Heredity and Evolution Class 10 Science SSC - Transcription, Translation and Translocation

Heredity and Evolution Class 10 Science SSC Chapter 1 - Transcription, Translation and Translocation
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Proteins are needed for carrying out various body processes. Proteins are synthesized in the cells of the body, the information needed for protein synthesis is present in the Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA of the cell. It is located inside the nucleus, however the actual process of protein synthesis takes place outside the nucleus the cell. The information from the DNA is transcribed or copied to messenger Ribonucleic acid a molecule similar to DNA but with single strand (mRNA). It, in turn, transport this information to ribosomes. The ribosomes and transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) use this information to produce the proteins. This basic flow of information from DNA to RNA and to ribosomes is called the Central Dogma.
The process of protein synthesis takes place through transcription, translation and translocation. DNA is the cookbook of the cell which consists of thousands of small segments, some of which stores the recipes to produce proteins. Such segments are known as genes.
Initially, an enzyme called RNA polymerase act on DNA and unwinds it from the starting sequence to be transcribed or simply copied. The enzyme, takes only one strand as template and produce its complementary strand. The unusual thing here is, the formation of base Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T). It happens because formation of uracil is energetically less expensive. The most important thing is information remains same even if the format is changed. It is just like noting down the recipe from the cookbook in your own words, the information is same but format is different. Once the transcription process is completed the DNA strands rejoins, and the mRNA is transported outside the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The ribosomes gather around the mRNA and here starts the process called translation. Understand it like producing the food from the recipe. The three nucleotides on mRNA forms a code for an amino acid. These are called ‘triplet codon’. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins. For every triplet codon there is a transfer RNA or tRNA carrying an amino acid. The sequence on tRNA is called ‘Anticodon’. Inside the ribosome, the ‘start codon’ is recognized. A tRNA having anticodon with ‘complementary sequence’ attaches to it. Likewise the next tRNA attaches to next triplet codon. The Ribosomal ribonucleic acid or rRNA present in the ribosomes binds the amino acids brought by the two tRNAs with peptide bonds. Once the bonding is done, the tRNA corresponding to first codon transfer amino acid to tRNA corresponding to next codon. This whole process is termed as translation. The ribosome moves in forward direction on mRNA by a distance of one triplet codon so as to repeat the translation. This is called called translocation. As a result of transcription, translation and translocation there is formation of an amino acid chain. The chains formed by different ribosomes joins together so as to form a complex protein. Together these processes can be termed as gene expression. The familiar example is transfer of characters from parent to child. Sometimes sudden changes occur in genes. Sometimes any nucleotide changes its position. It causes a change in the organisms characters. This is called mutation.

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Transcription:- process of synthesis of mRNA according to the nucleotide sequence present on DNA is called Transcription
Translation:- the process of bringing tRNA processing anticodon that is complementary to the codon on mRNA for protein synthesis is called translation
Translocation:- the process of movement of the ribosome form one end of mRNA to the other end by the distance of one triple codon is called translocation

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