Solving one of PostgreSQL's biggest weaknesses.
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- Опубликовано: 7 июн 2024
- Storing large amounts of data, such as time series data, in a single table is often a challenge when it comes to PostgreSQL. There are other databases out there that can be used for timeseries, however, it does mean giving up many of the features that makes postgres so desirable.
Fortunately, there is another option. TimeScaleDB is a postgres extension that is optimized for time series data. In this video, we provide a brief introduction into TimeScale DB and put it to the test.
This video was sponsored by TimeScaleDB. If you're looking to use a time series database for your own needs, then I highly recommend TimeScale, you can get set up with a free trial using the link below.
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00:00 - Intro
00:56 - Timeseries Data
02:40 - Getting Started
07:33 - HyperTables
12:38 - Continuous Aggregates
16:39 - Results 
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What operating system and terminal are you using?
Note: I hope you've pulled down those instances, because I see a few passwords in the video. Seeing the complexity, I presume it's a single-use password, generated by a password manager?
@@NostraDavid2 They're down :) thank you for checking though!
would love to see a more in-depth one about compression and the others :o
LOGLINES: loglines are a great example of time series data. It's also usually some dynamic object with a timestamp.
In Postgre we trust
It's bloated and slow. F SQL.
@realscience7274 what's the alternative?
@@isaacfink123MySQL/MariaDB and better architecture
@@isaacfink123 spend 20 man years engineering your own database system with rust, obviously.
@@FunctionGermanyexactly, SurrealDB
i gotta respect your dedication to reading and replying to criticism and question in the comments.
when this channel grows more you're not gonna be able to keep up with all comments but if you keep doing this amount of work i think you'll maintain high integrity and trust.
i've seen a bunch of promising tech channels dip their toes too far into the sponsor or hype train pond, releasing content without enough reflection or community consultation (e.g. joshtriedcoding).
i'm looking forward to your future content :)
Thank you! I'm definitely taking the feedback on board and working out solutions for future content. After any sponsorship commitments I'm currently dedicated to, I'll be taking a pause on them in order to work out how best to proceed. I have a couple of solutions in mind so will share them with the community when they become more fleshed out.
Poor josh only tried hence the channel name. So nothing wrong he only delivers what he promised 😂
@@savire.ergheiz sometimes josh REALLY doesn't try hard at all unfortunately. he's dropped some pretty massive L's in the past.
Excellent introduction. Thank you.
Thank you for this video. As it happens I was thinking about looking into timescale as well as influx and a few other time time series dbs out there. Postgres is not my favorite db of choice, but I"m a big proponent of using the right tool for the job and timescale checks a lot of my boxes here. Also props for featuring neovim. :)
Thanks for the awesome video!
This is great! One point of feedback: instead of writing each parquet file out to disk as a csv, and then COPYing from the csv file, try converting the parquet file to csv and streaming it directly into the STDIN of the COPY command. Forego the reading and writing to disk. I expect this to speed up your load script considerably.
This channel is slowly becoming my favorite place on the internet
Great! Just what my fellow programmer needed.
Also worth pointing out that while p95 time was smaller going to hyper table, the p95 memory went up by a lot
Great call out!
Does the memory size correlate with the chunk size (chunk_time_interval) of the hypertable? So a smaller chunk size with lots of input is better to save memory usage?
3MB to 3GB
Excellent introduction to TimescaleDB. Would very much like to see more features and capabilities.
Did you have an index on the started_at column for the regular table?
Excellent video, would love to see more on TimeScaleDB!
It's a really cool extension! I shall probably do a video on self hosting it next
@@dreamsofcode v interested in self hosting!!!
This was great. Thanks for sharing. What do you use to make coding slides/video/transitions?
Fascinating insight into large dayda issues.
In older versions of Postgres you had to use table inheritance to achieve partioninging. But since last several years, they have declarative partitions although you still have to create the partition tables yourself.
There is an extension called pg_partman that can help creating partitions automatically. We also use timescaledb in our Production databases to deal with time series data.
Another think I want to mention that, creating a dummy timestamp data it isn't that hard. You don't need to download anything. You can use PostgreSQL generate_series() command which can accept start and end_time and use random numeric values for any time range.
Awesome demo! Thank you! This really opens up another technological layer to me. In the past I had no connection to db optimization other than using indexes in mysql. But this is so much more and so useful! This is actually applicable to an use case that has been bugging me for years. Different type of timeseries data that we are currently cashing through a php scheduler in a redis storage. Will share this with the team 🎉
That's great to hear! I'm glad the video was helpful! ❤️
Lovely video! I would love to see this used in a project using sensor data or another type of real time data
That's a great use case for it. At my current place of work, we use it for sampling IP attributes over time.
How does the window get those baby blue, peach, pink, and green colors in the information bar?
Pretty impressive indeed! Makes me want to compare that with how Apache Pinot performs. Thanks for the video!
Thanks for the video. But don't you know about "\timing" in psql?
Great tip!
These kinds of add-ons are great, but they also come with maintenance and reapair nightmares. Imagine there is an outage of data feeding in, or the db itself suffers an outage. You need a way to be able to reliably and accurately rebuild possibly large amounts of materialized views from arbitrary offsets.
Verry nice Video! Thank you!
at 9:30 you declared a reference in a hypertable, that is not working for me. after consulting google i found out that in hypertables it is not possible to create references... how did you solved that?
Interesting, thanks. My big data table is more than a few TB and over 90 billion (no typo) rows. But it's in that "dreaded vendor database", Oracle. It's a 2 node Oracle database cluster on 2017 h/w, processing and analysing over a billion WAN IP traffic flows per day (SQL & PL/SQL code). Would love to try out PostgreSQL though. But then there's my other pursuits (like machine learning on IP traffic for anomaly detection)... and not enough hours in a day. This is a great time for s/w engineers. So many fascinating technologies, products, languages, and concepts to explore.
The Golden Age of Software Technologies. 🙂
Yayyy! Definitely Golden Age
Timescale was dogfooding and reached 10 billion records per day in a single node, single hypertable :)
I have a question is it alright to view partioning of tables to how binary search works, like you get more performance since you are not looking through the entire db
That is exactly how it works.
It is a amazing video! Congratulations! I have a question as a developer - sorry, it could be a silly question. How should be the workflow on the hyper and non-hyper tables? Will be required the code to call the hyper table version programmatically per case bases? Insert/delete/update only on the non-hyper table? Or is that a way to do it transparently?
It's totally transparent. Just insert in the hypertable and the partition works behind the scenes.
can I get the keywords for setup the desktop environment as video do ? Thanks
Hi really loved the video you've made. It is quite informative. I had one question, what does database migrations do (at 10:00) if not load the data into the new database?
Is it in this case just setting up tables in the database instance?
Yes! The migrations just set up the table schemas rather than loading the data in. You can do this in the migration step, however migrations sometimes run in a txn which would probably be quite large.
Hello and thank you for your videos :)
I've been interested in TimescaleDB for a while now, but my data is not completely timeseries-oriented. Each record I want to analyze can evolve over time in my current DB, so we would have mutable events if I keep my current implementation. I suppose this is not acceptable with TimescaleDB? Wouldn't it be better to transform every event that modifies one of my record in my current model into a unique event to the tsdb, with a ban on modifying the data afterwards?
I hope I've made myself clear :)
You can use a unique index with a hypertable which will allow you to prevent duplicates, and then you can use an UPDATE to upsert any data in. It should be doable with tsdb!
Thanks for your answer!
I thought that too many updates could be a problem with tsdb but it probably depends on the technology, I'll have to test it :)
I'm not calling you out for a dirty cheat because the video is very interesting 😉. Thank you and keep it going!
What terminal do you use?
Smooth inclusion of the number of RUclips subscribers. I am convinced 👍😉
The question is, why would you want to do read queries in a operational DataBase? Usually you load the data useful for analytics/ML/reporting in an analytical DB which is designed to perform read operations
mad props for the deep dive on postgres and timescale DB
it's clear you've got mad skills and dedication when it comes to this stuff
i have to admit though, i don't fully buy into the idea that postgres can't handle big data efficiently without the need for something like timescale DB
sure, for time series data there might be an edge, but postgres has shown some mad chops with large datasets in the right setups
but, timescale DB sounds like a game changer for specific use cases
keep grinding and dropping that knowledge
first of all big fan of your content. regarding opensource, your comment on terraform? they were opensource too, till they are not. could you post some content on that?
That's a great point! I know some other creators have done a great job covering terraform as well. I believe Timescale would remain open source due to postgres however!
when a video about your os setup? :D
What about dedup tables in file servers? They can get huge and really slow and buggy. I've not yet come across a satisfactory way for dealing with them. Tho I'm by no means a db expert
I wonder how timescaledb would work with postGIS extension
We are using timescale db in prod. But, actually, this solution has a lot of problems yet. You can check issues. But anyway it's pretty simple and affordable variant for timeseries.
Have you tried ciickhouse yet?
What issues are you currently facing? We're using it in production as well and have had a good experience so far.
i really like your terminal. Can you/anyone tell/guide me how I can also achieve a similar look?
+1 same
Hi, do you have any suggestions how to improve speed of full text search combined with filtering on other columns? Table size is more than 600Gb, filtering columns are provided by user and are different each time
Stored tsvectors with indexing are fast, but when it's combined with other column filters performance become really bad
i love postgres the most too
My good sir, you have definitely piqued my interest for it. I remember playing with postgres and mouse genome toy dataset on a dual core and hard disked machine. That's when I had discovered influxdb, around 8 years ago. But it was never interesting to me to play with time series data or databases. I am definitely going to try out this one.
And yes, I would 10/10 love to watch a more detailed video. Also, if possible, perhaps you can make a video on Prometheus and OpenTelemetry?
I'm glad you enjoyed it! We've been using it at my place of work for huge time series data and it's been a joy to work with.
Those are some great ideas. I shall add both to my video backlog.
What software do you use for the graphics and editing?
I mainly use Davinci resolve with some After effects for certain things as there's much more documentation on AE. I have a new channel coming soon which I'll talk about motion graphics using DR and AE from a coding POV.
I also want to learn more of timescale
So, self hosting for FREE is too much work.. using a docker image is also to much work? So lets use this way more expensive cloud instance that totally isn't sponsoring me...
My ex "IT guy" that was managing servers was so lazy or I don't know what he was but for him to copy pasting 7-10 console commands was sooo hard
it was literally hes job, after 2 days of him not doing anything i was like "give the me god damn connection credentials and root access" 1 day later after just a bit of research i finished putting up the entire scaffolding, and documented it since some people find it hard to "google it"
I dont know if its a trend or people just want everything on a plate but learning is hard, thinking is hard, breathing is hard
It's good to be skeptical. However in this case you've missed the point.
Yes, Timescale sponsored the video, but they had 0 decision making on how I deployed timescale. I even left links for other deployment models in the project readme.
I went with what would be the quickest for the video. The hypervisor on macOS would skew the results, and setting up an instance of timescale would detract from the content. If that's something people are interested in, I'm happy to do another video on it.
@@dreamsofcodeThanks for the reply, in. the case of the video I totally get it. I think it's very cool you pointed out the free possibilities as well. Just the wording about it sounds quite off to me haha, and to my friend as well. its how I got to this video in the first place.
Either way, thanks for the reply as it provided a lot of context.
@@Terandium Thank you for the feedback, I really do appreciate hearing your thoughts! I should have done a better job to explain my reasoning for choosing the managed service.
The world needs more of this channel.
Alright, where did you get that killer wallpaper?
I got it from freepik! I'd share the url but RUclips doesnt like it
If I plan on running a db locally I usually just stil to sqlite. It's 3x faster than redis fully optimised and you can ignore the n+1 problem.
Yeah, at our start-up (solar analytics) timescaleDB broke completely down, stopped auto sizing so we needed to migrate very quickly to HBase like tesla uses. Became evident, that MS did not test their product at more than almost big data size data.
That's a sad experience Dino. Just curious, what's the size of your database? We ( I work for Timescale) recently reached 10B rows per day and our dog fooding project. The storage is over 350TB at this point. We have a very proactive community, join our Slack and let's talk about the tech-design issue you have :)
isn't there incremental materialised view extension for PG? surprised not mentioned... or tested..
IVM is a great extension! I don't believe it's supported by any cloud providers as of yet (at least wasn't last I checked).
I'll happily do a video on it though!
Will Timescale be the Planetscale for PostgreSQL? Or the Vitess ?
Planetscale is pretty cool! You certainly can use timescale as just a managed PostgreSQL, although it's more optimized for time series data.
Timescale now also offering Dynamic Postgresql instances. Announced this week, just pay storage for what you use ;)
I have lite 200Gb of data but it's not related to time in any sense (well maybe dates), what would be the best solution there?
Is it possibly related to space or is there anything else that it can be partitioned on? If not then your best bet is decent indexing based on common queries. I'm going to do a video going into deeper detail on indexing at some point!
Why is the syntax of these languages written like COBOL or something equally scores old?
can traditional postgres brin index achieve the same goal?
Indexing would help, but it won't help for every query. Partitioning tends to be the better option for timeseries, however. This is due to not needing to rebalance any indexes when insert or update more data.
Using Timescale for Skyblock Finance and loving it so far. It’s a bit complicated to set-up the continuous aggregates properly but once it's running it's a lot faster
Just checked it out, very cool!
Why do we need the refresh policy for the continuous aggregate if it's updated continuously?
Mainly because its like a "live view" so it tracks changes in memory but needs to periodically refresh in order to commit them to the underlying materialized view.
Think of it similar as git, with changes vs commits.
@@dreamsofcode but will my results of querying the aggregate depend on whether or not it was refreshed recently?
12:03 what does "P95 memory" metric means?
P95 means "95th percentile". So 95% of observed values are = that value.
So P95 memory consumption would mean that 95% of the runs consumed the same or less memory. 5% consumed the same or more memory.
Is there an equivalent but for graph (nodes and edges) data?
Yes there are many, they are called graph databases. Neo4j is the most popular iirc
You can also use recursive queries combined with hypertables which allow you to build a kind of tree system but not graph. Probably apache age (graph extension for pg) will work well too. Never tried myself :)
What is the theme you are using for your terminal?
I use Tmux and Catppuccin theme!
@@dreamsofcode Got it thanks!
Actually, technically Postgres natively supports time scale data. Postgresql does not. Because the feature was in the Postgres Berkeley code but removed by the Postgresql team.
Mahn, please do the dadbod plugins for NvChad
would like a video on postgres streaming database
This is a great idea!
Is this time scale setup useful for a transactional database such as for a booking system like uber ? Could we structure the data search that every minute of the day is regarded as a bookable resource for every operator and then search through that time series data?
I had a project where we were writing 30gb per day. A mongo cluster was the only option there.
Am I reading the data wrong or has the hypertable used waaaaay more ram at 12:09? The difference between 0.0032GB and 3.1GB (x968) is not be just glanced over in my opinion...
You're correct, it does use a lot more RAM, but that's by design due to the way hypertables cache their data in memory. That could be seen as a negative, but in comparing timings, using RAM is a good thing imho as it allows for optimizaton. However, I should have called this out on the video.
Thank you for raising it!
12:00 Aah yes, the cloud. 5 days running cost = $170
That's the budget for an entire month of 8Core 64GB RAM dedicated server with 1TB NVMe SSD and like 10TB traffic included.
bUt YoU dOn't EvEn NeEd To SeT uP tHe ClOuD
Hire a pro to set up your dedicated server, schedule backups, deploy your apps, and you'll break even with the cloud offering by the end of week 2.
I completely agree :) Cloud is good for development stage though
Did you make your Linux look like MacOS or do you just have a great macos tilting WM? I'm using yabai rn but it's quite disappointing...
Also, is that tmux at the bottom?
It is tmux at the bottom! I have a video on my tmux configuration on my channel which goes into it!
So, a lot of my windows are video editing unfortunately. I do have some utilties for screen recording and centering with xdotool, but mostly it's editing magic that makes it look like it does.
Do you use client gui or command line for sql?
I use command line for sql! psql works for me. I believe there are some decent guis that colleagues of mine use.
@@dreamsofcode Sometimes I use the GUI but I usually use pgcli because it has autocompletion.
Looks interesting, but in your performance comparison you could have added an index on started_at to the normal postgres table. I think that would have increased its query speed substantially (albeit increasing storage)
A well designed index can definitely help, although it does impact write performance as well, which in time series data sets can cause issues.
You can also add them to hyper tables, if needed. Generally, partitioning is always going to be better for time series and then adding indexes for other features is the best approach in my experience.
@@dreamsofcode Yes, but your comparison here is very unfair. Calling create_hypertable() function actually creates an index automatically on the column that you use for time partitioning, which in your case is the started_at column.
@@hheheks I hear you, but I think there is a big difference still.
Hypertables don't create indexes, only partitions. The issue with just using an index on the start time is that there's still a row lookup. It won't have all the necessary data for aggregations and would require a row lookup still (unless you use the include keyword on the columns you want in the index). You also have to re-balance the index for every insert, which will cause much slower insertion times.
I think it's incorrect to compare the two because of the nuances with indexing, which honestly could be a video by itself. I'm happy to do a video to explain the drawbacks of indexing vs partitioning.
@@dreamsofcode You are incorrect. create_hypertable() has argument ’create_default_indexes’ which defaults to true, and you are not overriding it. Go check your partitioned table. The parent table does not have the index, but each partitioned chunk has.
@@hheheks You're correct. That's my mistake. Let me run this without the create_default_indexes flag and share the findings!
Same ❤🎉
I’m storing many TB in Postgres across partitioned tables. To create a new partition for a day “my slice of choice” is a couple line procedure.
For massive inserts, just write directly to the partition as if it were a free table. When I’m bulk loading I do this into a table with no index or relationships, then when don’t attach the partition and everything gets built once at the end.
You should also check out pg_partman and pgcron if you're raw managing the partitions yourself! Those are pretty awesome extensions.
Just wanted to write to use timescale and you said it😂
The averages you are getting from the materialized view are different from the trips_hyper. This is happening because you are taking the monthly averages of daily averages.
What is more interesting now that I look at it, the averages between the standard table and the hyper table are very slightly different, as well, which is not making much sense if the data in both are identical.
How is `create_hypertable` defined? What would this be named if I was to roll my own.
Compare the P95 memory for both queries. TimescaleDB query used ~1000x morememoery
RAM is meant to be eaten :)
@@dreamsofcode Indeed! 😂
Assuming they host in AWS, there's an old saying: friends don't let friends deploy to us-east-1.
😂
I think you forgot to point out that spliting a table into partitions requires more storage, i believe u did point this in the last video but the storage in question isn't small to be ignored
That's a fair point, but compared to other solutions such as indexing the storage impact is pretty minimal. It's no where near 2xing or anything like that and given storage is pretty cheap, its a fair trade off IMHO.
@@dreamsofcodei agree, i'd rather pay like 1$ for like 30 to 35gb of storage than a pile of money for some compute time
@@and_rotate69 I do think it's worthwhile me doing a video on indexing as there's a few other comments about it as an option. Appreciate the feedback as well!
If you previously indexed by the partitioning field, that can then be dropped which can buy back space, and compute time on inserts.
Wouldn't it be more fair if you at least had a index on the normal table?
So it's basically just smart caching?
Yep! There's a lot of smart caching under the hood, as well as managing partitions, which enables the smart caching.
It's open source (albeit written in C) so one is able to check what they're doing as well!
12:35 bro really clocked $168 of usage with a "hello-world"
Jeeeesus
but isn't this a worlkload DB for analytics not a transactional DB. would be helpful if that was your usecase
Lovely ad 👏
id rather use clickhouse for timeseries '__')
Clickhouse is pretty great. There's definitely some caveats when using it (as with all columnar stores) but if it's the right choice for you then I'm vibing.
For a lot of these usecases columnar is an even better solution.
Hydra's fork of Citus Columnar is my goto for billion row problems.
I'd love for Timescale to include first party support for Columnar hypertables to handle append only data a lot faster and more compact.
Nvchad for java, pls 🙂
Please do a video on your Linux setup! I wish your stuff were available on Archcraft as an out-of-the-box setup.
I find this interesting and strange because Mysql has partition out of the box since 2008, that's 15 years ago and now I take it for granted.
PostgreSQL has it as well! But it is much more manual than using something like timescaleDB.
I feel like the pricing is a bit overboard. A similar droplet on digotalocean would cost almost 10 times less per hour. Sure, you will have to spend 30 minutes to set up a db, but then you won't be paying 900$ per month, only around 100$
I hear ya. I think that is the case with most managed services. I know for SOC2 compliance you'd likely need a little more than the droplet, but given that this is an open source extension, if you've got the bandwidth to self host, then that option is available. That's one thing I really like about TimescaleDB.
my biggest Postgres database is 5 million company records at 8 GB, reaching 50 GB seems impossible
GIB MORE PostgreSQL's VIDEOS >:(
A suggestion for an upcoming video could be about your Arch Linux setup. (wm/tools, etc)
Great suggestion! I shall add it to my video backlog.
Why not have timescale features as a table type or view types in normal postgres db instead of having a seperate db.
Im not sure I understand fully, but timescale is PostgreSQL
@@dreamsofcode May be i misunderstood then. How to enable timescale featuers in existing postgres db?
@@madhavsilwal2777 It is just a postgres extension, so you can install it like you would any other. There are instructions on Github here: github.com/timescale/timescaledb
Which linux distribution you use?
Arch?
@@victortesla2935 Looks like macOS
he's on macOS bro
@@cheebadigga4092 no as far as I remember in the nvchad video he said he is installing it in arch
@@cheebadigga4092it’s arch, the Mac type thing is just animation. I asked in a previous video.
The github link is broken
Thank you for letting me know! Should be fixed now.
No index on the standard table. Oh look, now it is slow.
We once had a database table of about 400GB where they had attempted to put an index on it. The problem with indexing is you need to use the correct index for your query otherwise it can actually hinder performance.
I'll be doing another video on this phenomenon 😁
It's a weakness, but postgresql never said they would be good at everything. It's ok to choose different solutions for different problemas. If you are working with time series it does make sense to optimize and choose a better match for this use case. But it's not PostgreSQL fault
The good news is that, PostgreSQL is still powering these results. Timescale is just an open source extension to simplify some of PostgreSQL internals to make this happen!
I like PostgreSQL. However, being an Arch user, upgrading major PostgreSQL versions is annoying and keeps me from using it on anything outside of hobbyist projects.
How about deploy it on docker?
I created a hypertable with 32 columns and inserted 30 million rows to test. With every symbol (a column of that table), the query to slow at the first call (more than 10 seconds), and really fast (less than 50 ms) on subsequent calls. In my opinion, the first call is too slow and unacceptable
Have you checked if this is a Postgres TOAST slowing you down? As all the columns doesn't fit in a single row, you'll need an extended storage which will be done on an external table.
In short, you can solved Postgres biggest weakness by extending it with timescaledb and using a so called "hypertable" which cuts down the query time by a lot.