BREAKING NEWS - Hidden Mayan Road Network Uncovered in Yucatan Rainforest Using Laser Technology
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- Опубликовано: 18 апр 2020
- Incredible revelations from the Yucatan over the last few years.
What an incredible time for Archaeology.
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April 19th. 5 years to the day since I boarded a plane to Honduras to live in a rural farming community for 10 weeks (cliche I know)
At the time I had very little clue what I wanted to do with my life besides vague plans to go into teaching. Which I would’ve hated.
10 weeks later I returned to the UK with 50,000 words of rambling prose and a slightly less vague plan for the future. Following the mantra of the great Carl Sagan ‘I Don’t Know Where I’m Going But I’m On My Way’ whilst dreaming of a career in history without having to babysit children.
Now 5 years later I get paid to write and make videos about history! Coincidentally I’ve just released an hour long doc on Honduran history incorporating a bunch of photographs I took when I was there.
Hope everyone is holding up alright in quarantine. It’s given me a chance to stop for once and take stock of how lucky I am
I’m sleep deprived and a bit tipsy but feeling extremely grateful at the moment!
Wow!
I chose the road that led to teaching, so I know what you mean. I really envy you mate, that’s for sure, but I’m also very happy for you!
Today....what would it be like with electricity...and running water with the population......very uniquic..wow...
Keep it up mate! Your content is phenomenal, cheers!
Thank you for such an interesting update on Maya archaeology. Much appreciated.
The Mayans built roads that have lasted for over a thousand of years. Meanwhile my state can't build a single road without potholes on them.
Yeah but there was never a society as advanced as us hahaha
Their roads didn't have hundreds of thousands of wheeled vehicles going over them every year.
@@Arkantos117 potholes are usually the result of erosion from rain. So it's not really the cars fault its just sub par asphalt.
Those Mayan Semi trucks weren’t as heavy back then.
Roman roads are still in existence today🤷 at least 2000 years old
Wonderful. I went to Mayan city while in Belize.Half of the ruins were still buried and the site was not opened, but the man was there acting as security for the site allowed me to follow him. Oh, it was beautiful and I took pictures that I still have today.
HOW MUCH YOU PAID THEM ?
The maya didn’t mysteriously disappear in the 9th century, that is a huge misconception, the maya were around for hundreds of years afterwards, and are still around today, around the 9th century the maya had a culture shift and migrated to the northern Yucatán, even cities mentioned in the video such as Chichen itza didn’t become as powerful until this migration occurred, after this migration, the pyramid of el Castillo was built, the maya lived in cities like these even when the Spanish arrived, and the maya were independent for longer than any other advanced pre Columbian civilization, they still had independent states for decades after Spanish Conquest began, the last maya kingdom remained until 1697 when the city of nojpeten was sieged by the Spanish
you wish
Anomnomys what do you mean you wish? Everything I said is historically correct lol
YaboiJ: THANK YOU ! Your revelation was MORE informative than the whole video !
Every time I hear a presenter bringing up human sacrifice over and over, it is directly linked to Catholic and Spanish misinformation.
The 20 days were all through the Americas, and are the jewel of scientific time keeping in the world today. They should be taught in elementary schools.
Its all hearsay unless you lived in that time 🙏
I have visited most of these sites 45 years ago and very few of them had been uncovered but a few great temples like Chichen itza and Teotihuacan. But now with new technology new settlements have been uncovered and restored by the locals with help from the Mexican government. Personally I would like to fully restore a complete settlement and stucco the full building to protect it from the acid rain so 800 years from now they would still tell the story of this great civilization.
Wow, so much has been discovered in the last 45 years since you had the chance to see those great sites. In the latest LIDAR scan in the Maya biosphere in the Peten region in Guatemala, absolutely stunning finds have come to light. I guess when you went to see Chichen Itza, El Mirador wasn't on anyone's radar, but now we know that 1,500 years before Chichen Itza, there were HUGE Maya cities way before it.
I'm reminded of a question that, when asked What is the Deepest one can go into the Dense Forest?
The answer is...
Halfway.
Then, you're on your way out.
When I was a small child, my father was hired by the Standard Fruit Company to assist in building a railway from the banana plantations to La Ceiba shipping port. We lived in La Ceiba from 1950 to 1953. My father enjoyed going out with the surveying crews to experience the jungle flora and fauna. He once told me that the crews often found ancient stone buildings overgrown with vegetation. They mapped the ruins and reported the finds to the local government, but were told the buildings weren't important, and they should just knock them down if they interfere with the railway. I cringe just thinking about it. Many archaeological sites were destroyed.
Our families might have known each other. My grandfather worked for Standard Fruit in La Ceiba, managing the dairy ranch called Miramar, from 1942 until the 80's. I wish I'd had the chance to know him.
@@TheTewjr They very well might have known each other. I was two years old when we arrived in Honduras, and we left when I was five. I have only vague memories of those years, and both of my parents and my siblings have passed, so I have nobody to ask. The only people I remember from that time is the nice couple who gave my kitty a home when we found out we couldn't take her back to the US with us. They lived on a farm outside of La Ceiba, and I believe their last name was Owens. Very kind people. Not sure what kind of farm it was.
@@colleenbendan3034 This is indeed a small world. My grandfather's name was Verl Owen. :-)
If your mother was a nurse, then my aunt remembers your family. The cat was named Cleopatra.
@@TheTewjr This is so amazing.... I have a box of things that belonged to my parents, pictures and cards from Honduras. I found among the cards a Christmas card from "Helen and Verl Owen:". My heart soars!! I have snapshots of this card now, and would love to share. Are you on Facebook / Messenger? I'd really like to be able to have private conversation with you.
1:23 ? The Maya rarely used metal. They prized green stone like jadeite and green obsidian.
There were many indigenous groups. Many used Gold and silver. The Maya traditionally didn't. It's just not that abundant in the Yucatan. Period.
Having been to the Yucatán 5 times & visited several ruined cities over the years, I have no doubt that due to the density of the forest lands, the next 100yrs could be spent excavating that section of the country without uncovering everything...not to mention the countries to the south.
in case you came here for "Mayan Road Network" just like me, start from 10:43. Do not thank me.
But thank you
...thanks
Thank you
Thanks lol
I insist sir. Thank you.
Good documentary, but recent excavations in The Mirador Basin, in Guatemala, have found these causeways (Sakbe) that are 800-1,000 years older than those in Coba. Maya archaelogy is on a turbo drive now with so much discoveries in the last 20 years.
I did an ancestry DNA test last year and it showed I was 54% Mayan (Guatemala). I wish we know more about these people.
A lot is known! You have to go digging to find the good stuff though, a lot of notions about the Maya in pop culture aren't really great. If you're down to read academic articles and things though, there's a ton to learn :)
@Stephen Hurd Well the Anglo Saxons were Germanic.
Thank you for this. I have long been a student of the Mayan and Inca culture(s). Incredible film and new knowledge.
@Stephen Hurd Strange thing to say Stephen.
I can't help but feel that 'breaking news' in the world of archaeology is similar to the sprint of a snail! :D
The perfect analogy!
Imagine how much money could have been saved had we had this technology 25 years ago.
I'd like to see new discoveries researched, analyzed and tested by 'hard science' people first and only after all their work was completed would archeologists/Egyptologists be allowed access to the work. Right now we have the opposite to the detriment of science...time for a change.
Last couple years seemed to be pretty eventful though!
Breaking news is a divulgation term, none archeologist would use it.
This kind of discoveries are the pieces of the puzzle.
@@christopher4098586 You find your self alone at most parties?
I worked with a friend years ago that was from Mexico.we were talking about the book I was reading about the Aztecs and there gold. I said, " Too bad that they didn't have the gold today. Mexico would be a lot different." He looked at me for a second and sent a shiver down my spine saying with a grin, "And that was only the gold that they found! "
@Master Smith what he was talking about was the fact that they are still discovering citys hidden go centurys. And that there could be treasure vaults all over Mexico. And that the people would be a lot better off.
I see ancient ruins from a lost civilization. I click.
This road is very important. “All roads lead to Coba.” Can you compare and contrast the roads of ancient Roma and the Mayans in more detail? Once more detail is known?
@rudiger891 being rude to people that you do not know just because you are at a safe distance is not bravery, it is cowardice. I suggest that you think about that before you make the mistake of taking that behavior into close quarters with other humans.
More informative than most studies of ancient civilization channels that I have seen. Keep up the good work
As a Geographer and GIS Specialist, LIDAR is both extremely interesting and yet extremely useful. Thank you very much for focusing on its use and impacts
I watched this intently and with a lot of interest since I live in this fantastic land. There are so many things that don't add up with what the archaeologists I know have published recently after many LIDAR surveys. It's also a little bit weird that an archaeologist specializing in this amazing culture cannot pronounce not even one of the names of the sites and cities correctly. Another thing that bothers me is, as has been mentioned before, the usage of Aztec objects and symbols that are unrelated to the Mayans. I don't know. Maybe a scientist that can connect with the locals (Mayans who speak what is left of the Mayan language) could embrace a more in-depth analysis of something as important as the Mayan civilization.
Carlos Martinez sorry family they will never do that, they pay billions to change the narrative, you think they want the real story out lol
Carlos read the book of Mormon and you will have all those questions answered. Best Regards
Cat Johnson 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
Which version? The one that said native Americans are descendants of Jewish migrants, or the version that backpedaled on that "revelation from God?"
Maya* not Mayans.
Well done Pete! Used to live down there and found the Hondurans were intelligent, self motivating workers. The technology reported in your video is astonishing, thank you for sharing that with us.
Awesome work! Thank you for your time and effort!
They didn't just "simply" go back into the rainforests, they "disappeared" which some of us know where they went, but THEY just don't want us finding out or knowing the truth.
Where did they go? Xibalba?
The went to the Inner Earth.
They died off from starvation and brutal drought periods. They practiced antropophagy during the hardest droughts.
They are still around...their kingdom isn't, but the Mayans are still around. They're part of the many native people living in Latin America.
@@ulisinner why did you not say "Cannibalism" instead of anthropology? I am not here to LEARN NEW WORDS so stop pssing around. You claim is unfounded. However, for the people to leave the city they had built, maybe it was for another reason? Like, "who is gonna wash off all the blood stains?(no one volunteered) so they moved to lands that were more fertile to farm a decent crop. MAYBE?? Would make sense because that is what farmers do today. Once the land does not produce, it grows houses on it and the farmer moves away. Mayan's still exist.
Thankyou Pete. I recently heard of LIDAR and here is a great example of it's use. Great job.
You'll find those missing cities off the coast under about 200 to 300 ft of water.
Good point.
To the post: Archaeologists seems to be on the verge of a sea change in the study of Middle American civilizations.
ras222 That’s incredible
I certainly believe that many lost ancient cities around the world lie deep below the ocean, but surely the Maya are too recent of a civilization for any of their cities to be that deep.
They are not missing. The pumps failed to keep working because of an extended Union strike for wages...and everyone phoned in sick.
Always a great pleasure to listen to your clear comment as passionate of History
Loved it!!! Can’t wait to see what we will learn from these new views of our history!!!
They had a writing system we've translated. that's the most important part. As much as I love learning about the history of the rest of the world; it usually doesn't surprise me by much but the Americas keep blowing me away with what we continue to uncover. Like giant mound sights that predate agriculture.
Keep waiting for: "6g technology uncovered in mayan temple, sacrifice altar turns out to be netcafe front desk"
matty101yttam smoking mirror”
The enigmatic Queen of Coba and her Empire is as impressive as her legend suggests.
Standing atop El Castillo pyramid of Chichen Itza in 1988 and looking across the vast expanded of forest, I kept thinking about what my tour guide said about the Mayan road system, how built up and wide they were and the miles of distance traveled gave me chills.
Really interesting work; well done. I too am English and have been lucky enough to travel with the Navy through the South Pacific, best one was Calcutta which got me interested in archaeology.
You put together some really interesting videos about some of my favorite topics. Excellent editing too.
Glad to have found this professional channel!
Wonderful experience in trying to understand the Maya Aztec and the Incas of the America’s ! Thanks to the mesmerising voice of the speaker.
Pete Kelly In your video you told us that the Mayans did not possess the wheel yet, but I find that hard to believe if they made roads. Especially when you tell us they made their road surface really smooth. Is there any other theory as to why they built smooth roads, without having transports with wheels?
They had the wheel on children's toys, never heard of wheeled transport; maybe, with this technology that mystery will be solved.
Excellent Video, thanks for uploading 👍
Super Amazing Pete!!!
Well done. Interesting without being sensationalistic. Really good info.
Cheers from Belize 🇧🇿!
Very good video, congratulations. I suggest making a video about Izamal, which in fact was the biggest city in the northern lowlands, also with a causeway network and lots of seaports under its control.
Did you include the lidar scan of coba (if so could you leave time stap of when it was shown in the video)? I've been there twice and the city still leaves me breathless and wanting to see more of its power!
Pete Kelley, what a spectacular information ! Simply amazing. .!
I wish they would start scanning the ocean floors.
They are.
@@DoggieNYC hopefully they find a huge alien face
Im sure they have already
They have found a few things, all in the it may be something but probably natural category.
When will people realize that relatively advanced civilization existed prior to last ice age, cataclysms at the end of which whipped out most of human beings ...
Sphinx is at least come from last ice age. Gobekli Tepe comes from Ice Age.
Virtually 0 of Ice Age period areas now underwater are excavated
Your last line makes no sense... "Virtually 0 of Ice Age period areas now underwater are excavated". If they are "underwater" then they have not been excavated! Name one that has, and has also been radio-carbon dated, so as to establish the age there of.
I think there were advanced civilizations between each ice age or great flood . Then we pretty well get a reboot , take over ancient sites and try our best to replicate them. Sort of a giant game of snakes and ladders.😁
There are "Ice Ages" every 13,500 years. This entire paragraph is pretty lacking of specification that points to which Ice Age you refer to. There are +50,000 year old sites on North America recent archeology has discovered that would be from 4 "Ice Ages" ago.
@@mistermycology1411 _"There are "Ice Ages" every 13,500 years. This entire paragraph is pretty lacking of specification that points to which Ice Age you refer to. ..."_
Erm, as you give a vastly incorrect average date between Ice Ages; without saying if that major or minor glacial periods, or much more regular climatic snaps, which are closer together in average time to the number, which you pulled out of some orifice like the rest of your assumptions.
I too am being assumptive, guessing this means that you are limited by your religion's sub-cult's/minor-sect's 'teachings' forces you to only to be able to think in a limited manner?
@@razor1uk610 the term "Ice Age" is a "vastly" loose term referring to a cooling period. The last "Ice Age" technically ended only a few hundred years ago, and was the result of a volcanic eruption. Also to cite religious beliefs as a contributing factor that limits my thinking is rather lazy and elementary. I guess you don't put as much effort into reading as you do into writing.
Whilst I do enjoy your docos, a way to enhance them further would be with animated graphics.eg. in this video, it would have been greatly improved by showing the circuitous nature of the road, by highlighted line(s), between the cities/regions. Just utilizing still graphics, taken from outside sources, leaves the viewer open to interpreting the data, possibly/probably inaccurately. But keep up the great work.
I have found a number of excellent RUclips sites, on history/alternative history, over the course of this pandemic; a subject I had no interest in, a decade ago. Sites like yours will only add to the fascination. Cheers.
So happy we got to see these ruins in person. The local guides are amazing. I want to go back but;;;;;;;spirit willing, body not so able. PS: howler monkeys are really LOUD!
Thank you for your videos. LIDAR is such a great tool for uncovering all these cities and roads.
I must say that quarantine in Playa del Carmen is great, as soon as you're not sick, I guess (neither public or private hospitals are at their full... Should I say yet?). Beaches, pools and explorations are obviously prohibited. So, probably mid June we'll go out. Stay safe.
Great video! Thanks.
Funny when the conquistadors arrived they thought they had came across savages, little did they know these people had more knowledge about universe then they could have imagined, sad 😥 to see the culture the religion and knowledge just gone
THE INVADORS THEY CAME TO KILLED, RAPED AND STEAL PEOPLES LAND . NO SUCH THING AS CONQUER
Genocide to gods chosen people same here in United stages “the americas” the the Indians research and knowledge is out there just pick up an old book a book the information hasn’t been removed or left out
The Spanish and the Christian priest's thought they whore shipped the "DIABLO" and burned all of ther text documents from the galaxy and land written down by the star gods . That was just to scary for the Spanish. The reason they sacrificed was to call back the "SPACE GOD" that leaft them to fend for them selves.Those cruel extraterrestrial Gods took all of the knowledge with them. I believe the Mayan people would be the most advanced in math today if those ETs would have taught that culture everything.
Im wondering as some reading I found said that when Europeans first saw areas of north america, they thought it looked like a utopian and unbelievably beautiful society lived there--they described I think it was some scenes similar to the hanging gardens of Babylon...Because of maze they were basically wealthy as a whole (not rich wealthy)---my point being that I feel those Conquerors had to lie & describe them this way to get the masses of future Europeans prejudiced so as to cobvince them they weren't of course "human". Probably the same with the Spanish--in fact the Native Americans thought the Europeans were more animal looking because they had beards etc & way more hair. But we know the rest....
Aint no way they really built the pyramid mfs was savages
Sadly no x-wings were found with this new technology, the rebels are still out there Lord Vader.
Edificio Coltejer and the lovely city of Medellín (8:32) was a surprise and delight to see here. Thanks!
Paul i love you videos! Keep up the amazing work!
Thank you for what you do. I enjoy your work so much. Love
Almost everything you say could easily point to the fate of our present day civilization. What a dire prophecy.
A form of corona virus ended all the people maybe???
@Deshone Robinson No. These people still exist, they just abandoned the cities. And they are NOT BLACK. Give me a break!
Fantastic Stuff !!!!
This video gives the impression that the Mayans mysteriously disappeared, but there's currently 6 million of them living today, and they tend to not like censuses, so there's likely many more than that.
Great videos to learn with, thank you sir!
Excellent !
1:24 This is a Tumi knife from Peru, belonging to the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains not the Maya civilization in the Yucatan rainforest. =)
Thank you 👍
Great video!!
Where is the road on the map? All this talk but no showed on the map? You are showing maps.. this makes no sense!!
They are using Lie-dar, so they be lying to you, don'tchaknow?
Given that is 1,500 year old stonework, ravaged by the jungle for most of that time, it is damn straight and sharp still.
Pete, I love your work! Keep it up 👍
Bro you did an amazing job on the video 👌👏👏👏
They packed up and went back into the forest? That never happened.
he says the end of the mayas remains a mystery 2 minutes later, calm your tits
Great Video!!!!
I enjoyed and subscribed thanks
I’m hooked! Thx
thank you Joe ~ nice writing and acting
In 2003 my wife and I spent 3 months in the Yucatan, hiking into the jungles to visit recently discovered sites. It was amazing, fascinating, wonderful... and they were just beginning the use of LIDAR mapping. Since then, in Southern Mexico, Central America, and down to the Amazon basin, hundreds of thousands of previously unknown structures are being mapped... but still not investigated on the ground. The little investigation done is already revealing agricultural and astronomical civilization back 10,000 years and probably soon back to 13,000 years or older. This is all turning the Siberian Bridge Hypothesis on it's cheek. Man has been in the Americas for a MUCH longer time that ever thought possible.
I lived aboard a sailboat for 15 years, it was a magical time, some of those were along the great MesoAmericanReef, antiquity folks got around a lot more than we know. The reef provides protected travel over 200 miles. The jade I found in Mexico may have come from Costa Rica, a nice mystery to ponder, he said smiling. I am grateful to have sailed when I did. When I asked when a 24yo kid should start a sailing voyage, a 50yo old salt said, 'Go now', otherwise you never will. He was soo right. As stated, it was a magical time.
10 points for presentation and Narration 👏👏👏👍
Epic narration.
Santoa Bonacci explains astrology better than anyone else and he prooves it so efficiently
How come when you see a map, you never see the road on the map?
Old news and not laser discovery but LIDAR. This was found at least five years ago but there was so much new information that they have been studying it - particularly the MX/GUAT border. A new Nat Geo series has been done on this with the LIDAR information used as its basis.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar
news.artnet.com/art-world/technology-transforming-mayan-archaeology-1558456
The key point is that unlike radar, LiDAR (not laser tech) will actually show bare earth and image through the trees and dense leaf cover without problems or obscuration.
First sentence of your wiki link "Lidar (/ˈlaɪdɑːr/, called LIDAR, LiDAR, and LADAR) is a surveying method that measures distance to a target by illuminating the target with LASER light"
And a very interesting series it is!
Here is the latest news apparently the chinese built the pyramid of the world and in china they are over 400 pyramid..... get this these pyramid are not even excavated by the chinese and they wont do it, are you catching my drift? Doesnt this tell you something or they are trying to tell us who they are? If you look at Egyptian gods statue you will see that most of them are asian for some reason... slant eyes or rounded asian feature. Why nobody has seen this yet? or nobody reporting this? baffle me
@@allaboutgaming5671 because most people base their understanding on archeology, not "latest news" that you say isn't being reported and a generalisation of Chinese people as "slant eyes".
The Chinese made all the effort of trooping over enough people to build pyramids for the Egyptians... but didn't record any of that activity... maybe it didn't happen?
How would one go about getting some real archeological surveys of the Rock Wall that is buried beneath Rockwall county , and beyond? I was involved in 2 shallow excavations (40-45' x 150linear feet) of a magnificent structure that had perfectly serpentine waves as it was uncovered. I've got photos to share, if needs be? Lidar would uncover so much more than we did with excavators and shovels
Great story!
great video greetings from mexico!!!
Thank you
Fantastic
Thanks!
I remember before Lidar became a thing, I read a piece that estimated that the population of the Maya area at its height was as dense as that of preindustrial southeast Asia. There was no jungle left, it was all farmland and settled areas. It looks like that was a good estimate.
Thank you
Pete if you would read the Book Of Mormon you would know where those Mayans went and how they learned all their knowledge and sofistication. Best regards 😉
There has never been any proof of your claim. Not one Book of Mormon artifact has ever been found.
You have to wonder how these modern investigators know so positively the dates they throw around?
Fall of Civilisations Podcast has a good episode on Mayan civilisation. The funny thing about the Mayan language was that the Spaniard who tried to wipe it out by burning their books took notes that were the key to help historians decipher it.
The reasons why I believe they built the roads were for trade as well later on to invade. That's what they would say to the other cities, to get them to help them. But having roads for your armies sure it helps you, but it helps your enemies get to you when your weak as well
Question please, "was any part of the Mayan structures or finds had to excavated in depths up to 6+ feet?"
nice i loved it
The cities are pronounced cob-Ah with a strong A in the end and Yah-SHoo-nah with the accent in the last syllabe.
You need to correct some images and restate the human sacrifice. These were mainly an Aztec practice and the Aztec calander also...overall an interesting video. Keep up the good work..
A map showing the road(s) would convey some information to the viewer.
As it is this video is basically a waste of time to watch.
Why do we have such a long history of aligning stones to the stars? Was it really all just horoscopes, or could there be a higher, unknown spiritual technology to the directed stones?
Interesting....
Why don't you make your own mini Stonehenge and let us know
hi i have a question, i get on google maps and just look at the world , if i see something that looks like a old city and theirs no name popping up to indicate that then did i find something unknown to the world? and if so who do i tell?
Playing serious Sam FPS set in this area is so much fun...
Showing images of Inca artifacts is very misleading. The Maya and the Inca weren’t even in the same continent and most likely didn’t even know about each other. It’s like showing ancient Chinese artifacts when talking about ancient Rome. Also, the Maya calendar is different from the one shown in the video (Aztec).
Tru
There would have been Chinese artifacts in Rome.
The Inca had soda technology
3:06 looks like something a large vessel or craft would rest. Almost like a dry dock for large ship. The stairs leading up to the top platform area where people would get on and off.
Oh, they get off alright. Parts of them do (and part stays) There is even a trough down the side of the stairway for the blood to run. Like a river. It would collect into a pool at the bottom and people would fill their jugs and sprinkle their fields with the blood to bless the soil & fertilize it at the same time. Which is how we found bone-meal beneficial for plant growth. Somebody had to be in the experiment. Ox were sacred. People, not so much. This is O.K. IF YOU ARE THE DUDE MAKING UP THE RULES....the people shall give of themselves to keep the economy going.(basically it was their economy)
. Gee, history just repeats itself, don't it? Cept now we ain't so blind cause we got GUNS.
Where is the map showing the cities and road you mention?
It helps if you don't have wheels to wear ruts in the roads. Their roads thru the mountains are amazing.