nucleus to the ribosome which are outside the nucleus?
My Dad is allergic to Phenylalanine, how come it's an essential amino acid?
DNA is not unzipped in transcription by DNA polymerase. It's RNA polymerase that does this job.
i really like this voice
i really like the graphics
i really liked the video
Glad you liked it!
So what happens to the mRNA AND tRNA after the synthesis
What about the whole thing with the glogi apparatus folding it
This video is so clear and helpful- thankyou!!
Glad it was helpful!
Which animation software did you use?
We use After Effects
GCSE biology exam tomorrow?
I'm a bit confused, if anyone can give a brief explanation on what just happened it would be appreciated.
Very well explained! Thanks for the good sources
Thank you! Glad it was helpful!
Thank for video great video thank you better than teacher #lol😜😁✌️👍
Thanks! Happy to help!
i just find it hard to believe that amino acids created within is Not essential but what comes from outside is.
as a man who fasts alot i believe there will be more light on this in the future as science evolves :-)
Ruchika Ratatnayake I’m pretty sure they are both essential, it’s just that amino acids coming in externally are just called “essential”
thanks a lot... you saved me
You're most welcome! Happy to help!
My teacher says its 8 amino acids that are esential and the book?
I like the accent..!!
MAKE AN UPDATED, HIGHLY DETAILED VERSION FOR A LEVELS
We may be working on A level material next year.
@@fuseschool amen 😍
Bloody hell do you need to know protein synthesis in this much detail for GCSE?!
Okay, but what happens if one of the amino acids are changed? What will happen to the protein?
Kylee Rose .. probably a mutation will occur, resulting in an abnormal protein.
Kylee Rose it will mutate, like sickle cell anemia is due to point mutation
Kylee Rose , we have the repair enzymes that may also help to repaie the abnormalities, the process of protein synthesis also includes modification stage not only transcription and translation
Protein synthesis on details topic
It helps a lot
Awesome!
are tRNA just floating around the cytoplasm waiting for translation?
what about the rRNA??
That's a very nice video
Thank you!
Thanks a lot
No problem!
Big up RD ONLINE TINGS AND DAT
ohh finally i get it
3:52
4:20
di kasi kayo nakikinig andito tuloy kayo
First
BSM hadir
Amongus
nigga what about rRNA?? y'all didn't mention that
first
Please don't watch this video, it has missed some key points and is not chronological in explanation
yo wtf
.