I really didn't want this to end. Soo interesting and indeed enlightening too. The socio, political, economic combined with art and the fashionable taste of that time. It really blew me away into another realm. Thank you for this most excellent programme.
Wow, what a fantastic documentary. I grew up in the countryside next to the Potteries. We had rich seams of both red and grey clay running through our garden, along the walls of an ancient stream bed that had over time cut down into a little valley. I worked with this clay almost daily. Then we moved away, I grew up, and pursued a medical career. Now in early retirement, last year I began taking ceramics classes. Now i realise, I should have just been a potter all my life; I'm at last following my passion :o)
I'm like that with playing the violin... have returned to in the last few years with great gusto and application. What a fantastic programme. Delighted to catch it on youtube. G Ire
I’m so glad you’re following your passion Wendy. When I was 16 and leaving school, I tried getting into the pottery industry. I did art at school and college and wanted to apply my skills in that field. Sadly they weren’t taking on any new trainees, they only wanted experienced folks as they were winding the industry down and shipping abroad to cut costs. I managed to get a job cleaning at Johnson Mathey Meir and Blythe colours Cresswell while studying at Staffordshire University. They made some gorgeous pieces there and even had a design studio at Meir which was a gorgeous looking place with fancy wood panelling, curved colour changing ceiling lights, a lovely winding wooden pathway on the carpeted floor and display cases worked into the walls of the corridors. It was a lovely place and I was gutted when the place was demolished. I hope that our industry will return to Stoke and make opportunities for new generations of potters. It would really help to revitalise the area and make us proud Stokies. once again!!!
Wonderful documentary. It really comes to life with Mr. Wilson's acquaintance with the Wedgwood factory in his own family. The historical narrative, cinematography, and Mr. Wilson as the presenter makes a huge impact. This is Perspective when Waldemar is not present but endorses the documentary. Excellent!!!
Thank you Waldemar!! I changed my major from Art History about halfway through Uni. I ended up becoming a lawyer. I never stopped loving Art and have even moved to Italy from the USA. I feel like I am watching all the lectures I missed by changing my life direction, and I thank you for this!
Awesome documentary! I especially loved the ending, revealing that Wedgewood's daughter married the son of his doctor, Dr. Darwin. They had a child - Charles Darwin!!!
The word "Wonderful" has been splashed around liberally, but this was just that. I teared up when Mr. Wilson confessed that he had caved to his father's demands, that he regrets not following his heart.
As a Midwesterner located very near East Liverpool, Ohio--home of the beautiful pottery museum that houses treasures from the 19th century to the present, including a rare collection of Lotus Ware--I love to learn about the history of the art. *This interdisciplinary, biographical study was absolutely marvelous.
I and my husband have a Wedgwood set, that was made in England…we looked at adding pieces but found out they are made in Indonesia. Wonderful documentary! Mr Wilson’s knowledge of the family adds dimension.
This man makes me proud to be from Stoke On Trent… I’m in a noisy pub restaurant right now so will watch this documentary tonight with a nice brew 😌☕️💕
My Mom was a Fiesta Ware girl. We were always embarrassed when we brought friends home from Wedgewood type households. LOLOLOL! I"m gonna make this one required viewing for my students in Product Design.
This was a wonderful documentary. I found this fascinating. I actually have my grandmother's set of Wedgwood dinnerware. And we use it on all Sundays and on special occasions, birthdays and anniversaries etc. My grandparents bought it right before the war. Love these great documentaries.
Is there anything better than a guided tour from someone passionate about the subject of the tour? This was a great documentary about a man I knew little of beyond his famous name. I do wish there was more about the conditions in the pottery factories themselves, & the lives of the people whose hands made every single one of the objects that made Wedgwood both wealthy & famous.
Excellent programme about one of the world's great creative geniuses. The only nit I have is comparing Josiah Wedgwood to Steve Jobs. Josiah took the humblest of materials and created true objects of art, to elevate and beautify, and to fight for human dignity and the rights of mankind. He left the world a better place. Steve Jobs is not even close.
I agree, Job was a just a greedy capitalist. He sent the fabrication in China to be made by modern slaves workers. I was genuilely an asshole. All the contrary of Josiah Wedgwood.
Yes, I was quite surprised when he mentioned Steve Jobs and I'll have to listen again to understand why he brought up Jobs. He definitely was not a Unitarian and had no sense of common good quite frankly. OF course he had mental issues. HE was either bipolar or manic depressant or something of that sort and he went through women like water and part probably due to his mental trevails. BUT nevertheless I don't think he ever thought of human good. HE did want to create this cell phone which has ended up separating humans from humans, although I enjoy mine because I can watch things like this in my solitude. BUT it has made many of us if not all of us have greater expanses of solitude due to the type of world the cell phone has created.
With some extraordinary luck, I came to possess a small bowl with Josiah’s portrait in a rich deep red on the gorgeous white glaze. It is small, commemorative, and handsome. I’ve no idea of its provenance nor age, but it is a great wee treasure. Thank you for this wonderful biography of a truly great genius.💐
Thank you. Josiah Wedgwood was my great great great uncle. My great grandfather was a firer. Being adventurous he moved with his family to Canada in 1912. They left on a ship that left three days after the maiden voyage of the Titanic. After a couple of years in Canada trying to farm, the family migrated to Michigan. My grandmother arriving in Canada was only 12 years old. Eventually she met my grandfather who was from Canada. Of course the story goes on -- but my grandmother would tell me about my great grandfather and his being part of the Wedgwood family and working as a firer in the china factory, although his name was Morgan. He hand painted china - amazingly talented. Again - thank you. Interesting, the barometer that came over in 1912 with my great grandfather family is now in Baja Sur Mexico when we brought it here to our retirement home in 2012, one hundreds later.
So these products are no longer made in Great Britain? That seems incredibly sad to me. I knew nothing of the history of Wedgwood until watching this video. What a wonderful man Josiah Wedgwood was in so many respects. I believe he would have kept his company in Great Britain if he were alive today, putting its heritage and financial benefits to community above purely financial gain.
Absolutely gutted to see how stokes changed into what it looks like today. This was such a good documentary! Really nice to see Wedgwood get appreciated!!
Small Southern town in the USA during the 1950s thought Jasperware the height of wealth and fashion so the two daughters of a lower middle class family bought them for their mother. I now have these pieces from my grandmother. The next two generations don't want them. So sad.
That fake drop was very funny! Thank you for sharing your knowledge and memories. I’m very jealous of your memories. Love & Respect from Calgary, Alberta CANADA 🇨🇦
I just fished out a pair of soup tureens from the late 1800's from the attic for some new shelves I made. I bought them in a small shop in London in 1974 for 5 pounds, a whole weeks food money, even back then I was prepared to go hungry in order to have nice things.
I am much more interested in this type of history. This is the history that we can all relate to. I’m not really interested in war and battles except for how they might have affected their families at home.
Wedgwood fun fact: his son, Thomas, is considered an early pioneer of photography. As early as the 1790s, he had invented a method for capturing images on paper and leather. However, he never solved the problem of how to make those images last. None of his experimental work survives.
I love the anti-slavery campaign medals Wedgewood produced and sent out. I feel like it would be in order to resume a similar initiative nowadays, this time including a similar message and an image of Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Filipinos, Hindus, Northern Koreans and others who are lured with promises of prosperity or coerced into factually slave labor to a number of more or less (or not at all) democratic countries on several continents, and all they receive after arrival is exploitation, poverty, violence and abuse of all kinds of their rights. And contempt and indifference of those countries' citizens.
Fascinating! I love beauty, but hate the elitism and social climbing thing. I'm glad it turned it in a better direction later when he tried to help the poor. It was well-motivated, clearly. Bless their family.
As an American, I was disappointed that the time of the American Revolution was skipped over, especially after it was stated that Wedgewood was exporting pottery to the Colonies prior to the Revolution. Also, what an opportunity to comment on Josiah's thoughts of a slaveholding society that purported to be fighting for liberty.
I believe this is the second time I’ve watched this documentary and I enjoyed it every bit as much as the first. More than likely I will watch it again sometime time and learn even more. Yes, I’m one of those Americans that LOVES blue Jasper ware though I don’t own a single piece. I hope one of my grandchildren might spot a piece somewhere one day and think it a good gift for me for some holiday. Wasn’t he simply MARVELOUS!!
this guy approached to his clients with easy return policy in the 1800! Which now a days we see youtubers being sponsored speaks abt staff one has to offer like coffe,wine, wallets, craft drinks which offers free shipping and a hundred percent moneyback guarantee! He did target marketing to make his product high end with similar strategy and had so much faithbin his craft that he was pretty sure sending to the aristocrats of Europe will be a successs and most won't return the prduct he sent for free. this is hooking clients with indigent and artistic products by creating a brand value to it's finest! what a genius combo he had of art and business!
Quite an extraordinary documentary production! The name of the great John Flaxman should have been cited. Flaxman was a significant contributor to many of the classical designs which adorned the Wedgwood ceramics which were inspired by discoveries stemming from Pompeii and Herculaneum. I thoroughly enjoyed this remarkable film.
My parents bought a collectible Wedgewood jasperware Christmas plate in 1969, the same year we bought our house in Richmond, Virginia. They went on to buy another plate in the series each Christmas. We treasured the 1969 plate as the first in the collection, imagining one day it would have great value, which of course it did not. I gave the Christmas plates away when my parents died. Great memories.
You can always spot a Stokie, in restaurants or cafe's they'll look underneath the cups and plates to see who made them 😁 My great grandad was a saggar maker's bottom knocker😁
A book about Joseph Priestly and Antoine Lavoisier, A World on Fire, mentioned that Priestly had done some chemical experiments on clay for Wedgwood. I was waiting to see whether that would be mentioned in this video.
Interestingly, Gwinnett County is named after Button Gwinnett, who married in Wolverhampton, less than 40 miles away from the Potteries, and also (then) in Staffordshire 😀
Theoretical perspectives are the basic assumptions about how society functions, the role of sociology, and the application of a specific set theories in studying social life. -- Society is a unified whole that seeks equilibrium -- Society is composed of groups competing for scare resources -- Social life can be measured through observing daily interactions -- Sociology should be used to enact social change -- Sociology should be value free
Senior Service cigarettes, 60 a day, will provide one with a remarkable tobacco experience. I have dabbled in that art form and I have custom rolled Flying Dutchman pipe tobacco in Wheat Straw papers. It is a wicked hard ass addiction and the side effects are sometimes severe or fatal.
I really didn't want this to end. Soo interesting and indeed enlightening too. The socio, political, economic combined with art and the fashionable taste of that time. It really blew me away into another realm. Thank you for this most excellent programme.
Search for Sevres, even more amazing than this, if you haven't done so.
Wow, what a fantastic documentary. I grew up in the countryside next to the Potteries. We had rich seams of both red and grey clay running through our garden, along the walls of an ancient stream bed that had over time cut down into a little valley. I worked with this clay almost daily. Then we moved away, I grew up, and pursued a medical career. Now in early retirement, last year I began taking ceramics classes. Now i realise, I should have just been a potter all my life; I'm at last following my passion :o)
I'm like that with playing the violin... have returned to in the last few years with great gusto and application.
What a fantastic programme. Delighted to catch it on youtube. G Ire
I’m so glad you’re following your passion Wendy. When I was 16 and leaving school, I tried getting into the pottery industry. I did art at school and college and wanted to apply my skills in that field. Sadly they weren’t taking on any new trainees, they only wanted experienced folks as they were winding the industry down and shipping abroad to cut costs. I managed to get a job cleaning at Johnson Mathey Meir and Blythe colours Cresswell while studying at Staffordshire University. They made some gorgeous pieces there and even had a design studio at Meir which was a gorgeous looking place with fancy wood panelling, curved colour changing ceiling lights, a lovely winding wooden pathway on the carpeted floor and display cases worked into the walls of the corridors. It was a lovely place and I was gutted when the place was demolished. I hope that our industry will return to Stoke and make opportunities for new generations of potters. It would really help to revitalise the area and make us proud Stokies. once again!!!
Wonderful documentary. It really comes to life with Mr. Wilson's acquaintance with the Wedgwood factory in his own family. The historical narrative, cinematography, and Mr. Wilson as the presenter makes a huge impact. This is Perspective when Waldemar is not present but endorses the documentary. Excellent!!!
This is one of the best Perspective documentaries I have seen.
How utterly brilliant and informative. I couldn’t imagine a life without the beauty of Wedgwood in it.
Thank you Waldemar!! I changed my major from Art History about halfway through Uni. I ended up becoming a lawyer. I never stopped loving Art and have even moved to Italy from the USA. I feel like I am watching all the lectures I missed by changing my life direction, and I thank you for this!
I have a love of English bone china and pottery since receiving an English tea cup, from my mother, when I was 7 years old. Thanks for this upload!❤️
Awesome documentary! I especially loved the ending, revealing that Wedgewood's daughter married the son of his doctor, Dr. Darwin. They had a child -
Charles Darwin!!!
As an American I'm envious of your ability to stroll through a variety of 18th century architecture at any time.
The word "Wonderful" has been splashed around liberally, but this was just that. I teared up when Mr. Wilson confessed that he had caved to his father's demands, that he regrets not following his heart.
As a Midwesterner located very near East Liverpool, Ohio--home of the beautiful pottery museum that houses treasures from the 19th century to the present, including a rare collection of Lotus Ware--I love to learn about the history of the art. *This interdisciplinary, biographical study was absolutely marvelous.
This was beautifully done and effectively brought to life the extraordinary genius of Josiah Wedgwood.
I and my husband have a Wedgwood set, that was made in England…we looked at adding pieces but found out they are made in Indonesia.
Wonderful documentary! Mr Wilson’s knowledge of the family adds dimension.
This man makes me proud to be from Stoke On Trent… I’m in a noisy pub restaurant right now so will watch this documentary tonight with a nice brew 😌☕️💕
Excellent! Wonderful learning about Mr. Wilson's family and upbringing along with the Wedgewood legacy. Thank you.
My Mom was a Fiesta Ware girl. We were always embarrassed when we brought friends home from Wedgewood type households. LOLOLOL! I"m gonna make this one required viewing for my students in Product Design.
This was a wonderful documentary. I found this fascinating. I actually have my grandmother's set of Wedgwood dinnerware. And we use it on all Sundays and on special occasions, birthdays and anniversaries etc. My grandparents bought it right before the war. Love these great documentaries.
Mn. B. He b
Is there anything better than a guided tour from someone passionate about the subject of the tour? This was a great documentary about a man I knew little of beyond his famous name.
I do wish there was more about the conditions in the pottery factories themselves, & the lives of the people whose hands made every single one of the objects that made Wedgwood both wealthy & famous.
How touching what you said about ¨following your star¨.Thank you for this wonderful documentary!
Excellent programme about one of the world's great creative geniuses.
The only nit I have is comparing Josiah Wedgwood to Steve Jobs. Josiah took the humblest of materials and created true objects of art, to elevate and beautify, and to fight for human dignity and the rights of mankind. He left the world a better place.
Steve Jobs is not even close.
I agree, Job was a just a greedy capitalist. He sent the fabrication in China to be made by modern slaves workers. I was genuilely an asshole. All the contrary of Josiah Wedgwood.
Yes, I was quite surprised when he mentioned Steve Jobs and I'll have to listen again to understand why he brought up Jobs.
He definitely was not a Unitarian and had no sense of common good quite frankly. OF course he had mental issues. HE was either bipolar or manic depressant or something of that sort and he went through women like water and part probably due to his mental trevails. BUT nevertheless I don't think he ever thought of human good. HE did want to create this cell phone which has ended up separating humans from humans, although I enjoy mine because I can watch things like this in my solitude. BUT it has made many of us if not all of us have greater expanses of solitude due to the type of world the cell phone has created.
An excellent program. Keep up the good work Perspective.
Not only a fascinating subject but probably the finest narration possible. 👏🏻
With some extraordinary luck, I came to possess a small bowl with Josiah’s portrait in a rich deep red on the gorgeous white glaze. It is small, commemorative, and handsome. I’ve no idea of its provenance nor age, but it is a great wee treasure. Thank you for this wonderful biography of a truly great genius.💐
Thank you. Josiah Wedgwood was my great great great uncle. My great grandfather was a firer. Being adventurous he moved with his family to Canada in 1912. They left on a ship that left three days after the maiden voyage of the Titanic. After a couple of years in Canada trying to farm, the family migrated to Michigan. My grandmother arriving in Canada was only 12 years old. Eventually she met my grandfather who was from Canada. Of course the story goes on -- but my grandmother would tell me about my great grandfather and his being part of the Wedgwood family and working as a firer in the china factory, although his name was Morgan. He hand painted china - amazingly talented. Again - thank you. Interesting, the barometer that came over in 1912 with my great grandfather family is now in Baja Sur Mexico when we brought it here to our retirement home in 2012, one hundreds later.
What a lovely story. I love my Jasper,Jewellery and Glass WedgWares.
So these products are no longer made in Great Britain? That seems incredibly sad to me. I knew nothing of the history of Wedgwood until watching this video. What a wonderful man Josiah Wedgwood was in so many respects. I believe he would have kept his company in Great Britain if he were alive today, putting its heritage and financial benefits to community above purely financial gain.
Absolutely gutted to see how stokes changed into what it looks like today. This was such a good documentary! Really nice to see Wedgwood get appreciated!!
I really love this man what he stood for he deserve his success.
Small Southern town in the USA during the 1950s thought Jasperware the height of wealth and fashion so the two daughters of a lower middle class family bought them for their mother. I now have these pieces from my grandmother. The next two generations don't want them. So sad.
The film is simply wonderful!!!
this program has helped me get back to my first interest. Art. Love it.
Fantastic, thank you for uploading!
That fake drop was very funny! Thank you for sharing your knowledge and memories. I’m very jealous of your memories. Love & Respect from Calgary, Alberta CANADA 🇨🇦
I've learnt so much and what a fabulous manner of teaching he has .I just want more .
Excellent and SO inspiring! Thank you to all involved in producing this beautiful documentary!
Bring the Wedgwood production back to England!
Bring back the consumers with good taste!
I just fished out a pair of soup tureens from the late 1800's from the attic for some new shelves I made. I bought them in a small shop in London in 1974 for 5 pounds, a whole weeks food money, even back then I was prepared to go hungry in order to have nice things.
Oh my! This documentary is extraordinary! Thank you so very much for sharing your life and history with us !
2 minutes in, and I'm thrilled!!! And tickled!!!!!!
Much respect and admiration! I simply love every doc you give us and treasure the great research and info!
Top 3 favourite channels on RUclips. LOVE the videos, this one was outstanding ❤
What a great story! Thank you for telling it to us!
This was very enjoyable to watch,, thank U!!
Fabulous documentary.
Great film. Thank you.
Fascinating! This was an excellent insight to an extraordinary person. Thank you
Incredibly well done and enjoyed the fact that our narrator has a connection to Josiah Wedgewood!!
Keep them coming young man best entertainment on at this time.
Absolutely marvelous thank you
0:04 no worries Val! You guys keep making them, I'll keep enjoying them.
I love how he admits he should have followed his star! My parents thought I was crazy but I became a lawyer, didn’t I?
Wonderful having their history
Any time I'll have a glass with you Mr Wilson, lovely sense of humour.
What an interesting video. Thank you so much.
Fascinating. Josiah was a genius.
Insane plot twist at the end.
beautiful, educational and inspiring.
This was so interesting! Thanks for the content. Highly educational.
What a beautiful story and so well told!
I am much more interested in this type of history. This is the history that we can all relate to. I’m not really interested in war and battles except for how they might have affected their families at home.
Fascinating man, lovely to listen to, history made real.
Amazing, so informative.
Wedgwood fun fact: his son, Thomas, is considered an early pioneer of photography. As early as the 1790s, he had invented a method for capturing images on paper and leather. However, he never solved the problem of how to make those images last. None of his experimental work survives.
I love the anti-slavery campaign medals Wedgewood produced and sent out. I feel like it would be in order to resume a similar initiative nowadays, this time including a similar message and an image of Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Filipinos, Hindus, Northern Koreans and others who are lured with promises of prosperity or coerced into factually slave labor to a number of more or less (or not at all) democratic countries on several continents, and all they receive after arrival is exploitation, poverty, violence and abuse of all kinds of their rights. And contempt and indifference of those countries' citizens.
Excellent, thank you! Now I have to find a Wedgwood umbrella 😊
Fascinating!
I love beauty, but hate the elitism and social climbing thing. I'm glad it turned it in a better direction later when he tried to help the poor. It was well-motivated, clearly.
Bless their family.
Wonderful documentary
A excellent story and well told. I so enjoyed this
As an American, I was disappointed that the time of the American Revolution was skipped over, especially after it was stated that Wedgewood was exporting pottery to the Colonies prior to the Revolution. Also, what an opportunity to comment on Josiah's thoughts of a slaveholding society that purported to be fighting for liberty.
Absolutely Josiah was a genius. I knew about Wedgwood but had no idea!
Fantastic!
I believe this is the second time I’ve watched this documentary and I enjoyed it every bit as much as the first. More than likely I will watch it again sometime time and learn even more. Yes, I’m one of those Americans that LOVES blue Jasper ware though I don’t own a single piece. I hope one of my grandchildren might spot a piece somewhere one day and think it a good gift for me for some holiday. Wasn’t he simply MARVELOUS!!
most , best, true love, hero. thank you.
this guy approached to his clients with easy return policy in the 1800!
Which now a days we see youtubers being sponsored speaks abt staff one has to offer like coffe,wine, wallets, craft drinks which offers free shipping and a hundred percent moneyback guarantee!
He did target marketing to make his product high end with similar strategy and had so much faithbin his craft that he was pretty sure sending to the aristocrats of Europe will be a successs and most won't return the prduct he sent for free.
this is hooking clients with indigent and artistic products by creating a brand value to it's finest!
what a genius combo he had of art and business!
Quite an extraordinary documentary production! The name of the great John Flaxman should have been cited. Flaxman was a significant contributor to many of the classical designs which adorned the Wedgwood ceramics which were inspired by discoveries stemming from Pompeii and Herculaneum. I thoroughly enjoyed this remarkable film.
Nice to have the legacy explained. Sad that the potteries went away. Sorry that the narrator did not follow his star…
I had no idea that Charles Darwin was Josiah Wedgwood's grandson!
"we just don't have the knack do we".. how to tell the truth with classic British understatement.
Wonderful.
The number of comments (23) indicates the overall value of this production...it is truly sere and stifling in spirit.
Fantastic show, wonderful presenter and script, would like to see more of him, knew none of it.
enjoyed this presentation. Scared me when he almost dropped the Portland vase!!
My parents bought a collectible Wedgewood jasperware Christmas plate in 1969, the same year we bought our house in Richmond, Virginia. They went on to buy another plate in the series each Christmas. We treasured the 1969 plate as the first in the collection, imagining one day it would have great value, which of course it did not. I gave the Christmas plates away when my parents died. Great memories.
Thank you
You can always spot a Stokie, in restaurants or cafe's they'll look underneath the cups and plates to see who made them 😁 My great grandad was a saggar maker's bottom knocker😁
Wonderful piece of work. Excellent presentation. Fills many gaps in the C18th picture. Many thanks
Excellent
I am astounded and in awh of connections and links in time, cause and affect or the butterfly affect. Such a good doc🙏
Wonderful! Thank you so much.
Brilliant
One of you're best. I've already watched it three times. Any chance you'd make one on the Darmstadt art colony? Thank you
This is a GREAT presentation! 👍
A book about Joseph Priestly and Antoine Lavoisier, A World on Fire, mentioned that Priestly had done some chemical experiments on clay for Wedgwood. I was waiting to see whether that would be mentioned in this video.
I found a Cherokee house in Gwinnett County next to Gwinnett Mall and the Cherokee had beautiful English ceramics.
Interestingly, Gwinnett County is named after Button Gwinnett, who married in Wolverhampton, less than 40 miles away from the Potteries, and also (then) in Staffordshire 😀
Theoretical perspectives are the basic assumptions about how society functions, the role of sociology, and the application of a specific set theories in studying social life.
-- Society is a unified whole that seeks equilibrium
-- Society is composed of groups competing for scare resources
-- Social life can be measured through observing daily interactions
-- Sociology should be used to enact social change
-- Sociology should be value free
With so much Wedgewood available why don't I own at least a piece? Wish I did!
Hello Waldemar. Please say your surname a bit slower. I've always wondered how to pronounce it.
Senior Service cigarettes, 60 a day, will provide one with a remarkable tobacco experience. I have dabbled in that art form and I have custom rolled Flying Dutchman pipe tobacco in Wheat Straw papers. It is a wicked hard ass addiction and the side effects are sometimes severe or fatal.
Great documentary thank you! Yes, Charles Darwin was a Wedgwood as was Ralph Vaughan Williams.
Great show but not a fan of the super close up shots.
fantatastic documentary! btw I have one of those c-r-a-p pieces of blue and whites that were sent to America