I love the great geologic insights that Nick and Skye seem to generate when they get together. I believe that Skye meant dendritic flow patterns when he was talking about the paleo-drainages on the eastern flanks of the cascades. Excellent discussion!!!
It was so wonderful to see Skye Cooley again. Terrific video. Thanks for addressing the uplift question. Like a previous poster said, it's been bothering me, too, for quite a while. This is quite a series! I think the alphabet needs more letters!
Such a great episode guys! I was going to comment the only thing missing is Prof Nicks whiteboard diagrams then at about 30:38 we get whiteboard like diagrams and for someone like me they are such a great visual to making it easier to understand and follow, thank you.
This is one of the more interesting editions of Professor Zentner's content. One of the strengths of this work is the breadth of interaction between expert thinkers. It’s an example of how effective social media can be in expanding learning resources. Well done.
Man, I love these exploratory background interviews. I so appreciate Skye's taking the time to create visuals (your's too Nick) to convey concepts. I've been curious about when the Cascades began to uplift since the first A-Z in 2020, but didn't grasp until this season how the mountains lifted up so recently. Has me looking at the SCF & other faults and the story of the Cascades with new awe. Cool to see Steamboat Mtn isn't far away from the PCT and there are a few other blotches of CRBGs nearby to the west. It isn't all Council Bluffs and younger. That's fine big tree country in those parts.
I love this format of interviews we can watch in between episodes. Between that and all of the papers, I get to engage in geology every single day of the week! And Skye Cooley is definitely a favorite of mine!
Another Great Surprise! Thank You. Notice last night but just got back from Tri-Cities and was too dog tired to watch. Caught the morning. Thanks Again.
Trying to image all the different roots the Columbia River must have had going through the last 46 Ma. Great stuff, can't wait till Thursday. Something tells me there will be another zoom before then...
It had gradually begun to dawn on me over the past A-Z episodes that I’d been conflating the development of the Cascade arc with the development of the Cascade Range, but this discussion turned an intellectually interesting story in black and white into immersive technicolor!. Add the CRB angle, and it further becomes a 3-D wonder. WOW!
It does look like Ty (Yakima Basalt) has been mapped atop Steamboat Mountain by folks in the mid-to-late 60s. But Steamboat is only 5425-ish feet high, so subtracting 2,000 or 3,000 feet to take away the topographic arch leaves us with 2400-3400 feet as the bottom of whichever flow. Maybe that flow could have overtopped the "range" at that time (depending on heights to the west)? My understanding is that Bethel Ridge is also German chocolate cake, but that's north of Hwy 12, so not sure how informative that is about the possibility of flows across the "range" into Puget Sound. In any event, you guys definitely had my attention to the end -- and count me a Calcrete fan, lol!
This is just mind-blowing to me. I can’t believe I never thought of the cascade axis as this young before. For some reason I always assumed that the Columbia basin was a more long-lived feature and that the flood basalts had always filled in just eastern and central Washington. Now I’m imagining that flood basalts could have flowed west across today’s divide much farther north and have been completely eroded by uplift and glacial advance of the puget lobe. Not to mention the ancient Columbia river or other major rivers could have flowed west out to the coast. What age control do we have on the youth of uplift/relief in the Olympics? PS Nick, you should really consider doing a book or a feature length film, as a result of this series, which is a much-needed update to McKee’s “Cascadia”, a grand, overarching geologic history of the Cascade Range. As a film you could incorporate all of these great geologists, and do great shots in the field. I feel like condensing all of this great stuff into a more easily digestible narrative arc with excellent visuals, good storytelling, and your expert presenter skills/delivery, would really do a great service to geologic education and the geology of the PNW. It would allow you to summarize all of these findings into a very coherent story that people could easily consume and retain.
I have no background in geology other than Rock-It Man- Nick but… Ya gotta love Skye Cooley’s joyful approach to geology😃 His work on calcretes(?) “just for fun” and his infectious smile should make him a very welcome part of any research team! GO SKYE!
Gobsmacked! Thanks Skye and Nick. It makes sense to me that the CRB's would flow downhill towards the precascadian lowlands. Bump into low hills and stop, then those low hills rise and the CRB's erode down as elevation intensifies erosion. The >20my plutons would have been many KM below and uplift finally exposed them. My question would be; is this same uplift exposing the same timeframe for the Sierra Nevadas?
Oregon is a bit outside your wheel house, but Silver Creek Falls State Park east of Salem is in CRB at a bout 1200 feet elevation in the Western Cascades. It seems that Cascade uplift is higher as one goes North.
There are some neat CRBG exposures in the Clackamas River Canyon, and also along the upper Salmon River Trail and between Bluegrass Ridge and Lookout Mountain. Those are all beautiful places and I’m just now realizing how strange these CRBG outcrops are there!
They laid out a nice puzzle. The CRBs should have crossed the Cascades into the Puget Lowland based on inferred tectonic histories, but there seems to be a lack of evidence for CRBs in or west of the Cascades. Looking forward to learning more.
Skye WELCOME BACK! Wooohooo 🎉 Thoroughly enjoy the way you paint pictures with words. ❤ Also the fact that you both enjoy discussion and examination of these issues. Thank you 😊 really enjoyed this. I want a bumper sticker that says” I ❤ Calcretes “ 😂 Because actually I do!
When I went to John Day and walked their time-line hike, it was immediately clear that the cascade mountain range's age didn't match the 46 MYA age of the start of the cascades, that makes this a very interesting topic to me.
Excellent head-scratch material! I can't help but think that glaciation played a large part in the disappearance of the CRBs. Even though the cordilleran sheet didn't go that far south, much of the cascades must have been eroded by much larger alpine glaciers. Are there any areas that escaped glaciation completely? That would be my starting point for the search for hidden CRB.
Thanks for spelling out the downward slope of the CRB. I’ve always been perplexed how CRBG lava flows from eastern Washington and Oregon could travel so far. At 10 million years, basically western Oregon and Washington are at sea level, with a slight downward slope, just enough to allow uninterrupted lava flow all the way from the east to the west.
10 million years and rain shadow effect starts.I was under the impression it started way way earlier than that ,like 30 million years ago. The first thing that comes to my mind is the Cascades are not that high ,why wouldn’t the flood basalts cross over the Cascades range ,especially at its peak time ??? Man do I have questions .These flows are 16 million years old .I am thinking the flood basalts crossed over the Cascades . I am confused again because you don’t see the flood basalts on the west side of the Cascades.This is all new to me .This is great stuff . But I am looking for help here.
Great talk. And very relevant to the cascade series. However there was a lot of novel stuff here for viewers and hard to visualize. The talk was great bur lots here. Can you follow up with a visual based recap/summary?
Appreciate Skye's work. A few of us a grappling to understand the calcrete that marks the top of the Ogallala formation. How high were the Rockies? Is a rain shadow here like a rain shadow in Washington?
I'm trying to form a mental time-lapse of how the plate stuff is being reflected in the surface stuff. It makes sense that where there is no plate going underneath the crust will sag down and then uplift when there is a plate again, but getting the 3-D mental picture is challenging.
I wonder if northern oregon cascades were passing crb's ? You have talked about the late rising in previous talks, Please, lets get into this, it could be - no, is a game changer. The paleobotany sounds interesting, I have to rethink my concept of the NW and what it looked like, and its inhabitants before crb time.
There are outcrops of CRBG south of Mt Hood in the cascades, like along the salmon river trail, below Lookout Mountain, and in the clackamas river canyon. Maybe there would be CRBG even farther south but there are a lot of newer High Cascade rocks covering the area south of timothy lake.
OK you two; this episode finally made me realize why Skye is so interested in paleosols---need to watch some of the prior presentations. Had to Google the term to learn that it basically means "fossil soils". Good stuff! Wondering out loud what effect the Jet Stream might have on all this. Skye?
It's always nice to see Skye on with you Nick. It's was a great story but for me I did some evidence of any CRBs over hear in the westside to buy into it. Just saying
Now, Daddy's really excited!!😆✨😏The South of Nisqually river near Fossil Rock, there are some basalt columns. It's a warehouser road with a locked gate! Where the basalt comes from?? Rainer or CRB??
I don't know if you get these comments Nick - but if you momentarily jump over the border to Oregon - there are CRB as far south as near Newport OR. These came through the Cascade range and I don't think they came along the Columbia river? Sure seems like there was another route through than the Columbia river!
Nick, would the weight of the early CRBs drag the whole landscape down so any existing mountains would be easier to cross with later CRBs? I remember that diagram of the bowl of CRBs from a few years ago.. Cheers
So you're looking for a very early Cascades passage from east to west for the Yakima Basalts to use. What was a valley would now be a Basalt ridge. With rotation happening, it would not necessarily be east west, more SE --> NW, kinda like the O.W.L. Say, what kind of rock is on either side of the O.W.L. through that area? Would the edges of the O.W.L. be a good candidate to look for a fossilized valley in the form of a Basalt ridge?
You piqued my interest about CRBs west of the Cascades. Steamboat mtn just to the south of the Lewis River would be a good candidate. It is tilted to the south. The uplift of the Dark Divide may have been the reason for this. It is a west to east ridge running between Mt St Helens and Mt Adams. The north side of the ridge drains into the Cowlitz River and the south into the Columbia via the Lewis River. I know there are basalts along the north side of the Lewis River as well. I don't know what the Dark Divide is composed of.
There must have been enough topography to constrain the CRBs but I guess that would not need to be high enough to make a rain shadow. After watching more, forget what I said. 😊
How does the breakup and roll back of the plate sliding under North America relate to the volcanoes around, east of, and south east of Yellowstone? Is the breakup the end of that volcanism?
Did the Yellowstone Hot Spot inject hot magma between the subducting plate and the North American plate trigger breakup and roll back of the subducting plate..
So for ~25 million years we have a volcanic arc with volcanoes likely popping up and down the range of the current Cascades...but no other significant mountains? And then there's a (relatively) rapid uplift of this exact same area which results in the Cascades? I'm incredulous.
When Nick was talking to Gary about “Nick on the Rocks” potentials, I thought of Steamboat Mountain! Not in the wilderness so you can fly a drone, accessible, amazing views of adams and helens and hood and so much geology!
I had just posted a video to RUclips ... a Valentine short... and posted the link on X Twitter... testing the link and guess who was suggested.... a new Nick video
A rise of a mere 100ft (30m) above the eastern side of the proto-Cascades area would be enough to stop even the biggest CRBG flow. Was the area of the current Cascades near sea level? No. But it wouldn't take much of a continuous anticline to stop a CRBG flow. We're talking a hill I could climb :)
Can’t get enough of Skye Cooley. Thanks for having him on.
He’s doing a talk in Portland next Friday night (Valentine’s Day) for GSOC on sand and megafloods.
@ I’m in Augusta GA so a bit far away.
Okay! You got my attention again. I learn more easily from these vignette videos than I usually do from the main event.
I love the great geologic insights that Nick and Skye seem to generate when they get together.
I believe that Skye meant dendritic flow patterns when he was talking about the paleo-drainages on the eastern flanks of the cascades.
Excellent discussion!!!
It was so wonderful to see Skye Cooley again. Terrific video. Thanks for addressing the uplift question. Like a previous poster said, it's been bothering me, too, for quite a while. This is quite a series! I think the alphabet needs more letters!
Such a great episode guys! I was going to comment the only thing missing is Prof Nicks whiteboard diagrams then at about 30:38 we get whiteboard like diagrams and for someone like me they are such a great visual to making it easier to understand and follow, thank you.
Thanks again for your dialog! Another geology class with 2 enjoyable, learned men, enjoyed. Skye’s mom.
This is one of the more interesting editions of Professor Zentner's content. One of the strengths of this work is the breadth of interaction between expert thinkers. It’s an example of how effective social media can be in expanding learning resources. Well done.
Man, I love these exploratory background interviews. I so appreciate Skye's taking the time to create visuals (your's too Nick) to convey concepts. I've been curious about when the Cascades began to uplift since the first A-Z in 2020, but didn't grasp until this season how the mountains lifted up so recently. Has me looking at the SCF & other faults and the story of the Cascades with new awe. Cool to see Steamboat Mtn isn't far away from the PCT and there are a few other blotches of CRBGs nearby to the west. It isn't all Council Bluffs and younger. That's fine big tree country in those parts.
I love this format of interviews we can watch in between episodes. Between that and all of the papers, I get to engage in geology every single day of the week! And Skye Cooley is definitely a favorite of mine!
Big Skye Cooley. Awesome. Thanks for another great interview Nick.
Thanks for all the hard work on these videos Prof. Zentner
Great discussion! Thanks Skye and Nick, it's wonderful listening to you figure out what the possible lines of evidence would be.
Another Great Surprise! Thank You. Notice last night but just got back from Tri-Cities and was too dog tired to watch. Caught the morning. Thanks Again.
Trying to image all the different roots the Columbia River must have had going through the last 46 Ma. Great stuff, can't wait till Thursday. Something tells me there will be another zoom before then...
It had gradually begun to dawn on me over the past A-Z episodes that I’d been conflating the development of the Cascade arc with the development of the Cascade Range, but this discussion turned an intellectually interesting story in black and white into immersive technicolor!. Add the CRB angle, and it further becomes a 3-D wonder. WOW!
It does look like Ty (Yakima Basalt) has been mapped atop Steamboat Mountain by folks in the mid-to-late 60s. But Steamboat is only 5425-ish feet high, so subtracting 2,000 or 3,000 feet to take away the topographic arch leaves us with 2400-3400 feet as the bottom of whichever flow. Maybe that flow could have overtopped the "range" at that time (depending on heights to the west)? My understanding is that Bethel Ridge is also German chocolate cake, but that's north of Hwy 12, so not sure how informative that is about the possibility of flows across the "range" into Puget Sound.
In any event, you guys definitely had my attention to the end -- and count me a Calcrete fan, lol!
This is just mind-blowing to me. I can’t believe I never thought of the cascade axis as this young before. For some reason I always assumed that the Columbia basin was a more long-lived feature and that the flood basalts had always filled in just eastern and central Washington. Now I’m imagining that flood basalts could have flowed west across today’s divide much farther north and have been completely eroded by uplift and glacial advance of the puget lobe. Not to mention the ancient Columbia river or other major rivers could have flowed west out to the coast.
What age control do we have on the youth of uplift/relief in the Olympics?
PS Nick, you should really consider doing a book or a feature length film, as a result of this series, which is a much-needed update to McKee’s “Cascadia”, a grand, overarching geologic history of the Cascade Range. As a film you could incorporate all of these great geologists, and do great shots in the field. I feel like condensing all of this great stuff into a more easily digestible narrative arc with excellent visuals, good storytelling, and your expert presenter skills/delivery, would really do a great service to geologic education and the geology of the PNW. It would allow you to summarize all of these findings into a very coherent story that people could easily consume and retain.
Entertaining those things that continue to make sense, even distantly related but possibly intertwined, is a good thing! Thank you, Nick and Skye.
Skye Cooley. The man of the hour, bringing us out of the clouds and back to a level plain.
He’s my son! ❤️
Collected beach rocks on Samish Island as a young boy- sorting them into empty shoe boxes stored under his bed.
Great conversation Skye and Nick! I love thinking about the timing of the Cascade uplift. Wish I had not lost my Bates McKee years ago.
I have no background in geology other than Rock-It Man- Nick but… Ya gotta love Skye Cooley’s joyful approach to geology😃 His work on calcretes(?) “just for fun” and his infectious smile should make him a very welcome part of any research team! GO SKYE!
Wow !!
That was great!
Sky and Nick pulling it together.
I’m officially fired up!
Good morning from the PHILIPPINES!!!
Great hearing from Skye, as always. My bro from the Flathead Valley. Thanks!
Gobsmacked! Thanks Skye and Nick. It makes sense to me that the CRB's would flow downhill towards the precascadian lowlands. Bump into low hills and stop, then those low hills rise and the CRB's erode down as elevation intensifies erosion. The >20my plutons would have been many KM below and uplift finally exposed them.
My question would be; is this same uplift exposing the same timeframe for the Sierra Nevadas?
Oregon is a bit outside your wheel house, but Silver Creek Falls State Park east of Salem is in CRB at a bout 1200 feet elevation in the Western Cascades. It seems that Cascade uplift is higher as one goes North.
Agreed, silver falls needs to be part of this discussion!
Interesting thought of a Washington analogue for Silver Falls and Yaquina Head
I remember Mike Eddy was talking about the flow direction change in the Swauk due to the Cascade uplift.
There are some neat CRBG exposures in the Clackamas River Canyon, and also along the upper Salmon River Trail and between Bluegrass Ridge and Lookout Mountain. Those are all beautiful places and I’m just now realizing how strange these CRBG outcrops are there!
Always enjoy Skye’s take on things.
They laid out a nice puzzle. The CRBs should have crossed the Cascades into the Puget Lowland based on inferred tectonic histories, but there seems to be a lack of evidence for CRBs in or west of the Cascades.
Looking forward to learning more.
Does this explain why snoqualmie falls is a basalt edge?
Further review on google says that snoqualmie falls basalt comes from Mt Persis volcanism.
Always great to hear from Skye! (The guy with the coolest name in NW Geology)😊
Skye WELCOME BACK! Wooohooo 🎉
Thoroughly enjoy the way you paint pictures with words. ❤
Also the fact that you both enjoy discussion and examination of these issues.
Thank you 😊 really enjoyed this.
I want a bumper sticker that says” I ❤ Calcretes “ 😂
Because actually I do!
Hello @Skye Cooley!
When I went to John Day and walked their time-line hike, it was immediately clear that the cascade mountain range's age didn't match the 46 MYA age of the start of the cascades, that makes this a very interesting topic to me.
I feel like the John Day and clarno areas are such a key to understanding the elevation, climate, and waterlevels “behind” the early cascades.
Great interview. The paleontological evidence was very compelling.
Don’t Panic I’m still watching, I love this video 👍
Another pleasant surprise this Monday!
OK, that's new to me! Thanks Skye and Nick.
Excellent head-scratch material! I can't help but think that glaciation played a large part in the disappearance of the CRBs. Even though the cordilleran sheet didn't go that far south, much of the cascades must have been eroded by much larger alpine glaciers. Are there any areas that escaped glaciation completely? That would be my starting point for the search for hidden CRB.
Love this stuff!
Thanks for spelling out the downward slope of the CRB.
I’ve always been perplexed how CRBG lava flows from eastern Washington and Oregon could travel so far.
At 10 million years, basically western Oregon and Washington are at sea level, with a slight downward slope, just enough to allow uninterrupted lava flow all the way from the east to the west.
10 million years and rain shadow effect starts.I was under the impression it started way way earlier than that ,like 30 million years ago. The first thing that comes to my mind is the Cascades are not that high ,why wouldn’t the flood basalts cross over the Cascades range ,especially at its peak time ??? Man do I have questions .These flows are 16 million years old .I am thinking the flood basalts crossed over the Cascades . I am confused again because you don’t see the flood basalts on the west side of the Cascades.This is all new to me .This is great stuff . But I am looking for help here.
Could right lateral strike slip movement create minor east-west compression ridges. Providing low valleys across the Cascades?
Great talk. And very relevant to the cascade series.
However there was a lot of novel stuff here for viewers and hard to visualize. The talk was great bur lots here. Can you follow up with a visual based recap/summary?
Appreciate Skye's work. A few of us a grappling to understand the calcrete that marks the top of the Ogallala formation. How high were the Rockies? Is a rain shadow here like a rain shadow in Washington?
👍
Thanks Mr Sky
Hahaha 3 viewers 😂
This is good stuff!
Interesting stuff! Curious to see what we find.
I'm trying to form a mental time-lapse of how the plate stuff is being reflected in the surface stuff.
It makes sense that where there is no plate going underneath the crust will sag down and then uplift when there is a plate again, but getting the 3-D mental picture is challenging.
Wow, instant notice
I wonder if northern oregon cascades were passing crb's ?
You have talked about the late rising in previous talks,
Please, lets get into this, it could be - no, is a game changer.
The paleobotany sounds interesting, I have to rethink my concept of the NW and what it looked like, and its inhabitants before crb time.
There are outcrops of CRBG south of Mt Hood in the cascades, like along the salmon river trail, below Lookout Mountain, and in the clackamas river canyon. Maybe there would be CRBG even farther south but there are a lot of newer High Cascade rocks covering the area south of timothy lake.
Fun to learn new concepts. Especially cool that you tell us what evil there is for your conclusions
OK you two; this episode finally made me realize why Skye is so interested in paleosols---need to watch some of the prior presentations. Had to Google the term to learn that it basically means "fossil soils". Good stuff! Wondering out loud what effect the Jet Stream might have on all this. Skye?
It's always nice to see Skye on with you Nick. It's was a great story but for me I did some evidence of any CRBs over hear in the westside to buy into it. Just saying
Good morning sky!!! Good morning nick!!!
Now, Daddy's really excited!!😆✨😏The South of Nisqually river near Fossil Rock, there are some basalt columns. It's a warehouser road with a locked gate! Where the basalt comes from?? Rainer or CRB??
Late night to all people!
Way younger than one thinks. Basalt west of but not related to the Colombia River Gorge? Thank you both
I don't know if you get these comments Nick - but if you momentarily jump over the border to Oregon - there are CRB as far south as near Newport OR. These came through the Cascade range and I don't think they came along the Columbia river? Sure seems like there was another route through than the Columbia river!
Another uplift in the "young" category: Teton Range south of Yellowstone Park, around 10Ma.
Nick, would the weight of the early CRBs drag the whole landscape down so any existing mountains would be easier to cross with later CRBs? I remember that diagram of the bowl of CRBs from a few years ago.. Cheers
If the Grand Ronde basalts are 17 million years old, how high were the valleys in the Mt Adams Mt St Helens area at that time?
One question they didn't even ask - what caused the cascade uplift?
I was looking at a geologic map of my home town in Idaho and what do you know, Skye Cooley helped out on that project back in 2019.
CRBs haven't sunk significantly? There's that slab window so no Farralon beneath. Lava runs downhill.
So you're looking for a very early Cascades passage from east to west for the Yakima Basalts to use. What was a valley would now be a Basalt ridge. With rotation happening, it would not necessarily be east west, more SE --> NW, kinda like the O.W.L. Say, what kind of rock is on either side of the O.W.L. through that area? Would the edges of the O.W.L. be a good candidate to look for a fossilized valley in the form of a Basalt ridge?
Appreciate you Skye …
You piqued my interest about CRBs west of the Cascades. Steamboat mtn just to the south of the Lewis River would be a good candidate. It is tilted to the south. The uplift of the Dark Divide may have been the reason for this. It is a west to east ridge running between Mt St Helens and Mt Adams. The north side of the ridge drains into the Cowlitz River and the south into the Columbia via the Lewis River. I know there are basalts along the north side of the Lewis River as well. I don't know what the Dark Divide is composed of.
There must have been enough topography to constrain the CRBs but I guess that would not need to be high enough to make a rain shadow. After watching more, forget what I said. 😊
How does the breakup and roll back of the plate sliding under North America relate to the volcanoes around, east of, and south east of Yellowstone? Is the breakup the end of that volcanism?
Did the Yellowstone Hot Spot inject hot magma between the subducting plate and the North American plate trigger breakup and roll back of the subducting plate..
So for ~25 million years we have a volcanic arc with volcanoes likely popping up and down the range of the current Cascades...but no other significant mountains? And then there's a (relatively) rapid uplift of this exact same area which results in the Cascades? I'm incredulous.
Glacial removal?
😎
Steamboat Mountain is just west of Mt Adams. Basalt in that area could be part of the flood basalt or the Mt Adams volcanic field?
When Nick was talking to Gary about “Nick on the Rocks” potentials, I thought of Steamboat Mountain! Not in the wilderness so you can fly a drone, accessible, amazing views of adams and helens and hood and so much geology!
Well shoot, I got Steamboat Mt confused with Sleeping Beauty.
I had just posted a video to RUclips ... a Valentine short... and posted the link on X Twitter... testing the link and guess who was suggested.... a new Nick video
So are the Olympics (Siletzia) older than the Cascades... an Olympic rain shadow before a Cascade rain shadow?
Excellent video
Great “STUFF”
no, the Miocene conglomerates on the west side, are arc-like, "arkosic," not CRB remnants.
A rise of a mere 100ft (30m) above the eastern side of the proto-Cascades area would be enough to stop even the biggest CRBG flow. Was the area of the current Cascades near sea level? No. But it wouldn't take much of a continuous anticline to stop a CRBG flow. We're talking a hill I could climb :)
Hi. Had just restarted my device. Hello
Nick is hoping for “Sasquatch” basalts that have been hiding out in the remote Cascades!
PLEASE REMIND ME - CRBSs??????
CRB?
Columbia River Basalts???
s
Columbia River Basalts = CRBs, if that's what you're asking.
CRB= Columbia River Basalt = “german chocolate cake”
Sometimes also referred to as CRBG = Columbia River Basalt Group
Shame that I wasn't N°_ 626 or as known az! Hahaha lol 😂 loloq!
This is too much to just be a single letter.
How far north has verified CRB been found west of the current Cascade arch? @Nick Zentner