Whether the Vredefort Crater and impact are related to the world's largest (adjacent) platinum deposits is up for debate. Current dating suggests that the platinum formed a few million years before the impact, but this seems like too good of a coincidence and are within the margin of error for age dating relevant rocks. The Sudbury Crater in Canada also brought up platinum from the mantle, so it is not too much of a stretch to think that the same might be the case in South Africa.
so a very large iron/platinum meteor just happened to hit the earth on top of a platinum volcano in the middle of an iron deposit? ....and this does not strike any one as a bit of a statistical improbability?
huh, so I was born like basically in the middle of this thing. That might be my favourite thing I've learned all year. My family spent generations mining the deposits left by this thing. Something that happened billions of years ago shaped my family history and to some effect, my life. That's epic.
It's funny that you talk like it's significant. There were millions upon millions of predecessors who were born in and lived and died in that crater before your family. The scale of our existence is insignificant to the scale of time on earth.
Awesome, thanks! The ridges of Johannesburg and Pretoria/Magaliesburg are remnants of the outer crater and my playground. Always liked living on the edge! Some other tidbits to add: It was only shown to be an impact crater around 1994 , Shatter Cones were the silver bullets. That is the way some rocks fragmented under the impact, literally as small hand size cones. The features around Vredefort/Parys in your intro are actually the remnants of central rebound cone. If you have a look at craters on the moon (easy to do with binocs) you will see craters bigger than a certain size have central rebound spikes. Love that area! Its a World Heritage site now. The impact punched down sedimentary layers of rock in a great hemisphere which preserved a layer of gold, which this area was/is famous for, actually the reason for all these cities and towns here. The 'reef' that was first mined followed that same circle on the surface, and now the only gold mining that goes on is deep level towards the center. There are layers of limestone that got folded / uplifted between the Magaliesburg and the Witwatersrand. This provide the caves that our ancestors called home (Cradle of Humankind, another World Heritage site) and in which may of the famous fossils of early hominids were preserved and have been found. In some areas around here the near vertical sedimentary layers look like they have been shaved clean. I speculate an ice age - glaciers. There are glacial pavements around on granite further south I did geography at school here, it was pathetic. Everything presented as it is, with no question of how it got there. We went on field trips to look at the folded rock in the ridges, questions about how and why were not entertained. Mind you, the teaching of evolution was banned...
There was a large marble/granite mine there in the area of Parys a small town within the Vredefort Dome complex where I have visited. Due to the age of the meteor impact crater, much of it has been eroded over the millions of years since the event. Regards from South Africa
Not millions of years, but billions of years is a vast amount of time to change the landscape much, but the impact was extremely large. Lucky are the geologists of these cities.
Yes I know that site - done lots of mountain biking there. Its been cutaway so you see a cross section, really mixed up with bits & pieces of old rock. It's granite but what i don't know did the impact cause that intrusion? Quite a few other intrusion domes around there.
I spent a weekend there a fews days after 9\11 in 2001. It was sublime because there was no mobile phone signal. We expected to hear that WW3 had broken out on our return to Joburg. I suppose there is 4G abd 5G coverage now.
I came for the volcanos. I stayed for the impact craters. LOL I enjoy all of your content. You could tell me about the gravel in my drive and make it interesting. Good stuff.
The gravel in your driveway is glacial till deposited when the Wisconsin glaciation period ended and rivers carried loose rock and boulders all over the Northeast of the United States and southern Canada. You're welcome.
@@marktwain368 In my unprofessional opinion... I'm gonna say it consist mostly some kind of granite. I'm surrounded by the stuff in central California. There is a quarry close enough I can throw rocks at it (pun intended)
Visited this place with my class whilst studying geology. Truly a magnificent specimen of geological history. Important to note that without this impact carter the major cities lying on the ridges (which form the rim of the inner central peak of the crater that was back then a mountain 20km high, not the outer rim of the much larger outer crater- that's how big this impact crater is) would not exist since it completely upturned all the rock formations and exposed the older rocks beneath which contain- surprisingly enough- gold. So us South Africans can thank this cataclysmic event for most of the gold we mine.
It should be noted that at the time of this collision the arrangement of the continents was not as it is today. There is also an impact crater in Canada, I believe that in the future we will have some video about it, which is also explored for the extraction of minerals by a large mining company.
Punching all the way through the crust shows how thin it is compared to the overall diameter of Earth. Imagine what the Early and Late Bombardment eras were like!
Wow, didn't know that impact crater existed. I learn so much from your videos. I'm mainly interested in volcanoes, some of your video I know of the name of the volcano, but you go into so much depth. I sit here enthralled. Well done sir, I sit in class for the next education subject, be it volcano or another impact crater.
Thank you. I spent most of my life living on the edge of this impact structure. it's truly awesome to see, well the bits you can see at any kne time, it's HUGE!
I love your informative channel, keep up the good work! 4:05 it's funny because your channel logo is covering one of the 3 "crystals of platinum" so it looks like you are calling your channel a crystal of platinum. LOL
I read that the antipode of the Vredefort Crater just happens to be where the Hawaiian hotspot is located. Based off of what you mentioned about the event that created the Chicxulub crater, do you think the impact that created the Vredefort crater also jump started the creation of the Hawaiian hotspot?
Probably not. This impact happened just over 2 billion years ago. The Hawaiian Islands started about 70 to 80 million years ago. That's a pretty big time difference. I'm not saying this ain't possible, just that the difference between the two events is just to big.
I suppose that it's remotely possible but the Vredefort Dome formed over 2 billion years ago, and the Hawaiian hotspot track is maybe 70-80 million years in a age. I think it's much more likely that the Hawaiian hotspot is a mantle plume that was caused by something other than the Vredefort compactor.
Please look at mount Connor in the northern territory of Australia. Satellite views show concentric circles radiating out from the base and I would like to know your take on it please
One unconfirmed impact site that would be much bigger than the South African one is in South Australia. Theres a very large circular depression in the North of the state.
@1:13 the circle is the dinner plate of gold rich rock that South Africa mines for gold. The layer of gold is thin but occupies that circle. The rock covers the gold layer. The layer at Welkom it is 2 miles deep. I have wondered since 1980 how the gold bearing rock formed this unusual shape. Now i know, thank you for explaining this.
Thanks @Richard. I went down in the tourist gold mine in Johannesburg where I learned of the 200 mile diameter dinner plate shaped gold bearing ore vein. I told the guide that I was surprised the overalls we wore had deep pockets. We might be able to carry out gold. He said it would take a railroad size box car full of the quartz ore bearing rock to produce an ounce of gold, as the gold is a film on the sand inside the quartz layer. He gave me some quartz samples to take home. At the time 1981, gold was trading for $400 US / ounce.
I live in milwaukee, is there anything you could make a video about in this area? The way you explain things makes me feel like a genius btw, you’re so clear and concise that I just get it all the first time, you’re the only content creator that does that for me, so sincerely, thank you!
I’m no expert by any means, but to me the big geology story in this area of Wisconsin was the ice age with the glacier action. Check out Kettle Moraine State Forests (North and South Units).
First class stuff, expertly discussed and properly documented. Impressive stuff. Each one of your videos reminds me of an undergrad research paper, put into video form.
Trip to the centre of the crator is great, as the shatter cones are everywhere. The first crest of the crator can be seen on the horizon. Well worth the visit. Nice family outing. Vredefoort - the fort at which peace was made. Bushveld Ignious Complex - the vulcanic structure that created most of the rich gold and platinum deposits There are actually several banded iron formations in South Africa
Was there any volcanic activity on the opposite side of the planet? Also thanks for the crater videos. They are what i initially watched and subscribed for way back in 2020
You're on to something! Although reconstructions of the Precambrian locations of cratons is sketchy, 2.02 billion years ago, South Africa was near the south pole and the eastern parts of North America were at the anti-pole - and I find just at the correct age, there are two associated dyke swarms (called MD3 and Kangâmiut) on Greenland.
The tectonic plates have moved a rather large amount and have come together as supercontinents and drifted apart several times since this crater was formed. It would hard to tell where exactly the opposite side wouldve been, and theres a decent chance it wouldve been subsumed into the mantle over the years.
@@yaitz3313 Cool! Wish we could detect all the islands that have subducted. I imagine on geologic time scales that hotspots can move relative to the original position, convection and all that
Opening shot is of the Barringer Meteor Crater in Northern Arizona which, while relatively young (estimated 50,000 years) and well preserved, is only about 4100 feet (approx. 1250 meters) across from rim to rim. Depth is about 560 feet (approx. 170 meters). Meteoritic iron from the crater (Canyon Diablo Meteorite) contains trace amounts of platinum and iridium among other rare elements. I was a tour guide there 20 years ago
it could be 6km traveling at 20km/s, or 12km traveling at 10km/s. its mathematics that determine the level of energy required to make the structure, but as a rule, might not be exact.
correct about the uncertainty, but mass and velocity do not trade off linearly. Momentum is the product of the two, yes, but kinetic energy is proportional to mass times the square of the velocity, so doubling the speed quadruples the energy.
Cool Video! Remember When Sheldon Ran Out In Front Of Everyone At The Paintball Tournament & Shouted, "Geology Is Not A Real Science" & They Plastered Him? Geology ROCKS!
I love your "no-nonsense" / cut-to-the-chase approach to narrating and editing your videos, but maybe slow it down just a tad and slow the transition between illustrations. Please !
I am retired and winter in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area. There are a tremendous number of extinct volcanos here. If you want to lecture on this area including Mt Charleston I would enjoy it.
Hi, I would like to a request for a specific topic for a video: I would love to see a video on the Icelandic Hengill/Hrómundartindur/Hveragerði volcanic system. It is the eastern-most volcanic system of the Reykjanes peninsula. It is actually 3 adjacent volcanoes, but because of their proximity they are often only regarded as 1 or 2 volcanic systems. The volcano also happens to be under the town I live in. I would also love to see more videos about Icelandic volcanoes or volcanoes on the Mid Atlantic Ridge such as Jan Mayen.
I must ask: is the voice for this channel computer generated? It’s pretty good, except for the drawn out ends, with down pitch at the end of each sentence. And I miss a bit of the free style banter of other channels. Other than that this is a great channel, with interesting information.
I grew up 50 kilometers from Vredefort. From the ground very little can be seen, but small hills running in semi-circular rings around Vredefort are a common feature of the area.
it's here!! Man I thought Vredefort was huge, but I had no idea the edges of it were that far off from the main "circle". How did scientists measure that? Is it due to one of those unique layers of rock?
Holy shit, I didn’t know that this formation was a ancient impact. I had been looking around Africa for geological history, and came across this as-well, didn’t find any information on it, but apparently you did
If you're new to this: the dinosaur-killer at Chixculub is only the third-largest confirmed crater on Earth, Vredefort being the largest, and Sudbury in Ontario, Canada being the second-largest. Sudbury is slightly younger (1.849 billion years; the difference is about the same length of time as from the earliest dinosaurs to their extinction). It is not as spectacular as Vredefort because it was highly deformed by later tectonic movements (it was between 200 and 250 km across, vs 180 km for Chixculub, but was compressed to less than half its original size). However, it is the source of one of the world's largest nickel and copper reserves.
@@StarTrek4Life Then I'm just surprised how you could have missed it :-) Vredefort being the biggest and one of the few that are well recognisable on satellite photo maps (unlike both Chixculub & Sudbury).
@@Daneelro Technically because of the Sudbury impact craters high deformation there is actually some uncertainty over whether it or Chicxulub were larger, it is most likely that Sudbury was the larger of the two but this isn't certain as it depends heavily on how extensive the deformation was and in which directions, needless to say Sudbury like Chicxulub both were much smaller than Vredefort. This impact crater is a absolute monster!
Very Interesting Good Work you should do Mount Edgecumbe in Alaska, its very interesting in 1974 someone pulled of An April fools prank by burning tires, you should upload it on April Fools
Is it possible that the Vredefort impact structure was the impact crater of the Hoba meteroite? While exploring Google Earth, I stumbled upon the Vredefort Impact Structure, also known as the Vredefort Dome due to its unique shape. Seeing it from a satellite view, my first thought was that it resembled the kind of mark left when something bounces off a surface. Following this line of reasoning, I searched in the direction the dome was pointing and 198 miles away, found the Hoba meteorite. The Hoba meteorite, with its flattened sides, likely tumbled as it entered Earth’s atmosphere, similar to a coin flipping through the air. This tumbling would have slowed its descent considerably, potentially allowing it to bounce upon hitting a hard surface-just like the granite foundation beneath the Vredefort Dome. If the meteorite did bounce, it might have bounced a couple of times and left behind additional impact sites, leading to its current location. Even if it only made one bounce, the slower descent speed and initial impact could explain why the Hoba meteorite’s current resting place has no crater of any kind. Something very unexpected for a chunk of iron and nickel that weighed roughly 66 tons when it hit.
Didn't take geology in school. I mean what could be interesting about a rock. I later learned there is a lot. Your videos take this much further. Thanks from one who loves learning something new everyday.
So happy that you are covering Astroblemes, they are fascinating and a bit scary. Volcanoes are quite predictable where they will be, however, meteor strikes are just so random. Can you please cover an Australian astrobleme called Gosse Bluff & the associated Wolf crater. Cudos
Good to see some popular coverage of this feature. I visited the Vredefort structure in 1997 with Elizabeth Turtle (whose PhD was in part on modeling this structure). It is the type locality for shatter cones, and pseudotachylite impact melt. The remark in the video at 2.53 "the like of which had never been seen before" is quite wrong, however, Vredefort may be the largest impact for which there is a recognizable remnant, but there were surely many more violent impacts before it, we just don't have any surviving evidence.
While not the largest crater in the world, Meteor Crater in Arizona is easily the most accessible and defined. I visited it once with my Mom, sister, and boyfriend. It was just a bump on the horizon driving up to it. When you got there it was just a small hill. When you got to the rim and looked down into the hole it was more like: Holy crap that is big and deep. A bucket list and life changing experience. Go see it!
Very interesting vid. I had no idea that platinum could exist in such rich and concentrated deposits. I don't share your evolutionist world view of history however.
In the comments of one of your videos, someone mentioned that this crater is around the same place as the antipode of Hawaii. With the theories about massive impact events causing volcanic activity at the antipodes, could this have caused the Hawaii hotspot?
no because where africa is now is not where it was when the impact happened. now where exactly it was on the planet 2 billion years ago in relation to the current hotspot good luck.. but considering how many hotspots and plumes exist it's unlikely this specific impact crater created the one that feeds the hawaiian island chain. it's possible it did create one that no longer exists but not that specific one.
search ( 가장 큰 운석공 크레이터 ) The Congo Basin in Africa is the largest crater A very large asteroid fell with an inclination of about 48 degrees. Result Penetrates Earth and causes donut mantle convection So the supercontinent separated and the Hawaii hotspot was created.
Always take friends for a flip over the Vredefort dome when I go flying. It is far more clearly seen from the air. The Vaal River has cut a channel through it uncovering some of the oldest rocks on the surface of the planet.
Whether the Vredefort Crater and impact are related to the world's largest (adjacent) platinum deposits is up for debate. Current dating suggests that the platinum formed a few million years before the impact, but this seems like too good of a coincidence and are within the margin of error for age dating relevant rocks. The Sudbury Crater in Canada also brought up platinum from the mantle, so it is not too much of a stretch to think that the same might be the case in South Africa.
Once in school it was discussed whether or not the gulf of Mexico was a crater. What is your take on this?
so a very large iron/platinum meteor just happened to hit the earth on top of a platinum volcano in the middle of an iron deposit? ....and this does not strike any one as a bit of a statistical improbability?
We're you inspired to make this video after watching Atlas Pro's Hawaiian biogeography video?
So then, where would one suspect the antipode of that impact would be at that time
@@kevint1910 just like the two very close impact craters in canada, it is highly unlikely. but not statistically impossible.
huh, so I was born like basically in the middle of this thing. That might be my favourite thing I've learned all year. My family spent generations mining the deposits left by this thing. Something that happened billions of years ago shaped my family history and to some effect, my life. That's epic.
U find any platinum playa?
Phew, that was close! If you were born a few billion years earlier, you'd be dead! ;-)
@@bigzach7778 😂
It's funny that you talk like it's significant.
There were millions upon millions of predecessors who were born in and lived and died in that crater before your family.
The scale of our existence is insignificant to the scale of time on earth.
@@pliktlhe does
As a person that lives obliviously in this magnificent crater, I am very thankful of this video.😊
Just in case it happens again, perhaps it might be wise to invest in a sturdy hat.
Proudly South African!
@@vipertwenty249 🤣
@@capefox8321 to the heart my man.😉
@@vipertwenty249 OSHA approves this statement!
Awesome, thanks! The ridges of Johannesburg and Pretoria/Magaliesburg are remnants of the outer crater and my playground. Always liked living on the edge!
Some other tidbits to add:
It was only shown to be an impact crater around 1994 , Shatter Cones were the silver bullets. That is the way some rocks fragmented under the impact, literally as small hand size cones.
The features around Vredefort/Parys in your intro are actually the remnants of central rebound cone. If you have a look at craters on the moon (easy to do with binocs) you will see craters bigger than a certain size have central rebound spikes. Love that area! Its a World Heritage site now.
The impact punched down sedimentary layers of rock in a great hemisphere which preserved a layer of gold, which this area was/is famous for, actually the reason for all these cities and towns here. The 'reef' that was first mined followed that same circle on the surface, and now the only gold mining that goes on is deep level towards the center.
There are layers of limestone that got folded / uplifted between the Magaliesburg and the Witwatersrand. This provide the caves that our ancestors called home (Cradle of Humankind, another World Heritage site) and in which may of the famous fossils of early hominids were preserved and have been found.
In some areas around here the near vertical sedimentary layers look like they have been shaved clean. I speculate an ice age - glaciers. There are glacial pavements around on granite further south
I did geography at school here, it was pathetic. Everything presented as it is, with no question of how it got there. We went on field trips to look at the folded rock in the ridges, questions about how and why were not entertained. Mind you, the teaching of evolution was banned...
Thankyou for all the local knowledge. I'm putting it on my bucket list of places to visit.
Thank you for all of the information 👍👍👍
A very interesting read indeed
ha ha .. you're living on a different "edge" than a few others ...
I am so glad you had the perseverance, curiosity and inner courage to reach beyond being told what to think and taught yourself to learn. Well done! 👏
Another fascinating cave system suspected to be associated with the Vredefort impact is the Armageddon Cave which is still being explored.
There was a large marble/granite mine there in the area of Parys a small town within the Vredefort Dome complex where I have visited. Due to the age of the meteor impact crater, much of it has been eroded over the millions of years since the event.
Regards from South Africa
Not millions of years, but billions of years is a vast amount of time to change the landscape much, but the impact was extremely large. Lucky are the geologists of these cities.
Yes I know that site - done lots of mountain biking there. Its been cutaway so you see a cross section, really mixed up with bits & pieces of old rock. It's granite but what i don't know did the impact cause that intrusion? Quite a few other intrusion domes around there.
I spent a weekend there a fews days after 9\11 in 2001. It was sublime because there was no mobile phone signal. We expected to hear that WW3 had broken out on our return to Joburg. I suppose there is 4G abd 5G coverage now.
I came for the volcanos. I stayed for the impact craters. LOL I enjoy all of your content. You could tell me about the gravel in my drive and make it interesting. Good stuff.
The gravel in your driveway is glacial till deposited when the Wisconsin glaciation period ended and rivers carried loose rock and boulders all over the Northeast of the United States and southern Canada. You're welcome.
Gravel or ( romanticizing here really) I mean ejecta is a study in ballistics that has led to stunning discoveries.
@@marktwain368 In my unprofessional opinion... I'm gonna say it consist mostly some kind of granite. I'm surrounded by the stuff in central California. There is a quarry close enough I can throw rocks at it (pun intended)
That gravel is toxic causing impotence.
Visited this place with my class whilst studying geology. Truly a magnificent specimen of geological history. Important to note that without this impact carter the major cities lying on the ridges (which form the rim of the inner central peak of the crater that was back then a mountain 20km high, not the outer rim of the much larger outer crater- that's how big this impact crater is) would not exist since it completely upturned all the rock formations and exposed the older rocks beneath which contain- surprisingly enough- gold. So us South Africans can thank this cataclysmic event for most of the gold we mine.
I would love to see it with my own eyes
All that gold sadly ends up in USA and Europe
bloodsucking gentile
@@arkvsi8142 If it didn't go there it wouldn't be valued and would make South Africa less money?
Another colonizer only equating land with profit
I've visited the Vredefort Dome. I must have heard its age mentioned, but it's the first time I've seen it put in biological context. Thank you!
As a South African, thanks so much - this was truly interesting. I had no idea! Great video as always :)
Thank you for a very informative doco
Cheers Gray
Australia
It should be noted that at the time of this collision the arrangement of the continents was not as it is today. There is also an impact crater in Canada, I believe that in the future we will have some video about it, which is also explored for the extraction of minerals by a large mining company.
,86 yrs old ,enjoyed these video
This is one of the best channels on RUclips.
Punching all the way through the crust shows how thin it is compared to the overall diameter of Earth. Imagine what the Early and Late Bombardment eras were like!
@Tech Stuf Gods, goddesses, devils, demons, angels and spirits do not exist. Religion is belief based on faith. Science is belief based on evidence.
@Tech Stuf You believe I'll understand based on faith not evidence. I have little hope that you will understand.
We would've had a crater that dug deeper than any man-made holes if it weren't for the magma but its deep even when the magma cooled
What a neat video. I had never heard of that crater.
Wow, didn't know that impact crater existed. I learn so much from your videos. I'm mainly interested in volcanoes, some of your video I know of the name of the volcano, but you go into so much depth. I sit here enthralled. Well done sir, I sit in class for the next education subject, be it volcano or another impact crater.
The change in pitch with witch he ends each sentence is maddening.
Almost as maddening as people who haven’t worked out the difference between witch and which
On the PLANET.
I agree, the narration sounds unNATURAL.
It's as if he's recording himself saying each sentence in isoLATION.
Thank you. I spent most of my life living on the edge of this impact structure. it's truly awesome to see, well the bits you can see at any kne time, it's HUGE!
Very cool :) Thank you Sir and Best Regards!
WOW, plenty of stop/rewind/play so much to take in, mega fascinating.. Blows my mind , real interesting so thanks for posting this content.
I love your informative channel, keep up the good work! 4:05 it's funny because your channel logo is covering one of the 3 "crystals of platinum" so it looks like you are calling your channel a crystal of platinum. LOL
Thank You, Matt!!!
I read that the antipode of the Vredefort Crater just happens to be where the Hawaiian hotspot is located. Based off of what you mentioned about the event that created the Chicxulub crater, do you think the impact that created the Vredefort crater also jump started the creation of the Hawaiian hotspot?
This could be a great topic for another video.🧐🧐😊👍
Probably not. This impact happened just over 2 billion years ago. The Hawaiian Islands started about 70 to 80 million years ago. That's a pretty big time difference. I'm not saying this ain't possible, just that the difference between the two events is just to big.
South Africa, and the Vredefort crater, were in a very different location 2 billion years ago
I suppose that it's remotely possible but the Vredefort Dome formed over 2 billion years ago, and the Hawaiian hotspot track is maybe 70-80 million years in a age. I think it's much more likely that the Hawaiian hotspot is a mantle plume that was caused by something other than the Vredefort compactor.
But the other side of its earth exists somewhere if it hasn't been subducted.
Please look at mount Connor in the northern territory of Australia. Satellite views show concentric circles radiating out from the base and I would like to know your take on it please
One unconfirmed impact site that would be much bigger than the South African one is in South Australia. Theres a very large circular depression in the North of the state.
I would enjoy you going into the south African deposits in more depth, including such things as the kimberlite pipes. Keep up the good work.
Like oh my gawwwwwwd,
that intonationnnnn,
it totally makes this video betterrrrrr.
@1:13 the circle is the dinner plate of gold rich rock that South Africa mines for gold. The layer of gold is thin but occupies that circle. The rock covers the gold layer. The layer at Welkom it is 2 miles deep. I have wondered since 1980 how the gold bearing rock formed this unusual shape. Now i know, thank you for explaining this.
And on to the north west side of Johannesburg the platinum mining belt
Thanks @Richard. I went down in the tourist gold mine in Johannesburg where I learned of the 200 mile diameter dinner plate shaped gold bearing ore vein.
I told the guide that I was surprised the overalls we wore had deep pockets. We might be able to carry out gold. He said it would take a railroad size box car full of the quartz ore bearing rock to produce an ounce of gold, as the gold is a film on the sand inside the quartz layer. He gave me some quartz samples to take home.
At the time 1981, gold was trading for $400 US / ounce.
I live in milwaukee, is there anything you could make a video about in this area? The way you explain things makes me feel like a genius btw, you’re so clear and concise that I just get it all the first time, you’re the only content creator that does that for me, so sincerely, thank you!
I’m no expert by any means, but to me the big geology story in this area of Wisconsin was the ice age with the glacier action. Check out Kettle Moraine State Forests (North and South Units).
@@brucekuehn4031 I was in the driftless area a while ago, and it was wild to think ab what the land looked like before the glaciers churned it up
It was the site of one of the first fossil reefs ever discovered:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers%27_Home_Reef
Actually there is surprisingly little on RUclips about it.
It would make a great video for this channel.
Ha! I live just outside Milwaukee too! I'd also love to see a video about Wisconsin's glacial past and it's part in forming our priceless Great Lakes.
Being a South African staying in Johannesburg, this was close to home and extremely interesting. Thank you for a brilliant channel!
This is just excellent. Thank you.
You talk .......... funny. The way you pause before the last ... word.
Great videos, thank you.
Very interesting. Thank you 🙏
Thank you Geology hub (Snake oil Salesman) !!!👍👍👍
First class stuff, expertly discussed and properly documented. Impressive stuff. Each one of your videos reminds me of an undergrad research paper, put into video form.
Trip to the centre of the crator is great, as the shatter cones are everywhere. The first crest of the crator can be seen on the horizon. Well worth the visit. Nice family outing.
Vredefoort - the fort at which peace was made.
Bushveld Ignious Complex - the vulcanic structure that created most of the rich gold and platinum deposits
There are actually several banded iron formations in South Africa
Stellar content and presentation
Thanks for this fascinating video! It's amazing that this asteroid deposited the vast majority of Earth's platinum. Crazy.
Very interesting video! Thanks!
Brilliant piece of information... I get to see the effects of that impact every day whilst driving from Pretoria to Joburg on the N1..
What a clear-cut analyzing
Thanks for the 2 billion year update. Quite an impact .
Yay, I was waiting for this one
Was there any volcanic activity on the opposite side of the planet?
Also thanks for the crater videos. They are what i initially watched and subscribed for way back in 2020
I checked, and the antipode of Vredefort is only 500 miles from Hawaii, the world's largest volcanic hotspot. Huh.
You're on to something! Although reconstructions of the Precambrian locations of cratons is sketchy, 2.02 billion years ago, South Africa was near the south pole and the eastern parts of North America were at the anti-pole - and I find just at the correct age, there are two associated dyke swarms (called MD3 and Kangâmiut) on Greenland.
@@Daneelro I figured it would be sketchy haha. Thanks for the info
The tectonic plates have moved a rather large amount and have come together as supercontinents and drifted apart several times since this crater was formed. It would hard to tell where exactly the opposite side wouldve been, and theres a decent chance it wouldve been subsumed into the mantle over the years.
@@yaitz3313 Cool! Wish we could detect all the islands that have subducted. I imagine on geologic time scales that hotspots can move relative to the original position, convection and all that
Can you discuss/speculate on unconfirmed impact craters such as the Mistassini site in Quebec?
I did enjoy this video!
Opening shot is of the Barringer Meteor Crater in Northern Arizona which, while relatively young (estimated 50,000 years) and well preserved, is only about 4100 feet (approx. 1250 meters) across from rim to rim. Depth is about 560 feet (approx. 170 meters).
Meteoritic iron from the crater (Canyon Diablo Meteorite) contains trace amounts of platinum and iridium among other rare elements.
I was a tour guide there 20 years ago
Without even clicking on this video, I knew I was about to be bombarded with stock footage and a monotone narration.... 1.5 stars
Love how at the end the crystals of platinum points to the channel link.
How about a video on how scientists determine the size of the asteroid, velocity and effects of the impact.
it could be 6km traveling at 20km/s, or 12km traveling at 10km/s. its mathematics that determine the level of energy required to make the structure, but as a rule, might not be exact.
correct about the uncertainty, but mass and velocity do not trade off linearly. Momentum is the product of the two, yes, but kinetic energy is proportional to mass times the square of the velocity, so doubling the speed quadruples the energy.
VERY INTERESTING! Love this post!
I love the way you say "on the planet"
I really hope there are some talented people out there looking out for stuff like this.
As a gold miner I thank you for the encouragement and platinum my partner was throwing out! I don't know why.
Nice...good video, quiet informative. Good job.
Great viewing thank You
Cool Video! Remember When Sheldon Ran Out In Front Of Everyone At The Paintball Tournament & Shouted, "Geology Is Not A Real Science" & They Plastered Him? Geology ROCKS!
Take a shot every time he says "on the planet"
Take a shot every time he over-emphasizes the last word of a SENTENCE.
I love your "no-nonsense" / cut-to-the-chase approach to narrating and editing your videos, but maybe slow it down just a tad and slow the transition between illustrations.
Please !
I am retired and winter in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area. There are a tremendous number of extinct volcanos here. If you want to lecture on this area including Mt Charleston I would enjoy it.
ruclips.net/user/GeologyNickvideos
There were no animals that looked up and seen a flash of light followed by an explosion this time.
The unfortunate amoebas around did
RIP
Great video! Only info I could find on this specific Crater
Fascinating! I used to live there (for only about a year of my life) and I never knew this nor had I even heard of the crater...
Hey that's my valley 🇿🇦 I drive through it every week. Platinum and Gold is the hart of our economy here.
Hi, I would like to a request for a specific topic for a video:
I would love to see a video on the Icelandic Hengill/Hrómundartindur/Hveragerði volcanic system. It is the eastern-most volcanic system of the Reykjanes peninsula. It is actually 3 adjacent volcanoes, but because of their proximity they are often only regarded as 1 or 2 volcanic systems. The volcano also happens to be under the town I live in.
I would also love to see more videos about Icelandic volcanoes or volcanoes on the Mid Atlantic Ridge such as Jan Mayen.
I must ask: is the voice for this channel computer generated? It’s pretty good, except for the drawn out ends, with down pitch at the end of each sentence. And I miss a bit of the free style banter of other channels. Other than that this is a great channel, with interesting information.
I grew up 50 kilometers from Vredefort. From the ground very little can be seen, but small hills running in semi-circular rings around Vredefort are a common feature of the area.
it's here!! Man I thought Vredefort was huge, but I had no idea the edges of it were that far off from the main "circle". How did scientists measure that? Is it due to one of those unique layers of rock?
Very interesting background informations :)
Holy shit, I didn’t know that this formation was a ancient impact. I had been looking around Africa for geological history, and came across this as-well, didn’t find any information on it, but apparently you did
Wow! Incredible Energy!
I enjoyed this very much.
Funny you show mention the antipode. I've been promoting this idea for decades. It makes perfect sense in terms of the physics.
Very imaginative.
Excellent vid. Always been interested in meteor craters and specifically Vrederfoort ….being a South African
I had no clue this existed. Really fascinating.
Edit: I had no clue that an asteroid impacted the south African region.
If you're new to this: the dinosaur-killer at Chixculub is only the third-largest confirmed crater on Earth, Vredefort being the largest, and Sudbury in Ontario, Canada being the second-largest.
Sudbury is slightly younger (1.849 billion years; the difference is about the same length of time as from the earliest dinosaurs to their extinction). It is not as spectacular as Vredefort because it was highly deformed by later tectonic movements (it was between 200 and 250 km across, vs 180 km for Chixculub, but was compressed to less than half its original size). However, it is the source of one of the world's largest nickel and copper reserves.
@@Daneelro I'm not necessarily new to this. I already knew about most of the impacts he described. I just did not know about Vredefort.
@@StarTrek4Life Then I'm just surprised how you could have missed it :-) Vredefort being the biggest and one of the few that are well recognisable on satellite photo maps (unlike both Chixculub & Sudbury).
@@Daneelro Technically because of the Sudbury impact craters high deformation there is actually some uncertainty over whether it or Chicxulub were larger, it is most likely that Sudbury was the larger of the two but this isn't certain as it depends heavily on how extensive the deformation was and in which directions, needless to say Sudbury like Chicxulub both were much smaller than Vredefort. This impact crater is a absolute monster!
thanks. i wished you had shown more graphics of the extent of the crater originally, and the current remnents of the old crater walls
Very Interesting Good Work you should do Mount Edgecumbe in Alaska, its very interesting in 1974 someone pulled of An April fools prank by burning tires, you should upload it on April Fools
Already has: ruclips.net/video/KXLiWFB_aIk/видео.html
He already covered this at the start of his video on Mt. Edgecumbe a while back if memory serves.
Is it possible that the Vredefort impact structure was the impact crater of the Hoba meteroite?
While exploring Google Earth, I stumbled upon the Vredefort Impact Structure, also known as the Vredefort Dome due to its unique shape. Seeing it from a satellite view, my first thought was that it resembled the kind of mark left when something bounces off a surface. Following this line of reasoning, I searched in the direction the dome was pointing and 198 miles away, found the Hoba meteorite.
The Hoba meteorite, with its flattened sides, likely tumbled as it entered Earth’s atmosphere, similar to a coin flipping through the air. This tumbling would have slowed its descent considerably, potentially allowing it to bounce upon hitting a hard surface-just like the granite foundation beneath the Vredefort Dome.
If the meteorite did bounce, it might have bounced a couple of times and left behind additional impact sites, leading to its current location. Even if it only made one bounce, the slower descent speed and initial impact could explain why the Hoba meteorite’s current resting place has no crater of any kind. Something very unexpected for a chunk of iron and nickel that weighed roughly 66 tons when it hit.
Wow 1,5 QUADRILLION tons of tnt. What a blast
Didn't take geology in school. I mean what could be interesting about a rock. I later learned there is a lot. Your videos take this much further. Thanks from one who loves learning something new everyday.
0:28 the antipode of Vredefort impact is Hawaii.
I'm a new sub, it's strange to think that where life was started and it almost ended life in the same place.
Awesome event!
Very interesting chap...
Very interesting!
Awesome videos! ! ! !
Hey do you know the tucson mountains caldera i heard its wide
Right when Atlas Pro talks about it in his latest video! Wow!
"Meteor Crater" is just the attraction name. The actual crater itself is called _Barringer Crater._
So happy that you are covering Astroblemes, they are fascinating and a bit scary. Volcanoes are quite predictable where they will be, however, meteor strikes are just so random. Can you please cover an Australian astrobleme called Gosse Bluff & the associated Wolf crater. Cudos
Good to see some popular coverage of this feature. I visited the Vredefort structure in 1997 with Elizabeth Turtle (whose PhD was in part on modeling this structure). It is the type locality for shatter cones, and pseudotachylite impact melt. The remark in the video at 2.53 "the like of which had never been seen before" is quite wrong, however, Vredefort may be the largest impact for which there is a recognizable remnant, but there were surely many more violent impacts before it, we just don't have any surviving evidence.
While not the largest crater in the world, Meteor Crater in Arizona is easily the most accessible and defined. I visited it once with my Mom, sister, and boyfriend. It was just a bump on the horizon driving up to it. When you got there it was just a small hill. When you got to the rim and looked down into the hole it was more like: Holy crap that is big and deep. A bucket list and life changing experience. Go see it!
300km crater is insane.. wow..
Currently watching this in Johannesburg, Westdene 👍🏽
Very interesting vid. I had no idea that platinum could exist in such rich and concentrated deposits.
I don't share your evolutionist world view of history however.
fun fact: no impact craters were used during the making of this video
In the comments of one of your videos, someone mentioned that this crater is around the same place as the antipode of Hawaii. With the theories about massive impact events causing volcanic activity at the antipodes, could this have caused the Hawaii hotspot?
no because where africa is now is not where it was when the impact happened. now where exactly it was on the planet 2 billion years ago in relation to the current hotspot good luck.. but considering how many hotspots and plumes exist it's unlikely this specific impact crater created the one that feeds the hawaiian island chain. it's possible it did create one that no longer exists but not that specific one.
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The Congo Basin in Africa is the largest crater
A very large asteroid fell with an inclination of about 48 degrees.
Result Penetrates Earth and causes donut mantle convection
So the supercontinent separated and the Hawaii hotspot was created.
Always take friends for a flip over the Vredefort dome when I go flying. It is far more clearly seen from the air. The Vaal River has cut a channel through it uncovering some of the oldest rocks on the surface of the planet.
Thanks for the info 👍
We need this today.
and that is the definition of epic