«Portuguese Asia was not a purely mercantile venture like the British settlements in India. The Portuguese who discovered the sea-route to Asia, who established fortresses from the Persian Gulf to the Straits of Malacca & beyond, who built Goa [...], were a totally different class of people from the directors, the shareholders, & the employees of the East India Company. They were romantics, crusaders, conquistadors, as well as traders, while the members of the East India Company, coming on the scene a century later, were modern business men whose whole aim was dividends. Taking a broad view, the Portuguese irruption into Asia was the culmination of the long struggle against the Moors at home. From the tenth to the fifteenth century the Iberian peninsula was the scene of three thousand seven hundred battles, so it is computed, between its Christian tribes & the Arabian Emirs. In the course of those unending wars the Portuguese & the Spaniards emerged as nations. [...]. So lengthy a struggle, far from leaving the Iberians exhausted, seems to have invigorated them. When the Mohammedan power was overthrown in the Peninsula, instead of settling down & developing their country, they found themselves so overflowing with energy that they set sail across the oceans, [...]. [...] [Mr. Arnold Toynbee] sums up their place in history thus, referring, of course, to both Portuguese & Spaniards: “These Iberian pioneers of Western Christendom performed an unparalleled service for the civilization which they represented. They expanded the horizon, & thereby potentially the domain, of our Western Society from an obscure corner of the Old World until it came to embrace all the habitable lands & navigable seas on the surface of the planet. It is owing to this Iberian energy & enterprise that Western Christendom has grown, [...], until it has become ‘the Great Society’; a tree in which all the nations of the world have come & lodged. This latter-day Westernized World is the peculiar achievement of Western Christendom’s Iberian pioneers.” Portuguese Asia was the seed from which grew the British Dominion in Asia. Portuguese ascendancy lasted a century & a quarter, say, from 1500 to 1625. After a period when the Dutch, the British, & the French fought each other for first place, the British attained it after Plassey. Their dominion in turn is now passing away, possibly to be absorbed into a world dominion of a Western type. That the Portuguese conceived of their drive eastward as a continuation of the crusade against the Moors is very clear from the opening paragraph of Faria y Sousa’s ‘Portuguese Asia’; published in 1666: “Like an Impetuous Torrent did the Mohametans spread themselves over the Lesser Asia, after the Catholic arms had expelled them our Provinces,” he writes, referring to the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 & to their threatened invasion of Austria. “The Christian Princes, busied in destroying each other, looked on their Progress, without attempting to put any stop to this Current; when the Kings of Portugal, as the first who had shaken off themselves the Burthen of these Barbarians, & the first who passed over to crush them in Africk (obeying the Decrees of Heaven which required it) undertook to be the first to stop their proceedings in Asia.” In Asia all trade to Europe was under the control of the Muslim Sultans through whose kingdoms it passed. Europe’s imports from India, China, & the Islands came overland from the Persian Gulf & paid toll. The Turks, & Islam in general, would be harder hit by breaking that monopoly than they would be by a defeat in the field. That was the practical idea behind the Portuguese attempt to find a sea-route to India & the Far East. And, of course, while the loss of the monopoly of the eastern trade would damage Turkish finances, its transfer to Portugal would enormously increase the resources of that kingdom. [...]. To get the trade, the Portuguese would not only have to open the Cape route, but also fight the Mohammedans, who carried goods by sea to the Persian Gulf. But since the days of Roland & Roncesvalles, Islam had been the mortal enemy of the Christian Church. That now sufficed for a casus belli. Accordingly, King Dom Manuel I of Portugal was able to procure from Pope Alexander VI, the Borgia whose brutal face as depicted by Pinturicchio & carved by Caravaggio is so familiar to us, a Bull, dated 1494, granting him title to all the lands which might be discovered east of a line drawn north & south at a distance of 370 miles from the coast of Europe. Eight years later, after Vasco da Gama had returned from his voyage to India, the same Pope allowed the King to style himself ‘Lord of the Navigation, Conquest & Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, & India’. [...] The romantic or chivalric aspect of the Portuguese incursion was very notable. The leaders were all aristocrats. They considered themselves knights fighting in a grand emprise. In 1500, the year from which their eastern adventures may be roundly dated, knight-errantry was already somewhat old-fashioned. [...] Chivalry remained a factor in their policy after it had disappeared from France and England. [...]. [...] could not have happened had the Portuguese aristocrats not conceived of themselves as paladins. The characters in ‘Orlando Furioso’, published by Ariosto in 1516, were not unlike them. This romantic epic corresponded to a Renaissance tapestry, but in Portugal might well have seemed a transcript from contemporary life. Its hero, Roland, who had been dead seven hundred years, behaved as did the mad [Portuguese] knights who were to follow [...]. Its opening verse would have sounded like a trumpet for the men who sailed in 1497 against the Moors of Asia: “Of Loves & Ladies, Knights & Arms, I sing, Of Courtesies, & many a Daring Feat; And from those ancient days my story bring, When Moors from Africk passed in hostile fleet, And ravaged France, with Agramant their king, Flushed with his youthful rage & furious heat, Who on king Charles’, the Roman emperor’s head Had vowed due vengeance for Troyano dead.” This analogy between the ‘Orlando Furioso’ & the state of mind of the Portuguese who sailed to Asia is not fanciful, for their exploits were celebrated by Camoens in his epic ‘Os Lusíadas’, written in 1556, in a style not unlike that in which Ariosto describes the exploits of Roland. Take this verse from Canto X, where the poet hails Afonso de Albuquerque’s capture of Goa from the Mohammedans in 1510: “What glorious palms on Goa’s isle I see, Their blossoms spread, great Albuquerque, for thee! Through castled walls the hero breaks his way, And opens with his sword the dread array Of Moors & pagans; through their depth he rides, Through spears & show’ring fire the battle guides. As bulls enrag’d, or lions smear’d with gore, His bands sweep wide o’er Goa’s purpled shore.”» - Maurice Stewart Collis, 1942.
Portugal was one of the richest and most developed nations in Europe at the time of king Dom Dinis (1261-1325), the vision and entrepreneurial capacity allowed the royal treasury to dispose of funds to make loans to its neighboring kings, as documented in the chronicles: of Aragon and the King of Castile. It also allowed him to be generous in the gifts he made whenever he went on diplomatic missions. Numerous Europeans, coming from France, England, Italy, Germany and other places, came to live in Portugal, taking advantage of the dynamism that the king gave and due to the more favorable and abundant situation in Portugal. The Iberian Peninsula was known for its abundant resources even before the Romans and grew more than the rest of the European areas. “It grows even more in the 9th-10th century, being the richest area in the 10th century and this growth is never stopped. Christian gains must be understood by this growth.” To this we must add a series of "favorable circumstances", among them their stable monarchies, with the kingdom of Castile and Aragon "very organized, composed of a warrior society with warriors who were created in the border struggle". Portugal, for its part, seeks above all “control of the Atlantic, where it has invested heavily, and allows it to conquer a position of global leadership, especially in what will later be called Brazil”. In the distribution of the new lands, other western European kingdoms are excluded for various reasons”, as can be seen by the thousands of famines in northern Europe, by the countless migrations from northern Europe to Portuguese territory over almost every century, in the last thousands of years and, finally, by the large number of monuments, documents, churches and castles that exist in much greater numbers in the Iberian Peninsula. The so-called Great Famine was restricted to northern Europe, including the British Isles, northern France, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Germany and western Poland. In the north, crops were very often destroyed by cold weather, rain, hail and frost. The famine was limited to the south by the Alps and the Pyrenees. Famines were familiar occurrences in medieval Europe. Localized famines occurred in the Kingdom of France during the 14th century in 1304, 1305, 1310, 1315-1317 (the Great Famine), 1330-1334, 1349-1351, 1358-1360, 1371, 1374-1375, and 1390. England, there were additional famines in 1321, 1351 and 1369. Even King Edward II himself in 1315 could not get bread. But it was in Scandinavia that famines were more intense and constant, the cold climate and low light made famines prevail over time. That's why they were forced to risk their lives in stormy seas to steal from other peoples in order to survive, living with the limitations and uncertainties that war always determines. Hence the lack of monuments and constructions of the time, because only a society with resources that guarantee food, with a stable agriculture, peace and confidence in the future, can achieve this. There is still great confusion about this, due to what was romanticized and fictionalized, or just built more recently, at the end of the 19th century but described as medieval. The truth of northern European reality has been transformed into fictional tales about princes and princesses wrapped in wealth, but the documentary and monumental truth is completely different. Furthermore, the Nazi office of falsification of historical facts, manipulated the Nordic weakness to appear as "superior to everything". Added to this is the poverty caused by the endless wars over territorial limits that destroyed and ruined the resources of European countries, but which in Portugal no longer existed (*with rare exceptions), as Portugal was the first country in Europe to have its border limits demarcated . Hence the Lusitanian nation, with a stable present, turned to the future and looked to the unknown world, to the sea beyond and how to create and develop the technological and scientific means to get there. There is positional and internal organization so that the countries of the peninsula have an undisputed hegemony. In Iberia, the climate was warm, mild, the region was diverse and crossed by countless rivers that irrigated the land and served as transport routes, connecting and transporting the economy of this region full of varied resources, from the sea rich in fish, to to the interior of the Iberian Peninsula and vice versa. In addition, agriculture evolved a lot, with the introduction of new Arab cultivation and irrigation techniques, hitherto unknown in Europe. The great scientific, technical, maritime and human development that Portugal created to travel around the world and beyond, was prepared over the centuries and that is why Portugal made Europe rich and developed, changing its small, poor, closed, in the medieval era, on the continent that lead the world to this day. D. Dinis established a centralizing policy, articulated with important economic promotion actions, such as the creation of numerous municipalities and fairs. He ordered the exploitation of copper, silver, tin and iron mines and organized the export of surplus production to other European countries. Foreign trade - Cereal production soon surpasses domestic consumption and Portugal becomes an exporting kingdom, establishing commercial relations with ports in Catalonia, Brittany, Flanders and England, signing the first commercial treaty with Edward II of England in 1308. Wine, olive oil, salt, salted fish and dried fruit are also exported to these ports. Even abroad, Portuguese merchants began to gain privileges: Philip IV of France donated privileges to Portuguese merchants on two occasions, in 1290 and in 1310, on this date specifically to the merchants of Harfleur. Once the Reconquest was concluded, Dinis I of Portugal became interested in foreign trade, organizing exports to European countries. In 1293 he instituted the so-called Bolsa dos Mercadores, a maritime insurance fund for the numerous Portuguese merchants residing in the County of Flanders, who paid certain sums according to tonnage, which reverted to their benefit if necessary. Algarve wine and chestnuts were sold in Flanders and England, salt from the Lisbon, Setúbal and Aveiro regions were profitable exports to Northern Europe, as were leather and Kermes, a scarlet dye. Internal trade - This commercial increase resulted in an increase in the number of fairs. Dinis continues his father's impulse in this field: the regions of Entre Douro e Minho, Beira and Alentejo were covered with fairs, namely tax free fairs, that is, fairs with privileges and exemptions. To avoid dependence on neighboring states for the transport of goods, he ordered the construction of ships in the kingdom's shipyards. The country claims leadership in trade between the North Atlantic and the South and therefore, the king lays the foundations for the construction of innovative ships, which combine the characteristics of resistant Atlantic ships, with the lightness and versatility of navigability in the Mediterranean. Foreign sailors even came to combine specific knowledge of their maritime regions, with what Portuguese specialists and researchers were looking for and this is how the Genoese Manuel Pessanha is attributed the position of admiral as a privilege, founding a true Portuguese navy at the service of the Crown and the Kingdom. He pursued relevant judicial reforms, instituted the Portuguese language as the official language of the court, created one of the first European Universities, freed the Military Orders in the national territory from foreign influences and continued to systematically increase royal centralism. In a time of national affirmation of economic prosperity and peace led by a king with an administrative and economic vocation, it would confirm the continuation of the use of new money as opposed to old money. There is also a novelty in a silver alloy coin, with its name Tornes. This coin is a reflection of the success of the coin in France and a sign of growing trade in Europe. It was also a credibility mechanism showing that there was good silver currency in Portugal. A monarch more devoted to economics and the arts than to war, he developed a policy of monetary stability and boosted the economy, especially agriculture. He promoted the extraction of various minerals, the creation of fairs and the development of the navy. "In these lands, countless knights from France became residents, who integrated themselves into local life. Their descendants, already assumed themselves completely as Portuguese". During his reign, D. Dinis founded 44 villages throughout his kingdom, including the village of Atouguia. In them he built and repaired his castles. He created one of the top 3 universities in Europe, the University of Coimbra / Lisbon. Cultivated and curious about letters and science, he would have stimulated the translation into Portuguese of many important works, among them the treatises of his grandfather Afonso X, the Wise. In this way, his Court was one of the greatest literary centers in Europe.
The sea or „the unkown“ to the rest of the world was discovered by us and will always be, portuguese. You can take the land, but the sea belongs to us because it is full of our tears. That where shed by the brave portuguese navigators who sang the fado on their ships.
I agree, but there's one other similar one, albeit a variation & in my mind more interesting as well, that has been uttered here & there: "I wonder if Portugal is what the sea doesn't want". As if though saying, in a fatalist tone, that we are merely its leftovers, still clinging to return to the original resting place, long cast out from it - an obvious & romantic reference to Atlantis of course.
@@SylvaHodracyrda ohhh...no you didnt!!Thats a very deep rabbit hole, that very few seem to be available (or capable) to embark on!!I have yet to explore the full extension of your channel content since i just came across with it today....but i already like the flexibility and open mindness!!
Boa tarde. Tudo bonito, mas a travessia do Atlântico era feita com naus, não caravelas que não aguentavam a viagem. Ainda assim, houve português que conseguiu atravessar o Índico rumo à metrópole numa pequena fusta.
It's great that Garret Mc Namara got the distinction! It's shows (and says) a lot of the Portuguese spirit, who have never been afraid of recognising others achivements. We Portuguese, although proud of our culture, roots and history, are not very self-centered (etno-centered). ps btw, all Portuguese surfers (and fisherman), knew that this wave was there, Garret came with a all logistic set, so he showed how to get in there. And he started by helicopter!
Se mais Brasileiros soubessem as suas origens...Portugal mudou o mundo! Os Bravos Portugueses são subestimados até por seus colonizados, fruta da falta de cultura e do Marxismo cultural, que insiste em diminuir feitos!
@@jvcardoso1997- O João Vitor Teixeira Cardoso como descendente de povos Tupinambás conquistados então por um Portugal imperialista, tem toda a razão em mostrar repúdio pela afirmação do Daniel (??)
On the ends of the ocean, the mostrengo took flight in the dark of the night Around the caravel he flew three times Three times he flew, all the while screeching: "Who is the one who dares to enter in my lair, place I do not reveal my light-less end-of-the-world lair?" And the helman shook al over and said: "El-Rei Dom João Segundo!" "Whose are these sails I brush against? » Whose this keel, I see and hear?" Said the mostrengo. turning three times, Three time he turned, filthy, "Who comes with power that is mine alone, I, who dwell in a place unseen And drain the fears on the depthless sea?" And the helman trembled and said: "El-Rei Dom João Segundo!" Three times the helman stretched his hands, three times they returned to the helm, And said, as he trembled three times: "Here at the helm it is much more than me: ; I am a People who wants your sea And, more than the mostrengo, whom my soul fears, and turns, in the shadows of the end-of-the-world, reigns the will, the will that ties me to the helm, of El-Rei Dom João Segundo!"
" *classic trading - wrote: gama a cruel Christian missionary landed in india 1498. but resistant of navy chief naned marakkar cannot able to looting around 10 years in india* " Vasco da Gama was not a missionary... recently I'm seeing a *LOT of lies* in India newspapers and youtube videos about Christianity in India.
What do you expect? Three generations after the British left India, it's still a Third World shithole because the native median IQ is ~80, the same level as African Americans. Catholic Goans, on average, are more educated and richer than other Indians. It's why Indians from other states can't stop flooding into Goa and then lying about being native Goans. The genetic inability to equal Catholic Goan society, let alone Catholic Portuguese society, has led to a lot of envy and resentment among Hindus.
@@76456Albuquerque wasn't a Christian missionary either. He conquered Goa in 1510 at the invitation of the local Hindus, who hated being under Muslim rule.
He didn't do what Cristóvão Colombo try to do. It was meant to be that way. Its Said that in one of the Voyage of Exploration to Africa they went further west because of strong Winds and Storms reaching Brasil by chance or some say they already knew that there was land to west following the sea currents near the Equator. Also its strange why the kingdom of Portugal when discussing the :Tratado de Tordesilhas" decided to stretch more 200 leagues( maybe isn't correct info) west of Cape Verde to keep Brasil and also maintain the trade with the only "Real" India. Did you notice that all the lands Cristóvão Colombo "discovered" were named after towns and villages near Cuba(supposedlyis place of birth( name Salvador (???) Zarco. The Alentejo is limited north by the River Tejo( Tagus) and below by the Algarve)^
@@argiberico There is a lot of circunstancial evidence to support it. He was taught how to navigate in Portugal for one, something that the Portuguese Crown decreed ilegal to do so, schooling foreigners on how to sail. The Portuguese Crown was so radical about this that, at one point, king Dom Manuel I after learning a Portuguese sold his caravel ship to a foreigner, for matters of trade, ordered his burning at the sake. The fact that Colombo's wife was a Portuguese noblewoman is also rather telling, considering he was, officially, no one of noble ascendancy. The Portuguese nobility was highly selective in that regard, even with nationals, let alone with a nobody from the outside. Another very interesting one is of how his letters in Italian portray Portuguese mannerisms: imagine someone speaking Italian with a Portuguese accent, that's how his spelling often comes across. To be fair, one could argue this could be because he spent 10 years sailing with the Portuguese, that, again, his wife was Portuguese, but the argument then just circles around to the same point: something Portuguese here, something Portuguese there. There are whole books and very well thought of articles with countless of other circunstancial motives as to why he would've been from Portugal - and actually called 'Colon' by the way, not 'Colombo'. Even with his name we have issues, historically speaking.
@@SylvaHodracyrda yea, I speal Spanish and I know how we promounce it. If he was Pt born and bred, why on earth would he have an Italian accent? Marrying a Portuguese noble woman why serving the Pt crown is not surprising. John Cabot (read 'Giovanni Cabotto') is better known in Bristol than in Venice, where he was native to. English ppl don´t claim he was on of his. 'Arigato' most likely doesn't come from 'obrigado'. Get over it.
@@argiberico At first, I was confused as to why would you feel annoyed about what I just said, going as far as to the extreme of making a point with regards to something I never brought up. Then I noticed you're from Spain. I get it.
And, he did a bit of 'Crusading', by capturing a ship full of Muslims in the Indian Ocean bound for Mecca, locking them in the hold, and burning the ship.
Somos o país mais civilizado do mundo. Só os roedentes irracionais, que não passam de excrementos do longo processo de evolução to homem superior poderão discordar.
Without Bartolomeo Dias , Vasco de Gama will be nothing, he found a route to India , he never all the way due to exhaustion or whatever reason , he laid the very foundation and early discovery of a seas route to india.
Just like Bartolomeu Dias couldn't have reached the cape without the work of his predecessors either. The whole thing was a collective effort, don't turn it into a competition between people who worked for it TOGETHER.
@@SylvaHodracyrda I think merits should be given to those who deserved it , and I think Vasco de gama basically just sits on his ship all waythe thru india. the point here is Bartholomeo Dias found the cape of good hope(mossel bay) and Covilha went to india for reconnaissance mission thru the red sea and arabian peninsula way before Vasco de gama .
true, until the Portuguese colonized Indonesia for 86 years to get the spices .. a lot of oppression happened, but that's in the past. we will not forget the pain our ancestors experienced
Nothing to apologise for we came and conquered because that was the way of life back then. Can you please expand on the more recent massacres and brutal oppression committed against the people of East Timor in modern times?
@Pudidi * You really want to talk about oppressing others? Are you really sure? Because i remember very well what you people did to the *TIMORENSES!* Do you want me to say the word of what you did to those people, do you? 😡 You talk about oppressing that happened 500 years ago but I bet you do not talk about the oppression you committed recently against the *TIMOR* people don't you! We use to say that some people If they we're shut up their were great poets for sure. *(CERTAS PESSOAS SE ESTIVESSEM CALADAS SERIAM GRANDES POETAS COM TODA A CERTEZA)* e tu és umas dessas pessoas!
Oh yeah, Portugal, the viceroyalties, the conquest os empires, the Pacific, the pieces of eight, the Europe hegemonic, portuguese Castela King..oh, wait a moment..
Meet Duarte Pacheco Pereira, ‘the Portuguese Achilles’; meet Pedro Álvares Cabral, who razed Calicut in 1500; meet Dom Lourenço de Almeida & his father, Dom Francisco de Almeida, the victors on the battles of Cannanore (1506) & Diu (1509); meet Afonso de Albuquerque, ‘the Portuguese Mars’ - this last one should not require any introduction whatsoever. These and others of such men raged havoc in India & beyond during the period of ten years you speak of, including Vasco da Gama as well.
@@SylvaHodracyrda you mean they kicked Ottoman buts during a war that lasted 60 years ...lol...Portuguese were saints if you compared them with Attila, Gengis Khan, Timur...and dozens of others...lol
Stop lying, Hindu. Vasco da Gama wasn't a Christian missionary, and the Portuguese had plenty of local collaborators in Kerala. Read a book instead of getting your history education from movies like Urumi.
The first __global in terms of their known world ie circumnavigated Africa 600 BC__ sea power in terms of trade dominance, marine technology and media __alphabet and papyrus__ were the Phoenicians .. there is no doubt about this
«There is no doubt about this». Says who? It’s not exactly something I see historians arguing about. If we’re discussing the existence of other sea powers is one thing, naturally there has been several countless others prior to this period. «Global in terms of their known world». You’re talking semantics, doesn’t work that way. In fact, historically speaking, and from an academic standard point, it’s both dishonest and inappropriate. “Here’s the 1st global sea power (in terms of their known world); and further ahead we find here the 1st global sea power (in terms of the actual world).” How would you look at that and manage to make any sense whatsoever?
you mean Ahmet Muhiddin Piri, he wrote it, how he made his map , by using maps from several sources...According to his imprinting text, he had drawn his maps using about 20 foreign charts and mappae mundi (Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and Greek) including one by Christopher Columbus, so he just used other sailor maps to make his one
Piri reis map was copied by portuguese maps mostly. And piri reis is a portuguese name by the way not turkish that shows even more how strong the link to portuguese maps where.
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«Portuguese Asia was not a purely mercantile venture like the British settlements in India. The Portuguese who discovered the sea-route to Asia, who established fortresses from the Persian Gulf to the Straits of Malacca & beyond, who built Goa [...], were a totally different class of people from the directors, the shareholders, & the employees of the East India Company. They were romantics, crusaders, conquistadors, as well as traders, while the members of the East India Company, coming on the scene a century later, were modern business men whose whole aim was dividends.
Taking a broad view, the Portuguese irruption into Asia was the culmination of the long struggle against the Moors at home.
From the tenth to the fifteenth century the Iberian peninsula was the scene of three thousand seven hundred battles, so it is computed, between its Christian tribes & the Arabian Emirs.
In the course of those unending wars the Portuguese & the Spaniards emerged as nations.
[...]. So lengthy a struggle, far from leaving the Iberians exhausted, seems to have invigorated them.
When the Mohammedan power was overthrown in the Peninsula, instead of settling down & developing their country, they found themselves so overflowing with energy that they set sail across the oceans, [...].
[...] [Mr. Arnold Toynbee] sums up their place in history thus, referring, of course, to both Portuguese & Spaniards:
“These Iberian pioneers of Western Christendom performed an unparalleled service for the civilization which they represented. They expanded the horizon, & thereby potentially the domain, of our Western Society from an obscure corner of the Old World until it came to embrace all the habitable lands & navigable seas on the surface of the planet. It is owing to this Iberian energy & enterprise that Western Christendom has grown, [...], until it has become ‘the Great Society’; a tree in which all the nations of the world have come & lodged. This latter-day Westernized World is the peculiar achievement of Western Christendom’s Iberian pioneers.”
Portuguese Asia was the seed from which grew the British Dominion in Asia.
Portuguese ascendancy lasted a century & a quarter, say, from 1500 to 1625.
After a period when the Dutch, the British, & the French fought each other for first place, the British attained it after Plassey. Their dominion in turn is now passing away, possibly to be absorbed into a world dominion of a Western type.
That the Portuguese conceived of their drive eastward as a continuation of the crusade against the Moors is very clear from the opening paragraph of Faria y Sousa’s ‘Portuguese Asia’; published in 1666:
“Like an Impetuous Torrent did the Mohametans spread themselves over the Lesser Asia, after the Catholic arms had expelled them our Provinces,” he writes, referring to the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 & to their threatened invasion of Austria.
“The Christian Princes, busied in destroying each other, looked on their Progress, without attempting to put any stop to this Current; when the Kings of Portugal, as the first who had shaken off themselves the Burthen of these Barbarians, & the first who passed over to crush them in Africk (obeying the Decrees of Heaven which required it) undertook to be the first to stop their proceedings in Asia.”
In Asia all trade to Europe was under the control of the Muslim Sultans through whose kingdoms it passed.
Europe’s imports from India, China, & the Islands came overland from the Persian Gulf & paid toll.
The Turks, & Islam in general, would be harder hit by breaking that monopoly than they would be by a defeat in the field.
That was the practical idea behind the Portuguese attempt to find a sea-route to India & the Far East.
And, of course, while the loss of the monopoly of the eastern trade would damage Turkish finances, its transfer to Portugal would enormously increase the resources of that kingdom.
[...]. To get the trade, the Portuguese would not only have to open the Cape route, but also fight the Mohammedans, who carried goods by sea to the Persian Gulf.
But since the days of Roland & Roncesvalles, Islam had been the mortal enemy of the Christian Church.
That now sufficed for a casus belli.
Accordingly, King Dom Manuel I of Portugal was able to procure from Pope Alexander VI, the Borgia whose brutal face as depicted by Pinturicchio & carved by Caravaggio is so familiar to us, a Bull, dated 1494, granting him title to all the lands which might be discovered east of a line drawn north & south at a distance of 370 miles from the coast of Europe.
Eight years later, after Vasco da Gama had returned from his voyage to India, the same Pope allowed the King to style himself ‘Lord of the Navigation, Conquest & Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, & India’.
[...] The romantic or chivalric aspect of the Portuguese incursion was very notable.
The leaders were all aristocrats. They considered themselves knights fighting in a grand emprise.
In 1500, the year from which their eastern adventures may be roundly dated, knight-errantry was already somewhat old-fashioned.
[...] Chivalry remained a factor in their policy after it had disappeared from France and England. [...].
[...] could not have happened had the Portuguese aristocrats not conceived of themselves as paladins.
The characters in ‘Orlando Furioso’, published by Ariosto in 1516, were not unlike them.
This romantic epic corresponded to a Renaissance tapestry, but in Portugal might well have seemed a transcript from contemporary life.
Its hero, Roland, who had been dead seven hundred years, behaved as did the mad [Portuguese] knights who were to follow [...].
Its opening verse would have sounded like a trumpet for the men who sailed in 1497 against the Moors of Asia:
“Of Loves & Ladies, Knights & Arms, I sing,
Of Courtesies, & many a Daring Feat;
And from those ancient days my story bring,
When Moors from Africk passed in hostile fleet,
And ravaged France, with Agramant their king,
Flushed with his youthful rage & furious heat,
Who on king Charles’, the Roman emperor’s head
Had vowed due vengeance for Troyano dead.”
This analogy between the ‘Orlando Furioso’ & the state of mind of the Portuguese who sailed to Asia is not fanciful, for their exploits were celebrated by Camoens in his epic ‘Os Lusíadas’, written in 1556, in a style not unlike that in which Ariosto describes the exploits of Roland.
Take this verse from Canto X, where the poet hails Afonso de Albuquerque’s capture of Goa from the Mohammedans in 1510:
“What glorious palms on Goa’s isle I see,
Their blossoms spread, great Albuquerque, for thee!
Through castled walls the hero breaks his way,
And opens with his sword the dread array
Of Moors & pagans; through their depth he rides,
Through spears & show’ring fire the battle guides.
As bulls enrag’d, or lions smear’d with gore,
His bands sweep wide o’er Goa’s purpled shore.”»
- Maurice Stewart Collis, 1942.
Portugal was one of the richest and most developed nations in Europe at the time of king Dom Dinis (1261-1325), the vision and entrepreneurial capacity allowed the royal treasury to dispose of funds to make loans to its neighboring kings, as documented in the chronicles: of Aragon and the King of Castile. It also allowed him to be generous in the gifts he made whenever he went on diplomatic missions.
Numerous Europeans, coming from France, England, Italy, Germany and other places, came to live in Portugal, taking advantage of the dynamism that the king gave and due to the more favorable and abundant situation in Portugal.
The Iberian Peninsula was known for its abundant resources even before the Romans and grew more than the rest of the European areas. “It grows even more in the 9th-10th century, being the richest area in the 10th century and this growth is never stopped. Christian gains must be understood by this growth.” To this we must add a series of "favorable circumstances", among them their stable monarchies, with the kingdom of Castile and Aragon "very organized, composed of a warrior society with warriors who were created in the border struggle". Portugal, for its part, seeks above all “control of the Atlantic, where it has invested heavily, and allows it to conquer a position of global leadership, especially in what will later be called Brazil”.
In the distribution of the new lands, other western European kingdoms are excluded for various reasons”, as can be seen by the thousands of famines in northern Europe, by the countless migrations from northern Europe to Portuguese territory over almost every century, in the last thousands of years and, finally, by the large number of monuments, documents, churches and castles that exist in much greater numbers in the Iberian Peninsula.
The so-called Great Famine was restricted to northern Europe, including the British Isles, northern France, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Germany and western Poland. In the north, crops were very often destroyed by cold weather, rain, hail and frost. The famine was limited to the south by the Alps and the Pyrenees. Famines were familiar occurrences in medieval Europe. Localized famines occurred in the Kingdom of France during the 14th century in 1304, 1305, 1310, 1315-1317 (the Great Famine), 1330-1334, 1349-1351, 1358-1360, 1371, 1374-1375, and 1390. England, there were additional famines in 1321, 1351 and 1369. Even King Edward II himself in 1315 could not get bread. But it was in Scandinavia that famines were more intense and constant, the cold climate and low light made famines prevail over time. That's why they were forced to risk their lives in stormy seas to steal from other peoples in order to survive, living with the limitations and uncertainties that war always determines. Hence the lack of monuments and constructions of the time, because only a society with resources that guarantee food, with a stable agriculture, peace and confidence in the future, can achieve this.
There is still great confusion about this, due to what was romanticized and fictionalized, or just built more recently, at the end of the 19th century but described as medieval. The truth of northern European reality has been transformed into fictional tales about princes and princesses wrapped in wealth, but the documentary and monumental truth is completely different. Furthermore, the Nazi office of falsification of historical facts, manipulated the Nordic weakness to appear as "superior to everything".
Added to this is the poverty caused by the endless wars over territorial limits that destroyed and ruined the resources of European countries, but which in Portugal no longer existed (*with rare exceptions), as Portugal was the first country in Europe to have its border limits demarcated . Hence the Lusitanian nation, with a stable present, turned to the future and looked to the unknown world, to the sea beyond and how to create and develop the technological and scientific means to get there.
There is positional and internal organization so that the countries of the peninsula have an undisputed hegemony. In Iberia, the climate was warm, mild, the region was diverse and crossed by countless rivers that irrigated the land and served as transport routes, connecting and transporting the economy of this region full of varied resources, from the sea rich in fish, to to the interior of the Iberian Peninsula and vice versa. In addition, agriculture evolved a lot, with the introduction of new Arab cultivation and irrigation techniques, hitherto unknown in Europe.
The great scientific, technical, maritime and human development that Portugal created to travel around the world and beyond, was prepared over the centuries and that is why Portugal made Europe rich and developed, changing its small, poor, closed, in the medieval era, on the continent that lead the world to this day.
D. Dinis established a centralizing policy, articulated with important economic promotion actions, such as the creation of numerous municipalities and fairs.
He ordered the exploitation of copper, silver, tin and iron mines and organized the export of surplus production to other European countries.
Foreign trade - Cereal production soon surpasses domestic consumption and Portugal becomes an exporting kingdom, establishing commercial relations with ports in Catalonia, Brittany, Flanders and England, signing the first commercial treaty with Edward II of England in 1308. Wine, olive oil, salt, salted fish and dried fruit are also exported to these ports. Even abroad, Portuguese merchants began to gain privileges: Philip IV of France donated privileges to Portuguese merchants on two occasions, in 1290 and in 1310, on this date specifically to the merchants of Harfleur.
Once the Reconquest was concluded, Dinis I of Portugal became interested in foreign trade, organizing exports to European countries. In 1293 he instituted the so-called Bolsa dos Mercadores, a maritime insurance fund for the numerous Portuguese merchants residing in the County of Flanders, who paid certain sums according to tonnage, which reverted to their benefit if necessary. Algarve wine and chestnuts were sold in Flanders and England, salt from the Lisbon, Setúbal and Aveiro regions were profitable exports to Northern Europe, as were leather and Kermes, a scarlet dye.
Internal trade - This commercial increase resulted in an increase in the number of fairs. Dinis continues his father's impulse in this field: the regions of Entre Douro e Minho, Beira and Alentejo were covered with fairs, namely tax free fairs, that is, fairs with privileges and exemptions.
To avoid dependence on neighboring states for the transport of goods, he ordered the construction of ships in the kingdom's shipyards. The country claims leadership in trade between the North Atlantic and the South and therefore, the king lays the foundations for the construction of innovative ships, which combine the characteristics of resistant Atlantic ships, with the lightness and versatility of navigability in the Mediterranean. Foreign sailors even came to combine specific knowledge of their maritime regions, with what Portuguese specialists and researchers were looking for and this is how the Genoese Manuel Pessanha is attributed the position of admiral as a privilege, founding a true Portuguese navy at the service of the Crown and the Kingdom.
He pursued relevant judicial reforms, instituted the Portuguese language as the official language of the court, created one of the first European Universities, freed the Military Orders in the national territory from foreign influences and continued to systematically increase royal centralism.
In a time of national affirmation of economic prosperity and peace led by a king with an administrative and economic vocation, it would confirm the continuation of the use of new money as opposed to old money. There is also a novelty in a silver alloy coin, with its name Tornes. This coin is a reflection of the success of the coin in France and a sign of growing trade in Europe. It was also a credibility mechanism showing that there was good silver currency in Portugal.
A monarch more devoted to economics and the arts than to war, he developed a policy of monetary stability and boosted the economy, especially agriculture. He promoted the extraction of various minerals, the creation of fairs and the development of the navy. "In these lands, countless knights from France became residents, who integrated themselves into local life. Their descendants, already assumed themselves completely as Portuguese".
During his reign, D. Dinis founded 44 villages throughout his kingdom, including the village of Atouguia. In them he built and repaired his castles. He created one of the top 3 universities in Europe, the University of Coimbra / Lisbon.
Cultivated and curious about letters and science, he would have stimulated the translation into Portuguese of many important works, among them the treatises of his grandfather Afonso X, the Wise. In this way, his Court was one of the greatest literary centers in Europe.
So you say they are pirates
Portugal you mean the rulers. Not the ppl.
This is the fleet of the King of Portugal my sovereign, who is the Lord of the Sea, the World and also of YOU.
-Vasco da Gama to an Indian Raja
I saw that video by Flash Point History, and made the exact same comment on one of his videos.
Muito obrigada pelo vídeo!!
Sou uma portuguesa com muita honra e orgulho da minha pátria!!!
pirate
The sea or „the unkown“ to the rest of the world was discovered by us and will always be, portuguese. You can take the land, but the sea belongs to us because it is full of our tears. That where shed by the brave portuguese navigators who sang the fado on their ships.
Muito bem dito.
Beautiful comment
It is also full of tears from slaves, whom your people brought in by the millions
@@capoislamort100 Yes is true we brougth millions of slaves from Africa. But you are mistaken if you think that was us who enslave them
@leandrorodrigues, ou seja um "*mare clausum"* português, ideológico e oriundo do pensamento de Hugo Grotius?
Ou mare liberum?
Portugal y España llevamos civilización y progreso a medio mundo. Fuerza iberica
Muito obrigado pela partilha. Magnifico canal e magníficos vídeos, na criação e divulgação. Obrigado também pela abertura de comentários.
We have a say in our country!!
"We are the sea"
...deadly and sacred at the same time!!Its a very unique relationship.
I agree, but there's one other similar one, albeit a variation & in my mind more interesting as well, that has been uttered here & there:
"I wonder if Portugal is what the sea doesn't want".
As if though saying, in a fatalist tone, that we are merely its leftovers, still clinging to return to the original resting place, long cast out from it - an obvious & romantic reference to Atlantis of course.
@@SylvaHodracyrda ohhh...no you didnt!!Thats a very deep rabbit hole, that very few seem to be available (or capable) to embark on!!I have yet to explore the full extension of your channel content since i just came across with it today....but i already like the flexibility and open mindness!!
the hands of the knits Templar were behind that will, Prince Henry was a Templar himself, and he was also head of the priorate of Sian
Heróis do mar, os inimigos estremecem em medo ao ver as caravelas com a cruz de cristo surgindo das grandes ondas do atlântico.
Boa tarde. Tudo bonito, mas a travessia do Atlântico era feita com naus, não caravelas que não aguentavam a viagem. Ainda assim, houve português que conseguiu atravessar o Índico rumo à metrópole numa pequena fusta.
@@SylvaHodracyrda Com que barco é que os portugueses foram de Olhão ao Brasil ? Dá bem para perceber a coragem, dos portugueses, no domínio do mar.
It's great that Garret Mc Namara got the distinction! It's shows (and says) a lot of the Portuguese spirit, who have never been afraid of recognising others achivements. We Portuguese, although proud of our culture, roots and history, are not very self-centered (etno-centered).
ps btw, all Portuguese surfers (and fisherman), knew that this wave was there, Garret came with a all logistic set, so he showed how to get in there. And he started by helicopter!
Se mais Brasileiros soubessem as suas origens...Portugal mudou o mundo! Os Bravos Portugueses são subestimados até por seus colonizados, fruta da falta de cultura e do Marxismo cultural, que insiste em diminuir feitos!
Parabéns! Você acabou de falar merda com muita convicção!
^q comentário útil.
@@jvcardoso1997 quanta ignorância. Diz-se que os maiores burros são os que não sabem que são burros
@@jvcardoso1997 presumo que você deve ser o inteligente aqui não é? Oh querido, tome um chá, não se enerve.
@@jvcardoso1997- O João Vitor Teixeira Cardoso como descendente de povos Tupinambás conquistados então por um Portugal imperialista, tem toda a razão em mostrar repúdio pela afirmação do Daniel (??)
Great video, thanks!
⛵️🍅🙌🏼
On the ends of the ocean, the mostrengo
took flight in the dark of the night
Around the caravel he flew three times
Three times he flew, all the while screeching:
"Who is the one who dares to enter
in my lair, place I do not reveal
my light-less end-of-the-world lair?"
And the helman shook al over and said:
"El-Rei Dom João Segundo!"
"Whose are these sails I brush against?
»
Whose this keel, I see and hear?"
Said the mostrengo. turning three times,
Three time he turned, filthy,
"Who comes with power that is mine alone,
I, who dwell in a place unseen
And drain the fears on the depthless sea?"
And the helman trembled and said:
"El-Rei Dom João Segundo!"
Three times the helman stretched his hands,
three times they returned to the helm,
And said, as he trembled three times:
"Here at the helm it is much more than me:
;
I am a People who wants your sea
And, more than the mostrengo, whom my soul fears,
and turns, in the shadows of the end-of-the-world,
reigns the will, the will that ties me to the helm,
of El-Rei Dom João Segundo!"
" *classic trading
- wrote: gama a cruel Christian missionary landed in india 1498. but resistant of navy chief naned marakkar cannot able to looting around 10 years in india* "
Vasco da Gama was not a missionary... recently I'm seeing a *LOT of lies* in India newspapers and youtube videos about Christianity in India.
Vascoda Gama did nothinh of that, it was Afonso de Albuquerque o did the bad thingsbin 1501
e as mentiras que os portugueses dizem no youtube? E aqueles??
What do you expect? Three generations after the British left India, it's still a Third World shithole because the native median IQ is ~80, the same level as African Americans. Catholic Goans, on average, are more educated and richer than other Indians. It's why Indians from other states can't stop flooding into Goa and then lying about being native Goans. The genetic inability to equal Catholic Goan society, let alone Catholic Portuguese society, has led to a lot of envy and resentment among Hindus.
@@76456Albuquerque wasn't a Christian missionary either. He conquered Goa in 1510 at the invitation of the local Hindus, who hated being under Muslim rule.
Legendas em português , por favor !... 🙏
aprenda inglês, estamos em 2022
He didn't do what Cristóvão Colombo try to do. It was meant to be that way. Its Said that in one of the Voyage of Exploration to Africa they went further west because of strong Winds and Storms reaching Brasil by chance or some say they already knew that there was land to west following the sea currents near the Equator. Also its strange why the kingdom of Portugal when discussing the :Tratado de Tordesilhas" decided to stretch more 200 leagues( maybe isn't correct info) west of Cape Verde to keep Brasil and also maintain the trade with the only "Real" India. Did you notice that all the lands Cristóvão Colombo "discovered" were named after towns and villages near Cuba(supposedlyis place of birth( name Salvador (???) Zarco. The Alentejo is limited north by the River Tejo( Tagus) and below by the Algarve)^
Cristóvão Colombo was born in Cuba, South of Portugal, in Alentejo. That is why he gave that name to one of he islands.
This is interesting. Where did you get this information from? Bc Wikipedia says he´s from Genoa, ITaly
@@argiberico There is a lot of circunstancial evidence to support it. He was taught how to navigate in Portugal for one, something that the Portuguese Crown decreed ilegal to do so, schooling foreigners on how to sail. The Portuguese Crown was so radical about this that, at one point, king Dom Manuel I after learning a Portuguese sold his caravel ship to a foreigner, for matters of trade, ordered his burning at the sake.
The fact that Colombo's wife was a Portuguese noblewoman is also rather telling, considering he was, officially, no one of noble ascendancy. The Portuguese nobility was highly selective in that regard, even with nationals, let alone with a nobody from the outside.
Another very interesting one is of how his letters in Italian portray Portuguese mannerisms: imagine someone speaking Italian with a Portuguese accent, that's how his spelling often comes across.
To be fair, one could argue this could be because he spent 10 years sailing with the Portuguese, that, again, his wife was Portuguese, but the argument then just circles around to the same point: something Portuguese here, something Portuguese there.
There are whole books and very well thought of articles with countless of other circunstancial motives as to why he would've been from Portugal - and actually called 'Colon' by the way, not 'Colombo'.
Even with his name we have issues, historically speaking.
@@SylvaHodracyrda yea, I speal Spanish and I know how we promounce it. If he was Pt born and bred, why on earth would he have an Italian accent?
Marrying a Portuguese noble woman why serving the Pt crown is not surprising. John Cabot (read 'Giovanni Cabotto') is better known in Bristol than in Venice, where he was native to. English ppl don´t claim he was on of his.
'Arigato' most likely doesn't come from 'obrigado'. Get over it.
@@argiberico At first, I was confused as to why would you feel annoyed about what I just said, going as far as to the extreme of making a point with regards to something I never brought up.
Then I noticed you're from Spain.
I get it.
@@SylvaHodracyrda mejor así. Gracias.
And, he did a bit of 'Crusading', by capturing a ship full of Muslims in the Indian Ocean bound for Mecca, locking them in the hold, and burning the ship.
Islam was the main enemy back then for the Portuguese crown, and the Christian Europe.. nothing new there..
Lol, Portugal was BUILT on waging war with the Muslims. You DO know that right?
Supper madam ur explanation
🇵🇹💪
Pela gloria.
Somos o país mais civilizado do mundo. Só os roedentes irracionais, que não passam de excrementos do longo processo de evolução to homem superior poderão discordar.
Without Bartolomeo Dias , Vasco de Gama will be nothing, he found a route to India , he never all the way due to exhaustion or whatever reason , he laid the very foundation and early discovery of a seas route to india.
Just like Bartolomeu Dias couldn't have reached the cape without the work of his predecessors either. The whole thing was a collective effort, don't turn it into a competition between people who worked for it TOGETHER.
@@SylvaHodracyrda I think merits should be given to those who deserved it , and I think Vasco de gama basically just sits on his ship all waythe thru india.
the point here is Bartholomeo Dias found the cape of good hope(mossel bay)
and Covilha went to india for reconnaissance mission thru the red sea and arabian peninsula way before Vasco de gama .
Again, you're turning this into a dumb competition between elements of the same faction, which makes no sense whatsoever.
Work on yourself.
true, until the Portuguese colonized Indonesia for 86 years to get the spices .. a lot of oppression happened, but that's in the past. we will not forget the pain our ancestors experienced
Good morning. If this accusation regarding oppression is in the past as you claim, where’s such resentment coming from? An oxymoron no less.
What "pain" did Europeans inflict on you that surpassed YOUR own government? Let go of the past, learn from it and advanced yourself.
Nothing to apologise for we came and conquered because that was the way of life back then.
Can you please expand on the more recent massacres and brutal oppression committed against the people of East Timor in modern times?
@Pudidi * You really want to talk about oppressing others? Are you really sure? Because i remember very well what you people did to the *TIMORENSES!* Do you want me to say the word of what you did to those people, do you? 😡
You talk about oppressing that happened 500 years ago but I bet you do not talk about the oppression you committed recently against the *TIMOR* people don't you!
We use to say that some people If they we're shut up their were great poets for sure.
*(CERTAS PESSOAS SE ESTIVESSEM CALADAS SERIAM GRANDES POETAS COM TODA A CERTEZA)* e tu és umas dessas pessoas!
If you have to go looking for oppression to borrow maybe you arent as oppressed as you think you are.
Wasting of 1st minute
Oh yeah, Portugal, the viceroyalties, the conquest os empires, the Pacific, the pieces of eight, the Europe hegemonic, portuguese Castela King..oh, wait a moment..
Oooohhhhh hermanito!! Tome um chá e tenha uma boa noite de sono que isso passa! 😂😂
Tranqui, chico. Nadie se va a olvidar de Castilla. Incluso....te escribo este mensaje en tu lengua para que no te sintas abandonado. :)
@@jeanlundi2141 sim, Castela está na história pelo extermínio dos Aztecas e dos Maias.. Ninguém esquecerá.. 😅😅
gama a cruel Christian missionary landed in india 1498. but resistant of navy chief naned marakkar cannot able to looting around 10 years in india.
Meet Duarte Pacheco Pereira, ‘the Portuguese Achilles’; meet Pedro Álvares Cabral, who razed Calicut in 1500; meet Dom Lourenço de Almeida & his father, Dom Francisco de Almeida, the victors on the battles of Cannanore (1506) & Diu (1509); meet Afonso de Albuquerque, ‘the Portuguese Mars’ - this last one should not require any introduction whatsoever.
These and others of such men raged havoc in India & beyond during the period of ten years you speak of, including Vasco da Gama as well.
@@SylvaHodracyrda you mean they kicked Ottoman buts during a war that lasted 60 years ...lol...Portuguese were saints if you compared them with Attila, Gengis Khan, Timur...and dozens of others...lol
White men bad reeeee...
Stop lying, Hindu. Vasco da Gama wasn't a Christian missionary, and the Portuguese had plenty of local collaborators in Kerala. Read a book instead of getting your history education from movies like Urumi.
The first __global in terms of their known world ie circumnavigated Africa 600 BC__ sea power in terms of trade dominance, marine technology and media __alphabet and papyrus__ were the Phoenicians .. there is no doubt about this
«There is no doubt about this».
Says who? It’s not exactly something I see historians arguing about. If we’re discussing the existence of other sea powers is one thing, naturally there has been several countless others prior to this period.
«Global in terms of their known world».
You’re talking semantics, doesn’t work that way.
In fact, historically speaking, and from an academic standard point, it’s both dishonest and inappropriate.
“Here’s the 1st global sea power (in terms of their known world); and further ahead we find here the 1st global sea power (in terms of the actual world).”
How would you look at that and manage to make any sense whatsoever?
He is lying bcoz ottomans had maps if americas as well
you mean Ahmet Muhiddin Piri, he wrote it, how he made his map , by using maps from several sources...According to his imprinting text, he had drawn his maps using about 20 foreign charts and mappae mundi (Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and Greek) including one by Christopher Columbus, so he just used other sailor maps to make his one
Piri reis map was copied by portuguese maps mostly. And piri reis is a portuguese name by the way not turkish that shows even more how strong the link to portuguese maps where.
@@JoaoMariaNunes Less honest barbarian
@@ThrE3-GeS No, the Arabs, hahahaha, the lies of the Berbers
Proof? No you have none.