This is one of the most elegant, viscerally effective diagrams of evolution in action I've ever seen. The diversification and branching pattern was perfect!
You can see it happen, in front of you, in ten days, in this video. In the paper associated with the video, they actually characterise the genetic changes that lead to adaptation (i.e. evolution)
This is single handedly the most important video on RUclips. Every time I see some comment section in Facebook with some religious dude claiming evolution is nothing but a theory, I google up this video and every time I can't help but fully watch it again in awe. Thanks guys.
So bacteria that were resistant to a drug evolving into bacteria that are resistant to a drug proves to you that a single cell evolved into a human. Wow.
Please remember that this is only half the story.. The other half is the similar set up where the concentration goes from 0 to 10. None make the step, ever! This other part of the story shows that there weren't a few ultra resilient bacteria hidden in amongst the rest at the start.
Amazing video. This should be shown to every person studying medicine and every qualified current doctor. The rate of bacterial evolution is not well understood in the GP community and they continue to over prescribe antibiotics for non-issues and even viruses.
Studies show that hospital doctors over prescribe a lot more than GPs do and most antibiotic resistance comes from routine use of antibiotics in factory farming.
not really. your immune system is pretty great at generating instructions to kill things. being resistant to antibiotics is not being resistant to being eaten by a white blood cell, to my knowledge :p E-coli can be deadly on its own tho, so i guess antibiotic treatment WOULD BE off the table lol
Awesome, I would love to see the same experiment done where bacteria was only placed on one side to see how quickly the mutant strains spread through the lower antibiotics after mutation
My biology professor showed this in her lecture. It is a very accurate and visual representation of how quickly a small organism such as e.coli can mutate to resist the antibiotics. This brings into light a problem we may have in the future with more and more infections that are becoming antibiotic resistant.
There is a reason bacteria are not extint they can evole aganst that too. Imagine a super villain who evolve a deadly contagious bacteria immune to basically everything @gwenturo9550
When I was a creationist, I always said I wouldn't believe evolution until someone caught it on camera. Never thought I'd see the day someone actually did it.
They didn't catch it on camera. Notice that the bacteria was already immune to the antibiotic. If it wasn't, it would have died. They have discovered bacteria that were immune to modern day medications on t he frozen bodies of the sailors from the lost expedition up north. The bacteria were already immune to medications that wouldn't exist for centuries. Nothing evolved here.
basically, if you finish early, that's roughly equivalent to this video's case of the first dosage level marked "1". If some bacteria survive the treatment you had thus far, those are bacteria that are much more likely to possibly become outright immune to that dosage of your antibiotic. And you might have noticed that waiting times actually shortened between bands: It takes a while to get a mechanism that is capable of disarming an antibiotic but once it's in place, one simple tactic is to simply produce more of that mechanism and you can survive arbitrary amounts. Thus antibiotics are given longer than on the surface seems necessary in order to destroy (as good as) _all_ of the infecting bacteria (like putting the bacteria into that 100 or even 1000 band right away) and ensure that: - they don't make a comeback in you specifically - there are no survivors to infect other people, which are almost or entirely immune already, eroding the usefulness of a particular treatment entirely. However, _also_ don't just take arbitrary antibiotics willy-nilly on the first sign of a minor flu. By doing so you make it much more likely that those antibiotics will eventually be entirely useless for you and, as illnesses may spread from you to others, for those others as well. Always consult a physician whether _and_ how exactly (dosage and time) you should take any given antibiotic. Mass prescriptions, impatient or careless patients and over-the-counter medication of antibiotics are the root causes of multi-resistant "superbugs".
XfactorGaming yes, finish every one of them, it makes sure that every bacteria dies. If you stop halfway through, the bacteria that are resilient enough to survive half the dose reproduce to create bacteria that are eventually resilient enough to survive a full dose
@@therealborischang Your stomach acid kills basically everything. Only actually dangerous pathogens get past that, which is why you throw up for food poisoning. Normal bacteria like the cold can live in your throat, sinuses, and sometimes get to your ear. But never do they survive your stomach acid and reach the gut bacteria anyway. Not that having a microbiome would prevent you from getting sick for one of the rare dangerous pathogens that can get into your gut and then your blood (Which are all borderline eradicated or you already have a vaccine for)
and if you do take it...dont stop in the middle. make sure they r all dead...instead of all but 1 that is a bit more resistant...as everyone would be as resistant and more...next time
You are aware that these scientists are very well versed in proper containment procedures when working with a pathogen. About a decade ago, a team of scientists at a lesser known university made a variant of mouse pox that was nearly 100% fatal and yet, we still have mice out there. :)
Harvard Scientists #1: " hey that experiment went even better than I thought!" Harvard Scientists #2: " yeah I know, really shows how easily the overuse of antibiotics would make one hell of a disease!" Harvard Scientists #1: " yup, good thing you took it down to the incinerator to have it disposed of" Harvard Scientists #2: " wait? I thought you said bob was gonna get rid of it!?!"
@@YeppyNope you have no idea how easy it would be to create these critters. bacteria can accept naked DNA from the environment and given the right conditions acquire a new resistance. In a lab setting, it just takes the DNA and super basic chemicals.
@@YeppyNope The message you should recieve from this is don't feed the microbes and they can't replicate and most importantly they can't mutate withouy a constant food source... This is also why an animal based diet full of complete amino and fatty acids will starve disease and feed us which should be the goal of having any disease...
@@spookyblush-speedruns with trillions of living critters running around surely at least one of them is immune and that one can spread that immunity, life finds a way. Although the previous statement might be true, i still want to start chaos from my own backyard.
I'd love to see this replicated using a different antibiotic in each section. For example, a penicillin then a cephalosporin then a carbapenem, etc. For course, keep the experiment contained and burn them to bits once done.
what, no way, next you are telling he they also are using dioxide and nitrogeniumdioxide! Dioxide is extremely reactive and burns you on the inside while lots and lots of substances containing nitrogen are outright explosive!
I wasn't expecting the bacteria to be "popping" into higher concentration areas. But it makes sense, you only need one lone mutation, somewhere, out of the millions of dead - and it spreads.
I realised early on that the patterns visible weren't random but similar to an ancestry tree. Multiply this 11 hours into millions of years and you have new organisms. Edit: I was really scared to go through the comment section but this has to be one of the most sane RUclips comments section I have been through.
Yeah I was expecting a flood of anti vaxers and creationists to show up but i guess the evidence was so overwhelmig that they just crawled off into a corner and curled up into a whimpering ball with no argument.
@@janrdoh The Harvard Medical School channel put an autoban filter on. it reduces the conversational complexity of well intentioned people. But purges all the nut cases... its a little unfortunate since through arguing with those people I learned a lot about science and all the ways they are wrong, but this isn't the forum for that.
It doesn't even take millions of years. in the longest running evolution experiment (34 years at the time of this comment) it took only about 30 years for E. coli to evolve a very unusual & rare mutation that allowed it to consume a (sort of) new food source besides glucose: citrate. Normally, E. coli won't eat it unless conditions are very poor, like very anoxic (low-oxygen) & low-glucose environments. But they evolved the ability to eat it in an environment where both oxygen & glucose were present. In just 3 decades. admittedly, this was a simple environment with fairly ideal conditions, & designed to encourage rapid evolution. But if we can direct it, nature can too.
that would probably do nothing: The dose barrier would be too high to overcome by singular mutations. It might eventually work but it'd take forever. Like possibly years, despite the insane mutation rate of bacteria. Thing is, if you are initially not resistent at all, it takes forever to develop that first resistance. Once you have a base resistance, it becomes easier and easier (for instance by simply copying the mechanism that made you resistant) to adapt to larger and larger doses. You can see that in this video: It takes a whole lot longer for bacteria to get from the 0 band to the 1 band than from the 100 band to the 1000 band. But if the initial ability is too hard to obtain, that won't work out. Anything that would come close to resisting the 1 band would still be utterly destroyed by the 1000 band. That's essentially also why you: - shouldn't ever take antibiotics unless you actually need them - if you need them, follow the subscription as closely as possible. Use it at the right dosage, the right times of the day and for the right length. If you medicate too weakly or too rarely, you risk your infection developing resistance: It'll be like the 1 band. If you don't medicate long enough, that's essentially the same thing: The still surviving bacteria are likely to have better resistance than all those that already have died. They'll make a comeback and it's more likely that the same antibiotics won't work this time around. If you take them for too long or too often (especially without actually needing them), meanwhile, it might be YOU who becomes resistant, which unfortunately also happens to help bacteria. All of these wrong behaviors help creating multi-immune "superbugs" which are incredibly difficult to handle.
That's figure 2 of the associated paper, unfortunately behind a pay wall. The antibiotic diffuses a bit, creating very narrow vertical bands in which single-step mutants can grow. Therefore, the evolution is much slower.
Adding to this in this case it was a serial experiment, taking a single antibiotic and effectively amplifying the metabolic impact of the single mutation.
You have to remember that there are beneficial bacteria already present in our body. Massive doses of antibiotics would not only have a strong effect on pathogenic organisms, but on those beneficial organisms as well.
Brad Foley i would rather have the real physical time frame of the time to mutate at each dose than calculate it myself. plus by calculating it, you assume that its the same time spent at each section but what if its not... rather have the raw data.
A quick google later ... I hope you don't need institutional access to the supplementary data. But the legend on the video says: Four-step trimethoprim MEGA-plate. The MEGA-plate with a trimethoprim gradient as in Fig. 1 (0-3-30-300-3000-300-30-3-0). Movie was compiled from time-lapse imagery every 10 minutes for 11.7 days, and played at 30fps (18000X speed). Condensation on the lid is visible in the first several frames, and a single contaminating colony appears on the plate. science.sciencemag.org/content/353/6304/1147.figures-only
My Mom after watching this video: "Yes, pretty amazing. The experiment should be followed with further experiments that expose the bacteria to different levels of antibiotics WITHOUT the opportunity to adjust to gradually increasing amounts." Spot on!
@@sator6754 I think they mean an entire slab of each different concentration. What you would "hope" to see in such an experiment, if you wish to confirm the results of the one in the video, is that an entire slab of 1x, 10x, 100x, or 1000x populated with the original strain would result in total population destruction... a completely lifeless slab of antibiotic, with every single bacteria killed. You would need to subject the slab to microscopic analysis to ensure that NO bacteria survived. That would confirm that what we see in the video is the emergence of newly-mutated capabilities in a population due to environmental stressors.. IE "actual" evolution of new survival abilities. If, however, ANY bacteria survive from the original populations when placed directly in the antibiotics, even a tiny tiny speck visible only under a microscope, then it suggests that what we see here is the spread of individuals with already-mutated abilities into the areas where most of the population can't survive, but the select few with the preexisting ability to live there can, once individuals with that already-held trait finally make their way to that edge. NOTE: That would still be an example of one way evolution works, just not the "more glamorous" kind.
This isn't gradual amounts antibacterial. It's 10x per division shown in the video. Try breathing 1/10 the amount of oxygen in the air and you'll see how large of a difference that is.
Generally speaking, when this happens, you simply use a different antibiotic, and keep doing that over and over until your immune system isn't so overwhelmed, allowing it to take care of the rest. Only one antibiotic was used in this experiment.
+CORRECTS YOU Except that in the real world, we're training the bugs on all sorts of different antibiotics; some bugs are already on the last stage on all antibiotics we got.
So what happens when the different antibiotics you use start doing this too? Our immune system can only evolve so fast to keep up. The point of this experiment is to show the POTENTIAL dangers of the overuse of antibiotics, and you're talking about this as if it is an internet fight between Goku and Superman.
Jason Whelan By the time you've cycled through antibiotic regimens, the bug has changed so much that your original antibiotic would work just as effectively as before. That's not taking into account that new antibiotics are always in production. If this cycling is done properly, then it acts like a conveyor belt.
All you did was increase the concentration of antibiotic? if it already mutated in step one to be able to survive, of course it will spread faster through the increased concentrations. It already knows how to fight the antibiotic regardless of concentration. A good experiment to do would be to use different types of antibiotics in each column, and then repeat the first few columns in the middle with higher concentrations. This would show you if they are able to retain original attributes through several mutations.
LOL your actually right, totally went over my head. They only really cared about the movements not the mutations. I guess the description helps from time to time :p
I'm not a biologist, or whomever deals with this stuff. But maybe it's like tolerances... Taking just a little bit of a drug has a huge effect on you until you can take more, and more, and more where at some point you would have died previously.
that's not how resistance works. resistance doesn't necessarily mean survival at any concentration of antibiotic. an analogy is someone who was born with a better variation or more of an enzyme in the liver to break down alcohol so that his body can process a certain amount of alcohol per unit of time. imagine a series of bars that serves more and more alcohol per unit of time. the average person will pass out at a certain bar, but this guy will go on to the next. eventually he will meet a bar that serves alcohol at a higher rate than his enzymes can process, and he will also pass out. unlike this series of bars, or the pertri dish with exponentially concentrated antibiotic regions, you can't simply indefinitely increase the dose of antibiotics to a human to fight antibiotic resistance, because there is a point where the concentration of antibiotic in blood that will harm or even kill the patient.
Wow! I notice the asymmetry of the bacterial growth in the petri dish. In the branch map-the right side tends to Branch out almost always from the center and I am fascinated if that relates to the fact that it spreads faster than the colony in the left that mostly branches out into many side branches. Maybe on the right, the mutant first appears on the center as parents from all over the band interact-creating a mutant offspring with much stronger immunity than those at left where interactions are localized. It is also very interesting to notice that once branching from the center, the right colony always branches from the center and always is growing faster than the left colony that once branches out more-always branches out more. I think it's really fascinating to design an experiment that would study the relationship between branching and development of stronger immunity. I think it allows us to ask the question can we hinder bacterial interactions in a colony and hence prevent richer diversity in the genetic characters of the offsprings or how we can increase the diversity. Maybe we can start making answers to "aging the bacteria" giving it more time to diversify and develop new characters and allow for more time for antibiotics to act.
Stronger immunity means less biological stress meaning less energy wasted on not being able to procreate meaning the ones who have best immunity can use more of its energy and biological capacity to focus on reproducing instead of dying or having impaired function which is not good for spreading out
To complete this display, you should take some of the bacterial colonies from the [1000x] area and test their ability to invade an immune system or combat an immune response. The idea being, do mutations that imbue resistance come at a cost (they do) that still leaves the bacteria viable enough to invade a host, or is it too deleterious to survive beyond a growth plate where the only competition is other cells from the same strain of bacteria.
Makes sense but also not that much. I remind you, worst cases of bacteremia and infection occur in immunocompromised patients who have an underlying problem, so the bacteria already have something like a "free ride" too many times, although not always.
I love the visual effectiveness of this experiment. I'd wonder if an experiment could be visually designed similar to this to see if E. coli (or whatever bacteria) could pick up other useful mutations. For instance, metabolism of non-traditional food sources.
That's what I was basing my comment off of. I'd be interested to see a visual display of E. coli picking up the ability to metabolize non-typical food sources.
In the longest running evolution experiment (34 years at the time of this comment) it took only about 30 years for E. coli to evolve a very unusual & rare mutation that allowed it to consume a (sort of) new food source besides glucose: citrate. Normally, E. coli won't eat it unless conditions are very poor, like very anoxic (low-oxygen) & low-glucose environments. But they evolved the ability to eat it in an environment where both oxygen & glucose were present. In just 3 decades. admittedly, this was a simple environment with fairly ideal conditions, & designed to encourage rapid evolution. But if we can direct it, nature can too.
March, 26, 2021. I predict that this video will become surprisingly popular within the next 12 months, as an illustration of what "Covid-19 escape mutation" means.
@@nadimurni8811 That's exactly why it is important to keep the number of infections low AND to do that not only by relying on vaccines (irrespective of what pandemic it is).
Before you say "bacteria turning into bacteria is boring" - bacteria are MASSIVELY diverse. What we call bacteria comprises more species than all the fingi, animals and plants we know. So it's like saying "a mammal turned into another mammal, that's not drastic enough!".
Amazing! And frightening! Would be good to do the same with different types of anitbiotics and see how bacteria gain their resistance going through next antibiotic barriers!
This is so, so important to see and to know. I do not understand why this is not more known in the public. Knowing this, the problem with antibiotics and resistance of microbes is not a suprise but to be expected, as well as other problems. This is only one of many important asapects. Thanks for this video. BTW, what happened to the microbes that are in the middle of the area? They are now completely resistant...
Bundlebear No, I mean switching to plant based protein sources which medical science supports as being adequate and preferential. Animal products are resource inefficient. If the world went vegan we would have more food, not less.
What is the time frame for this growth? For example, in stage one, how long did it take (like in days or hours) to get from start to the first level of antibiotic resistance?
Copied from another post that cited the study.: Four-step trimethoprim MEGA-plate. The MEGA-plate with a trimethoprim gradient as in Fig. 1 (0-3-30-300-3000-300-30-3-0). Movie was compiled from time-lapse imagery every 10 minutes for 11.7 days, and played at 30fps (18000X speed). Condensation on the lid is visible in the first several frames, and a single contaminating colony appears on the plate.
I just wonder if the antibiotic used (Trimethoprim, Sigma Product No. T7883) is stable and active during 12 days at 29ºC. The mean serum half-life of Trimethoprim is about 8 to 10 hours. Even the Product Information Sheet from Sigma warns: “Trimethoprim lactate (Product No. T0677) is a soluble and stable form of trimethoprim and is widely used. It is much more soluble and stable in solution than trimethoprim (Product No. T7883)”.
What? Well it only needs the correct mutation once really so changing the concentration wasn't that important. What I wanted to see was changes in the type of antibiotic not just the concentration. I wanted to also see the approximate rate at which it adapted. P.S. Great video all the same
Yea I'm not saying that changing the concentration didn't do anything. It's just when they are practically given super food or an all you can eat petri buffet, the result it is kind of expected. But hey the video shows what the title states so nothing wrong here :)
Would be interested to see how the rate of growth changes if you put different mechanism of action antibiotics in each well versus increasing the dose. I assume each level would be at the rate it was from 0 to 1?
I'm currently studying microbiology and I'm interested to know more. So if it takes a mutation in lets say a protein's structure (its gene) and the antibiotic doesn't have the required "target" in that single bacteria anymore, where does the concentration come into play? Like, if you already have a version of a protein that doesn't bind the antibiotic, why is the concentration relevant?
Assuming only an example of reducing the affinity of the antibiotic target (other mechanisms also exist, such as enzymes that degrade the antiobiotic or pumps that send the antibiotics out of the cell): The first barrier was only slightly above what bacteria could tolerate. This means that a mutation that only slightly changes said protein to lower the affinity (not completely remove it) and keeps the function would be sufficient to let bacteria thrive. A single mutation that completely abolishes the binding would be more difficult, since it is easy to imagine that you would need a major structural change WHILE keeping the enzymatic activity. However, it would become easier if you allow those mutations to "build up" on proteins which were already previously selected for their lower affinity, which is probably along the lines of what is going on in this video.
That is positively terrifying. I lost a finger due to a gram negative Enterobacter infection. It wouldn't respond to anything they threw at it, so they amputated the finger before it spread to the rest of my hand and arm.
Yikes. Personally I’m not looking forward to going back to the medical dark ages because people are too stupid and lazy to be responsible with the goddamn miracle that is antibiotics.
Are you living in the 70s ?? Look at a vast spectrum of republican leaders today ? So many prominent one's don't believe in evolution. Best look at the status of evolution in schools of texas.
You say that, Fetchdafish, but then why on Earth would they rally behind Trump? Perhaps they changed their minds about him now - if the polls are to be believed - but still
God dammit, I can't believe these biologists called it a Microbial Evolution and Growth Arena, or MEGA-plate. I'm gonna call the pun police on their asses.
It is not necessarily the creation of new traits. By critiquing the above people, you are displaying a clear lack of understand as to what is going on here. Over time there are genetic changes in all life at all times, these changes most often go unnoticed, some times they are grave changes and once in a while they are beneficial. All of those E. Coli were mutating throughout the course of that video, however like I said, most goes unnoticed. A handful happened to have a genetic change that lead to resistance, the rest did not and therefore were killed. So, this selection pressure (of the antibiotic) yielded the resistant bacteria in the next generation.
Except that is the creation of new traits. That's what mutation is. And with enough mutations, and separation, you get a new species. That's why almost all mammals have the same bones in the same places, and two eyes, and four limbs (sometimes with a tail). We share a common ancestry. We just got separated and then after an *unthinkable* amount of time separated, all the tiny mutations that were good, and resulted in more kids being had by those with them, added up to make us human instead of some other animal.
Z zz, incorrect. The creation of new traits that didn't exist before is mutation. Evolution is the propogation of the new traits throughout a population. Populations evolve, not individuals.
MAKING new mutations or using already existent ones that are somewhere in the critters' gene pool? Also, think about this: Wondering if our thinking might be a tad skewed.
Here’s the thing: we’ve always been told the mutation rates (for bacteria at least) are around one in a million new organisms. Same for viruses, particularly when under stress by antivirals.
But stewing upon this, I think this number obscures reality and probably by a number of orders of magnitude.
Yeah, around one VIABLE mutation in a detectable organism, like maybe shown here with Abx resistance. But, what about all the NON-viable mutations that entirely killed off the recipient?
The likelihood of a deleterious change in DNA/RNA is many, many times greater than producing something that’s viable, let alone selectively advantageous.
Take a single protein of, say, 150 amino acids.
Initially, that protein was functional biochemically for the organism. Now change one amino acid thanks to mutations in DNA base pairs. The likelihood the modified protein will now fold properly into another chain with the same or slightly different active zone intact is VANISHINGLY small. Like one in trillions and trillions. Organism now can't survive or reproduce.
So, looking at that one viably mutated critter in a million others, that one represents, potentially, TRILLIONS of other mutations that didn’t fly and killed off the recipient. (or did they? see below)
And it wouldn’t surprise me there could be MULTIPLE mutations in one organism’s reproductive process. Some might have been viable, but they’re expunged by the bad.
Might also be a little harder to characterize just what a mutation IS. For instance, it’s not unusual to have a whole section of DNA get flipped backward. Or even translocated from one chromosome to another.
And we haven’t even begun discussing the implications of epigenetics. SOMETHING needs to start the transcription process in the first place. That may mean that purportedly ‘bad’ mods are never read and thereby NOT compromising their host, at least for a while. These hidden bombs can accumulate in all cells, including reproductive components, over time.
What wakes up a given section of code? Something needs to strip off the histone protein sheath, then demethylate the strands so they can actually be read. More complexities, more intervening complex molecules...
When I make a typo and instead of writing "red", I write "reed", what "woke up" that change from a colour to a plant? Does that question even make sense? Seriously, your whole argumentation reeks of creationist propaganda. There are so many misunderstandings and misrepresentations and strawmen in pretty much every paragraph, it's useless to argue any of them - you need a course in the basics of evolutionary biology. Preferrably _after_ you've forgotten all the bullshit you've been told about it so far.
Your assumption that the majority of mutations are deleterious is incorrect. Most mutations are effectively neutral. In most cases, changing one base pair in a gene won't change the amino acid sequence of the protein it makes, and changing one amino acid in a protein won't have much of an effect on its function. Many small changes can cumulatively have a large effect, but the effect of most mutations is negligible.
@@theagoddertz8280, yes, but this demonstrates exponential growth of a thing you can't see or visualize. 99.9% effective at killing a virus means 0.1% still remains and that means something.
You know what, I’ve been looking for comments left by creationists like that, but all I’ve found are comments like this one from smug people like you who think they’re clever.
@@TheSeanoops You can see lots of people responding to comments that no longer exist, the creationists got banned. "Smug" it is no more smug to comment about anti-science beliefs than it is to comment about flat earth beliefs, people who understand evolution aren't clever, they just don't think the earth is flat.
Or somehow think that accepting the fact that we're related to every other organism is beneath them as the "most superior" organisms, although I would argue it's beautiful.
Forget Musk. We went to the Moon almost 50 years ago now. Musk has accomplished nothing of value previously considered unattainable yet he is heaped with praise. The idea that space is life on Gaia's 'antibiotic' is interesting, it even goes with the way the word should sound outside of conventional use as in to say 'anti-biological'. There is at least one animal that populates this planet that can survive the vacuum and temperature changes of local space beyond the atmosphere for some time known as the taridgrade.
@@soldatheero What are you talking about?? This is exactly and literally the process of natural selection and adaptation to a change in the environment for survival!
***** yes he does and you should fear him, obey his commands and live. Only a fool believes there is no intelligence in this universe greater than their own.
Very simple, well created, and explained video! Keep simplifying and breaking down the results into the most simple forms of information. User Experience Design is a way of thinking and communicating in the most efficient way possible. The more simply we can understand, the larger audience we can reach and educate! Beautiful! Simple. Quality. User Experience Design.
Sebastian Lacki die? Why what are you afraid of? This is not evolution, resistance is already present in some. There is no evidence of new genetic material being produced, all we see is some of the population die as might happen in a flu outbreak. The survives did not "evolve". Anyhow it is revealing that aftrer 100's of years no proof of evolution has been produced.
Sebastian Lacki no such thing as evolution so bit of a trick question, God created us, there is no evidence or even proof of evolution. It does not happen never been seen happen, we have seen many species go extiinct though. So the evidence is for extinction not evolution. Do you realise you are brainwashed and have a believe in something for which there is no evidence? I hope to God one say you do.
+ufewl Wheres the proof that God created us? And if there is no evidence then why does pretty much everybody believe in evolution? Please do enlighten me
Nah this is not the reason. The reason is that we have good bacteria on our hands that we shouldn't get rid of because it's named "bacteria". How would this video be some sort of proof of that?
@@tempname8263 Yeah I think there is a great wikipedia page about this named "skin flora" read a bit of that and see if I'm connecting with you. I was simply trying to say that not all bacteria is bad.
@@ludvig4752 Oh wow, that's an interesting article. I never thought there are actually symbiots living on our skin as well - I had always thought of skin as of something inert. Thanks.
![I.N "HALLUCINATION" | [Stray Kids : SKZ-PLAYER]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/n5B5q1Hwt_U/mqdefault.jpg)
This is one of the most elegant, viscerally effective diagrams of evolution in action I've ever seen. The diversification and branching pattern was perfect!
i find it funny how people still deny evolution. Like bro, didn't you just witness it infront of your face lol
(crosses arms) still no evid3nce! Mah gawd iz reel!
***** mutation and adaptation in response to selection is the definition of natural selection. This is one form of evolution, along with random drift.
You can see it happen, in front of you, in ten days, in this video. In the paper associated with the video, they actually characterise the genetic changes that lead to adaptation (i.e. evolution)
Uh. Yes. Very good?
This is single handedly the most important video on RUclips. Every time I see some comment section in Facebook with some religious dude claiming evolution is nothing but a theory, I google up this video and every time I can't help but fully watch it again in awe. Thanks guys.
Yep - same here. A very good demonstration of evolution in action. Very well done!
The final product is still an ecoli...that is natural selection yessss...but it is not evolution..still ecoli
So bacteria that were resistant to a drug evolving into bacteria that are resistant to a drug proves to you that a single cell evolved into a human. Wow.
Please remember that this is only half the story..
The other half is the similar set up where the concentration goes from 0 to 10.
None make the step, ever!
This other part of the story shows that there weren't a few ultra resilient bacteria hidden in amongst the rest at the start.
@@dougaltolan3017 Not sure what you're talking about. See 0:54 - "Then a mutant appears on the right".
Amazing video. This should be shown to every person studying medicine and every qualified current doctor.
The rate of bacterial evolution is not well understood in the GP community and they continue to over prescribe antibiotics for non-issues and even viruses.
Studies show that hospital doctors over prescribe a lot more than GPs do and most antibiotic resistance comes from routine use of antibiotics in factory farming.
@@chrisucl true
yes but me i m angry about this video
@@emmy3936 why would you be angry about the video?
@@memeswereablessingfromthel3942 low iq probably
omg my illusion of safety has been penetrated. damn you Harvard!
I don't know if you're being sarcastic but I legit feel safe rn
Earth... The Petri dish.... Add the most prolific organism known.... .
if they expose someone to that we are fucked
we have now one example known as super bug
not really. your immune system is pretty great at generating instructions to kill things. being resistant to antibiotics is not being resistant to being eaten by a white blood cell, to my knowledge :p
E-coli can be deadly on its own tho, so i guess antibiotic treatment WOULD BE off the table lol
Awesome, I would love to see the same experiment done where bacteria was only placed on one side to see how quickly the mutant strains spread through the lower antibiotics after mutation
My biology professor showed this in her lecture. It is a very accurate and visual representation of how quickly a small organism such as e.coli can mutate to resist the antibiotics. This brings into light a problem we may have in the future with more and more infections that are becoming antibiotic resistant.
Enter, the bacteriophage!
There is a reason bacteria are not extint they can evole aganst that too.
Imagine a super villain who evolve a deadly contagious bacteria immune to basically everything
@gwenturo9550
Also there are types of bacteria where there are no vaccines for as of now and some of them are also super bugs
I show this to my students every year! Explaining antibiotic resistance is much easier thanks to this amazing vid.
When I was a creationist, I always said I wouldn't believe evolution until someone caught it on camera. Never thought I'd see the day someone actually did it.
They didn't catch it on camera. Notice that the bacteria was already immune to the antibiotic. If it wasn't, it would have died. They have discovered bacteria that were immune to modern day medications on t he frozen bodies of the sailors from the lost expedition up north. The bacteria were already immune to medications that wouldn't exist for centuries. Nothing evolved here.
@@NeilRoy Yes, mutant was immune to antibiotic because it gained it through mutation. Your points doesn't make any sense.
I'm glad you learned and improved yourself.
This proof for macro evolution is terrible.
This doesn't prove macro evolution tho
So should I take all of my Zithromax pills or not?
Finish the prescription. Dont stop just because youre not feeling sick anymore, because the bugs will develop resistances.
basically, if you finish early, that's roughly equivalent to this video's case of the first dosage level marked "1". If some bacteria survive the treatment you had thus far, those are bacteria that are much more likely to possibly become outright immune to that dosage of your antibiotic. And you might have noticed that waiting times actually shortened between bands: It takes a while to get a mechanism that is capable of disarming an antibiotic but once it's in place, one simple tactic is to simply produce more of that mechanism and you can survive arbitrary amounts.
Thus antibiotics are given longer than on the surface seems necessary in order to destroy (as good as) _all_ of the infecting bacteria (like putting the bacteria into that 100 or even 1000 band right away) and ensure that:
- they don't make a comeback in you specifically
- there are no survivors to infect other people, which are almost or entirely immune already, eroding the usefulness of a particular treatment entirely.
However, _also_ don't just take arbitrary antibiotics willy-nilly on the first sign of a minor flu. By doing so you make it much more likely that those antibiotics will eventually be entirely useless for you and, as illnesses may spread from you to others, for those others as well. Always consult a physician whether _and_ how exactly (dosage and time) you should take any given antibiotic. Mass prescriptions, impatient or careless patients and over-the-counter medication of antibiotics are the root causes of multi-resistant "superbugs".
XfactorGaming yes, finish every one of them, it makes sure that every bacteria dies. If you stop halfway through, the bacteria that are resilient enough to survive half the dose reproduce to create bacteria that are eventually resilient enough to survive a full dose
nah s'cool.
Not taking the full z pack is basically going to prove what this video was trying to show.
This why you don't take antibiotics unless you absolutely have too. Let your immune system do its job.
It is also why I would eat yogurt/drink kefir to rebuild the gut microbiome.
@@therealborischang Your stomach acid kills basically everything. Only actually dangerous pathogens get past that, which is why you throw up for food poisoning. Normal bacteria like the cold can live in your throat, sinuses, and sometimes get to your ear. But never do they survive your stomach acid and reach the gut bacteria anyway. Not that having a microbiome would prevent you from getting sick for one of the rare dangerous pathogens that can get into your gut and then your blood (Which are all borderline eradicated or you already have a vaccine for)
and if you do take it...dont stop in the middle.
make sure they r all dead...instead of all but 1 that is a bit more resistant...as everyone would be as resistant and more...next time
@@npip99 "The cold" usually refers to rhinovirus which is, as the name implies, a virus.
We have phage treatment so we should use phages
Good job Harvard, you made indestructible E-coli. Let's just hope it was contained well.
Famous last words.
You are aware that these scientists are very well versed in proper containment procedures when working with a pathogen. About a decade ago, a team of scientists at a lesser known university made a variant of mouse pox that was nearly 100% fatal and yet, we still have mice out there. :)
Until they mutate...
All those animal-based lipids have blocked the arteries that feed your smooth brain, Pen.
Lol right?
this video was absolutely astonishing and supremely interesting instantly saved and I'm looking forward to more stuff like this as soon as possible
Harvard Scientists #1: " hey that experiment went even better than I thought!"
Harvard Scientists #2: " yeah I know, really shows how easily the overuse of antibiotics would make one hell of a disease!"
Harvard Scientists #1: " yup, good thing you took it down to the incinerator to have it disposed of"
Harvard Scientists #2: " wait? I thought you said bob was gonna get rid of it!?!"
bob is too common of a name I give this joke a D- for barely making the cut
Emmanuel N
Party pooper
our teacher showed this in science class and to be honest, this is actually really scary.
it feels like its really easy for one guy to make superbugs and spread it everywhere
@@YeppyNope you have no idea how easy it would be to create these critters. bacteria can accept naked DNA from the environment and given the right conditions acquire a new resistance. In a lab setting, it just takes the DNA and super basic chemicals.
@@YeppyNope The message you should recieve from this is don't feed the microbes and they can't replicate and most importantly they can't mutate withouy a constant food source... This is also why an animal based diet full of complete amino and fatty acids will starve disease and feed us which should be the goal of having any disease...
@@YeppyNope It is. The fact that the world is for the moment still alive is wild.
@@spookyblush-speedruns with trillions of living critters running around surely at least one of them is immune and that one can spread that immunity, life finds a way. Although the previous statement might be true, i still want to start chaos from my own backyard.
I'd love to see this replicated using a different antibiotic in each section. For example, a penicillin then a cephalosporin then a carbapenem, etc. For course, keep the experiment contained and burn them to bits once done.
@@cheeseman2070 Reported for bioterrorism.
And then someone gets a scratch on their finger and we all die horrible bacterial infection deaths.
Well, I think you might have willed the coronavirus into existence here
I hope they burned that stuff when they were done!
Fantastic comment etiquette.
Mixed in with dihydromonoxide fumes. Absolute bastards...
what, no way, next you are telling he they also are using dioxide and nitrogeniumdioxide! Dioxide is extremely reactive and burns you on the inside while lots and lots of substances containing nitrogen are outright explosive!
Kram1032 I wouldn't be surprised.
+Alice Bonnet.
I wasn't expecting the bacteria to be "popping" into higher concentration areas. But it makes sense, you only need one lone mutation, somewhere, out of the millions of dead - and it spreads.
I come back to this video to show friends every couple a years or so and it still blows my mind
bro be careful u just disproved an entire religion
I realised early on that the patterns visible weren't random but similar to an ancestry tree. Multiply this 11 hours into millions of years and you have new organisms.
Edit: I was really scared to go through the comment section but this has to be one of the most sane RUclips comments section I have been through.
Yeah I was expecting a flood of anti vaxers and creationists to show up but i guess the evidence was so overwhelmig that they just crawled off into a corner and curled up into a whimpering ball with no argument.
@@janrdoh The Harvard Medical School channel put an autoban filter on. it reduces the conversational complexity of well intentioned people. But purges all the nut cases... its a little unfortunate since through arguing with those people I learned a lot about science and all the ways they are wrong, but this isn't the forum for that.
true why is it so safe this comment section it feels weird
It doesn't even take millions of years. in the longest running evolution experiment (34 years at the time of this comment) it took only about 30 years for E. coli to evolve a very unusual & rare mutation that allowed it to consume a (sort of) new food source besides glucose: citrate. Normally, E. coli won't eat it unless conditions are very poor, like very anoxic (low-oxygen) & low-glucose environments. But they evolved the ability to eat it in an environment where both oxygen & glucose were present. In just 3 decades. admittedly, this was a simple environment with fairly ideal conditions, & designed to encourage rapid evolution. But if we can direct it, nature can too.
@@janrdoh Be at peace, my child. Rid yourself of this toxicity.
Wish these sorts of videos existed when I was in high school. Much easier to understand than reading a book.
Can we do this but without the small levels just have 0 antibiotic and 1000 right next to each other
that would probably do nothing: The dose barrier would be too high to overcome by singular mutations. It might eventually work but it'd take forever. Like possibly years, despite the insane mutation rate of bacteria.
Thing is, if you are initially not resistent at all, it takes forever to develop that first resistance. Once you have a base resistance, it becomes easier and easier (for instance by simply copying the mechanism that made you resistant) to adapt to larger and larger doses. You can see that in this video: It takes a whole lot longer for bacteria to get from the 0 band to the 1 band than from the 100 band to the 1000 band.
But if the initial ability is too hard to obtain, that won't work out. Anything that would come close to resisting the 1 band would still be utterly destroyed by the 1000 band. That's essentially also why you:
- shouldn't ever take antibiotics unless you actually need them
- if you need them, follow the subscription as closely as possible. Use it at the right dosage, the right times of the day and for the right length.
If you medicate too weakly or too rarely, you risk your infection developing resistance: It'll be like the 1 band.
If you don't medicate long enough, that's essentially the same thing: The still surviving bacteria are likely to have better resistance than all those that already have died. They'll make a comeback and it's more likely that the same antibiotics won't work this time around.
If you take them for too long or too often (especially without actually needing them), meanwhile, it might be YOU who becomes resistant, which unfortunately also happens to help bacteria.
All of these wrong behaviors help creating multi-immune "superbugs" which are incredibly difficult to handle.
That's figure 2 of the associated paper, unfortunately behind a pay wall. The antibiotic diffuses a bit, creating very narrow vertical bands in which single-step mutants can grow. Therefore, the evolution is much slower.
Kram1032 Wow thank you for the amazing response! I don't normally expect good responses like this out of RUclips thanks!!
Adding to this in this case it was a serial experiment, taking a single antibiotic and effectively amplifying the metabolic impact of the single mutation.
You have to remember that there are beneficial bacteria already present in our body. Massive doses of antibiotics would not only have a strong effect on pathogenic organisms, but on those beneficial organisms as well.
i wish they gave us a time frame so we can see how long it took for this to happen
i think he means like as the days pass, progress to 11 days
XFerginatorX yup thats what i meant :) thanks
I assume it was linear time, so calculate the time they introduce the bacteria, the time it stops, and divide by 11.
Brad Foley i would rather have the real physical time frame of the time to mutate at each dose than calculate it myself. plus by calculating it, you assume that its the same time spent at each section but what if its not... rather have the raw data.
A quick google later ... I hope you don't need institutional access to the supplementary data. But the legend on the video says:
Four-step trimethoprim MEGA-plate. The MEGA-plate with a trimethoprim gradient as in Fig. 1 (0-3-30-300-3000-300-30-3-0). Movie was compiled from time-lapse imagery every 10 minutes for 11.7 days, and played at 30fps (18000X speed). Condensation on the lid is visible in the first several frames, and a single contaminating colony appears on the plate.
science.sciencemag.org/content/353/6304/1147.figures-only
My Mom after watching this video:
"Yes, pretty amazing. The experiment should be followed with further experiments that expose the bacteria to different levels of antibiotics WITHOUT the opportunity to adjust to gradually increasing amounts."
Spot on!
You mean for example 1x directly to 1000x antibiotics? If so, then it'd probably take a super long time for the bacteria to adopt, super long.
@@sator6754 I think they mean an entire slab of each different concentration. What you would "hope" to see in such an experiment, if you wish to confirm the results of the one in the video, is that an entire slab of 1x, 10x, 100x, or 1000x populated with the original strain would result in total population destruction... a completely lifeless slab of antibiotic, with every single bacteria killed. You would need to subject the slab to microscopic analysis to ensure that NO bacteria survived. That would confirm that what we see in the video is the emergence of newly-mutated capabilities in a population due to environmental stressors.. IE "actual" evolution of new survival abilities.
If, however, ANY bacteria survive from the original populations when placed directly in the antibiotics, even a tiny tiny speck visible only under a microscope, then it suggests that what we see here is the spread of individuals with already-mutated abilities into the areas where most of the population can't survive, but the select few with the preexisting ability to live there can, once individuals with that already-held trait finally make their way to that edge.
NOTE: That would still be an example of one way evolution works, just not the "more glamorous" kind.
I imagine with medicine you rarely see such a spike in the intake. Im no doctor but im just using what id think is common sense on that
This isn't gradual amounts antibacterial. It's 10x per division shown in the video. Try breathing 1/10 the amount of oxygen in the air and you'll see how large of a difference that is.
That’s comforting to know that it is theoretically possible for a thousand strains of bacteria can evolve each immune to their own antibiotics.
While watching this video, I couldn't stop picturing this happening to the entire world.
Generally speaking, when this happens, you simply use a different antibiotic, and keep doing that over and over until your immune system isn't so overwhelmed, allowing it to take care of the rest. Only one antibiotic was used in this experiment.
+CORRECTS YOU
Except that in the real world, we're training the bugs on all sorts of different antibiotics; some bugs are already on the last stage on all antibiotics we got.
So what happens when the different antibiotics you use start doing this too? Our immune system can only evolve so fast to keep up. The point of this experiment is to show the POTENTIAL dangers of the overuse of antibiotics, and you're talking about this as if it is an internet fight between Goku and Superman.
Jason Whelan By the time you've cycled through antibiotic regimens, the bug has changed so much that your original antibiotic would work just as effectively as before. That's not taking into account that new antibiotics are always in production. If this cycling is done properly, then it acts like a conveyor belt.
@Tijmen Stellingwerf What are those? I hope they're not a type of shoe, "Bacteriophages"
Astonishing movie that depicts evolution nearly in real time! Congratulations!
movie???
This video didn't go viral it went bacterial . . . 🤓
This comment is underrated
kyla crawford - actually it went stupid-erial
What a shit joke
derrrrrrrp
no sorry
This illustration should be showed to all human beings, especially places in the world where antibiotics are not regulated.
All you did was increase the concentration of antibiotic? if it already mutated in step one to be able to survive, of course it will spread faster through the increased concentrations. It already knows how to fight the antibiotic regardless of concentration.
A good experiment to do would be to use different types of antibiotics in each column, and then repeat the first few columns in the middle with higher concentrations. This would show you if they are able to retain original attributes through several mutations.
agreed.
you missed the point of the video
LOL your actually right, totally went over my head. They only really cared about the movements not the mutations. I guess the description helps from time to time :p
I'm not a biologist, or whomever deals with this stuff. But maybe it's like tolerances... Taking just a little bit of a drug has a huge effect on you until you can take more, and more, and more where at some point you would have died previously.
that's not how resistance works. resistance doesn't necessarily mean survival at any concentration of antibiotic. an analogy is someone who was born with a better variation or more of an enzyme in the liver to break down alcohol so that his body can process a certain amount of alcohol per unit of time. imagine a series of bars that serves more and more alcohol per unit of time. the average person will pass out at a certain bar, but this guy will go on to the next. eventually he will meet a bar that serves alcohol at a higher rate than his enzymes can process, and he will also pass out. unlike this series of bars, or the pertri dish with exponentially concentrated antibiotic regions, you can't simply indefinitely increase the dose of antibiotics to a human to fight antibiotic resistance, because there is a point where the concentration of antibiotic in blood that will harm or even kill the patient.
This is an amazing experiment, evolution in action
This video is fantasticly awsome! I've shared it on facebook before. Just rewatched it, and I'm going to share it again
Wow!
I notice the asymmetry of the bacterial growth in the petri dish. In the branch map-the right side tends to Branch out almost always from the center and I am fascinated if that relates to the fact that it spreads faster than the colony in the left that mostly branches out into many side branches.
Maybe on the right, the mutant first appears on the center as parents from all over the band interact-creating a mutant offspring with much stronger immunity than those at left where interactions are localized.
It is also very interesting to notice that once branching from the center, the right colony always branches from the center and always is growing faster than the left colony that once branches out more-always branches out more.
I think it's really fascinating to design an experiment that would study the relationship between branching and development of stronger immunity. I think it allows us to ask the question can we hinder bacterial interactions in a colony and hence prevent richer diversity in the genetic characters of the offsprings or how we can increase the diversity. Maybe we can start making answers to "aging the bacteria" giving it more time to diversify and develop new characters and allow for more time for antibiotics to act.
likely they didn't have exactly 10x distribution of the antibiotic, nor perfectly uniform distribution of the antibiotic in the agur
Stronger immunity means less biological stress meaning less energy wasted on not being able to procreate meaning the ones who have best immunity can use more of its energy and biological capacity to focus on reproducing instead of dying or having impaired function which is not good for spreading out
This is a really fantastic video. Thank you for putting this out there.
I watched this 8 years ago. My 13yr old daughter asked me about resistant bacteria and I played this for her today.
It should have ended with two sides being 1000x stronger, then the center one being Lysol.
No, the center line should have been UV light.
That would make an excellent commercial. For antibacterial anything really.
To complete this display, you should take some of the bacterial colonies from the [1000x] area and test their ability to invade an immune system or combat an immune response. The idea being, do mutations that imbue resistance come at a cost (they do) that still leaves the bacteria viable enough to invade a host, or is it too deleterious to survive beyond a growth plate where the only competition is other cells from the same strain of bacteria.
Makes sense but also not that much. I remind you, worst cases of bacteremia and infection occur in immunocompromised patients who have an underlying problem, so the bacteria already have something like a "free ride" too many times, although not always.
I love the visual effectiveness of this experiment. I'd wonder if an experiment could be visually designed similar to this to see if E. coli (or whatever bacteria) could pick up other useful mutations. For instance, metabolism of non-traditional food sources.
" For instance, metabolism of non-traditional food sources."
See the Long Term E-coli experiment.
That's what I was basing my comment off of. I'd be interested to see a visual display of E. coli picking up the ability to metabolize non-typical food sources.
In the longest running evolution experiment (34 years at the time of this comment) it took only about 30 years for E. coli to evolve a very unusual & rare mutation that allowed it to consume a (sort of) new food source besides glucose: citrate. Normally, E. coli won't eat it unless conditions are very poor, like very anoxic (low-oxygen) & low-glucose environments. But they evolved the ability to eat it in an environment where both oxygen & glucose were present. In just 3 decades. admittedly, this was a simple environment with fairly ideal conditions, & designed to encourage rapid evolution. But if we can direct it, nature can too.
I'm very tempted to try my own hand at this experiment, with more potential food sources.
Great video for practical demonstration of evolution in almost real time...
No it's not proof of evolution
Every single bacteria has the ability to become resistant to antibiotics
And this is something they posses to thrive
March, 26, 2021. I predict that this video will become surprisingly popular within the next 12 months, as an illustration of what "Covid-19 escape mutation" means.
Yeah, I also wondering about the vaccination of covid 19. Not mean I'm anti-vaccine. But what if, the virus mutate.
@@nadimurni8811 That's exactly why it is important to keep the number of infections low AND to do that not only by relying on vaccines (irrespective of what pandemic it is).
Unfortunately, in the USA that's not how it works (worked).
11 days? It only took eleven days to get into the 1000x section? That's incredible, and a little scary!
Before you say "bacteria turning into bacteria is boring" - bacteria are MASSIVELY diverse. What we call bacteria comprises more species than all the fingi, animals and plants we know. So it's like saying "a mammal turned into another mammal, that's not drastic enough!".
Amazing! And frightening! Would be good to do the same with different types of anitbiotics and see how bacteria gain their resistance going through next antibiotic barriers!
This is so, so important to see and to know. I do not understand why this is not more known in the public. Knowing this, the problem with antibiotics and resistance of microbes is not a suprise but to be expected, as well as other problems. This is only one of many important asapects. Thanks for this video.
BTW, what happened to the microbes that are in the middle of the area? They are now completely resistant...
This is why should stop overusing antibiotics Christ!
antibiotics and christ in the same sentence.. hmm
We need to phase out animal agriculture, which use antibiotics to sustain dense herds. Go vegan.
+DaCamponTwee
you mean go starving people
Bundlebear No, I mean switching to plant based protein sources which medical science supports as being adequate and preferential. Animal products are resource inefficient. If the world went vegan we would have more food, not less.
You rock, DaCaponTwee.
The pattern is amazing to watch unfold. Analogous "cladogenesis".
And one day, an earthquake hits and the table breaks, leaking the immortal E. Coli everywhere...
This is an amazing example of why we should not heavily relie on antibiotics and its usage.
This video should be discussed in schools! Amazing! A life-grown diagram... Visible proof for evolution 😲
What a simple yet brilliant study
What is the time frame for this growth? For example, in stage one, how long did it take (like in days or hours) to get from start to the first level of antibiotic resistance?
Copied from another post that cited the study.:
Four-step trimethoprim MEGA-plate. The MEGA-plate with a trimethoprim gradient as in Fig. 1 (0-3-30-300-3000-300-30-3-0). Movie was compiled from time-lapse imagery every 10 minutes for 11.7 days, and played at 30fps (18000X speed). Condensation on the lid is visible in the first several frames, and a single contaminating colony appears on the plate.
I just wonder if the antibiotic used (Trimethoprim, Sigma Product No. T7883) is stable and active during 12 days at 29ºC. The mean serum half-life of Trimethoprim is about 8 to 10 hours. Even the Product Information Sheet from Sigma warns: “Trimethoprim lactate (Product No. T0677) is a soluble and stable form of trimethoprim and is widely used. It is much more soluble and stable in solution than trimethoprim (Product No. T7883)”.
this should be the top trending video on RUclips.
What? Well it only needs the correct mutation once really so changing the concentration wasn't that important. What I wanted to see was changes in the type of antibiotic not just the concentration. I wanted to also see the approximate rate at which it adapted.
P.S. Great video all the same
do you want superbugs, cause that's how you get superbugs
+yin yang not such a bad idea, provided they perform standard procedure, which is incinerating the dish after :)
See movie S3 here. science.sciencemag.org/content/353/6304/1147.figures-only
oh cool. Thanks!
Yea I'm not saying that changing the concentration didn't do anything. It's just when they are practically given super food or an all you can eat petri buffet, the result it is kind of expected. But hey the video shows what the title states so nothing wrong here :)
Would be interested to see how the rate of growth changes if you put different mechanism of action antibiotics in each well versus increasing the dose. I assume each level would be at the rate it was from 0 to 1?
This is probably one of the most frightening videos I have seen in a long time
I'm currently studying microbiology and I'm interested to know more. So if it takes a mutation in lets say a protein's structure (its gene) and the antibiotic doesn't have the required "target" in that single bacteria anymore, where does the concentration come into play? Like, if you already have a version of a protein that doesn't bind the antibiotic, why is the concentration relevant?
Assuming only an example of reducing the affinity of the antibiotic target (other mechanisms also exist, such as enzymes that degrade the antiobiotic or pumps that send the antibiotics out of the cell):
The first barrier was only slightly above what bacteria could tolerate. This means that a mutation that only slightly changes said protein to lower the affinity (not completely remove it) and keeps the function would be sufficient to let bacteria thrive. A single mutation that completely abolishes the binding would be more difficult, since it is easy to imagine that you would need a major structural change WHILE keeping the enzymatic activity. However, it would become easier if you allow those mutations to "build up" on proteins which were already previously selected for their lower affinity, which is probably along the lines of what is going on in this video.
Hmm yes, a mutation affecting the affinity instead of completely removing the target does make sense in this case
I don't think a video on youtube cana nswer this most people here are not professionals
"The survival of the fittest" at the bacterial level, my students are going to love the clarity of the video, recommending it in my channel.
this is amazing and terrifying at the same time
That is positively terrifying.
I lost a finger due to a gram negative Enterobacter infection.
It wouldn't respond to anything they threw at it, so they amputated the finger before it spread to the rest of my hand and arm.
Yikes. Personally I’m not looking forward to going back to the medical dark ages because people are too stupid and lazy to be responsible with the goddamn miracle that is antibiotics.
How about using collodial silver in one?
this would be absolutely fantastic and I would love to see it
silver + iodine :-) seems like nothing can beat it (I hope so )
+Addamas maybe we shouldn't...given enough time it might.. we wouldnt want to be creating a super mutant .
Only if done in a vacuum chamber, preferably inside a volcano.
Throw some Miracle Mineral Solution in there for good measure
Why is this video unlisted?
Because the uploader set it as unlisted
Republicans don't believe in evolution, and it's important not to upset them.
Are you living in the 70s ?? Look at a vast spectrum of republican leaders today ? So many prominent one's don't believe in evolution. Best look at the status of evolution in schools of texas.
You say that, Fetchdafish, but then why on Earth would they rally behind Trump? Perhaps they changed their minds about him now - if the polls are to be believed - but still
Just a racist and bigot. Get it right!
Beautiful experiment which gives in a striking visual form a lot of precious informations!
One of the scariest things to see
I thought that was a playthrough for Plague Inc
Apoptotic phage can kill it
good way of visualizing antibiotic resistance through the mechanism of natural selection. Well done.
The middle should of been a concentration of Bleach . Let them try to get past that one.
it would destroy they bacteria. but it would also destroy they person
but we won't be able to use BLEACH in our own antibiotics
Yeah no shit
should have* tf is should of
RUclips truly lieks linguistics.
God dammit, I can't believe these biologists called it a Microbial Evolution and Growth Arena, or MEGA-plate. I'm gonna call the pun police on their asses.
Scientists definitely have WAAY too much fun with naming stuff
That's a super cool way to visualize the 'family tree' of mutations directly!
This is really cool and scary
This would be awesome to do with other pressures like salinity, temperature or a change to incompatible sugar.
This evolution of their resistance is pretty scary
Warning: stupid people in the comment section.
"But guys what if 1 bacteria died and they stepped on him to avoid the antibiotic. See, evolution is fake."
(ノಠ益ಠ)ノ彡┻━┻
THE REVOLUTION IS REAL: Come and join the proletariat party! FREE ALL THE BACTERIA
It is not necessarily the creation of new traits. By critiquing the above people, you are displaying a clear lack of understand as to what is going on here. Over time there are genetic changes in all life at all times, these changes most often go unnoticed, some times they are grave changes and once in a while they are beneficial. All of those E. Coli were mutating throughout the course of that video, however like I said, most goes unnoticed. A handful happened to have a genetic change that lead to resistance, the rest did not and therefore were killed. So, this selection pressure (of the antibiotic) yielded the resistant bacteria in the next generation.
Except that is the creation of new traits. That's what mutation is. And with enough mutations, and separation, you get a new species. That's why almost all mammals have the same bones in the same places, and two eyes, and four limbs (sometimes with a tail). We share a common ancestry. We just got separated and then after an *unthinkable* amount of time separated, all the tiny mutations that were good, and resulted in more kids being had by those with them, added up to make us human instead of some other animal.
Z zz, incorrect. The creation of new traits that didn't exist before is mutation. Evolution is the propogation of the new traits throughout a population. Populations evolve, not individuals.
As Goldblum would say: "Life, Uh...finds a way".
What's the circular spot in the boundary between 10x and 100x that starts growing at 1:05? It looks like it completely ignored the solution.
This: exist
Some people:
earth is 6000 years old and evolution just a theory XD
it is still just a theory
Theory in science is an explanation (based on evidence) on how observable phenomena works. "Just a theory" is an oxymoron.@@caaam_37
MAKING new mutations or using already existent ones that are somewhere in the critters' gene pool?
Also, think about this:
Wondering if our thinking might be a tad skewed.
Here’s the thing: we’ve always been told the mutation rates (for bacteria at least) are around one in a million new organisms. Same for viruses, particularly when under stress by antivirals.
But stewing upon this, I think this number obscures reality and probably by a number of orders of magnitude.
Yeah, around one VIABLE mutation in a detectable organism, like maybe shown here with Abx resistance. But, what about all the NON-viable mutations that entirely killed off the recipient?
The likelihood of a deleterious change in DNA/RNA is many, many times greater than producing something that’s viable, let alone selectively advantageous.
Take a single protein of, say, 150 amino acids.
Initially, that protein was functional biochemically for the organism. Now change one amino acid thanks to mutations in DNA base pairs. The likelihood the modified protein will now fold properly into another chain with the same or slightly different active zone intact is VANISHINGLY small. Like one in trillions and trillions. Organism now can't survive or reproduce.
So, looking at that one viably mutated critter in a million others, that one represents, potentially, TRILLIONS of other mutations that didn’t fly and killed off the recipient. (or did they? see below)
And it wouldn’t surprise me there could be MULTIPLE mutations in one organism’s reproductive process. Some might have been viable, but they’re expunged by the bad.
Might also be a little harder to characterize just what a mutation IS. For instance, it’s not unusual to have a whole section of DNA get flipped backward. Or even translocated from one chromosome to another.
And we haven’t even begun discussing the implications of epigenetics. SOMETHING needs to start the transcription process in the first place. That may mean that purportedly ‘bad’ mods are never read and thereby NOT compromising their host, at least for a while. These hidden bombs can accumulate in all cells, including reproductive components, over time.
What wakes up a given section of code? Something needs to strip off the histone protein sheath, then demethylate the strands so they can actually be read. More complexities, more intervening complex molecules...
Bacteria don't have histones though. They read and transcribe all their DNA equally
When I make a typo and instead of writing "red", I write "reed", what "woke up" that change from a colour to a plant? Does that question even make sense?
Seriously, your whole argumentation reeks of creationist propaganda. There are so many misunderstandings and misrepresentations and strawmen in pretty much every paragraph, it's useless to argue any of them - you need a course in the basics of evolutionary biology. Preferrably _after_ you've forgotten all the bullshit you've been told about it so far.
Your assumption that the majority of mutations are deleterious is incorrect. Most mutations are effectively neutral. In most cases, changing one base pair in a gene won't change the amino acid sequence of the protein it makes, and changing one amino acid in a protein won't have much of an effect on its function. Many small changes can cumulatively have a large effect, but the effect of most mutations is negligible.
@@moliereVSshakespeare Interesting. Also wonder if that's the case because so many genes are not activated thanks to shielding.
Amazing experiment! Explaining how living organisms will exert all their efforts to survive and prosper!
This should be shown to everyone panic buying hand sanitizer during the COVID-19 pandemic
Except Bacteria and Viruses are a completely different thing.... And viruses don't act like bacteria at all
@@theagoddertz8280, yes, but this demonstrates exponential growth of a thing you can't see or visualize. 99.9% effective at killing a virus means 0.1% still remains and that means something.
Creationists posting "It's still not a fish!" will arrive in 3..2..1..
lmao honestly
You know what, I’ve been looking for comments left by creationists like that, but all I’ve found are comments like this one from smug people like you who think they’re clever.
@@TheSeanoops couldn't agree more
Michael Acquaviva I’m a creationist and I’m here to learn.
@@TheSeanoops You can see lots of people responding to comments that no longer exist, the creationists got banned.
"Smug" it is no more smug to comment about anti-science beliefs than it is to comment about flat earth beliefs, people who understand evolution aren't clever, they just don't think the earth is flat.
Amazing!! This shows how rapid evolution can really be!
Terrifying
I hope you destroyed those mutants. Don't let them escape.
next step is human trail, they apply it on orphan babies' face.
That was a very interesting experiment. I'm interested if the bacteria changed morphologically also?
sad to see people still deny evolution. I guess some people just have better senses of reality than others.
Or somehow think that accepting the fact that we're related to every other organism is beneath them as the "most superior" organisms, although I would argue it's beautiful.
Because they can't accept reality.
If you think about it space is the human antibiotic.
The universe is trying to see if we can mutate.
***** Get your own.
That is like 10 trillion doses of antibiotic without intermediate steps
Ken M?
Forget Musk. We went to the Moon almost 50 years ago now. Musk has accomplished nothing of value previously considered unattainable yet he is heaped with praise.
The idea that space is life on Gaia's 'antibiotic' is interesting, it even goes with the way the word should sound outside of conventional use as in to say 'anti-biological'. There is at least one animal that populates this planet that can survive the vacuum and temperature changes of local space beyond the atmosphere for some time known as the taridgrade.
This is elegantly terrifying.
please do show this to anyone that doubt Evolutionary theory.
the process of evolution
Yes evolution is proven, but not by natural selection and random mutation. This is not proof of evolution by natural selection
@@soldatheero What are you talking about?? This is exactly and literally the process of natural selection and adaptation to a change in the environment for survival!
@@soldatheero How isn't it?
Amazing experiment to show how bacteria adapt and resist antibiotics
POV: your teacher is making you watch this
so true
Bruh what class you in? I just searched this shit up myself after watching tons of microscope videos
Where the creationist evolutiondeniers at?!
A single celled organism is not a 37.2 trillion celled organism.
***** yes he does and you should fear him, obey his commands and live. Only a fool believes there is no intelligence in this universe greater than their own.
***** You know god exists as much as you know my ethnicity right now.
+nanocalp you are white, not brain science.
1. I'm not white. 2. you're opinion is full of emotion and subjectivity.
Very simple, well created, and explained video! Keep simplifying and breaking down the results into the most simple forms of information. User Experience Design is a way of thinking and communicating in the most efficient way possible. The more simply we can understand, the larger audience we can reach and educate! Beautiful!
Simple. Quality. User Experience Design.
americans see evolution right in front of their eyes and still deny it
no evidence, this is (localised) extinction not evolution
Sebastian Lacki die? Why what are you afraid of? This is not evolution, resistance is already present in some. There is no evidence of new genetic material being produced, all we see is some of the population die as might happen in a flu outbreak. The survives did not "evolve". Anyhow it is revealing that aftrer 100's of years no proof of evolution has been produced.
ufewl but u do understand that we are here due to evolution and not creationism?
Sebastian Lacki no such thing as evolution so bit of a trick question, God created us, there is no evidence or even proof of evolution. It does not happen never been seen happen, we have seen many species go extiinct though. So the evidence is for extinction not evolution.
Do you realise you are brainwashed and have a believe in something for which there is no evidence? I hope to God one say you do.
+ufewl
Wheres the proof that God created us? And if there is no evidence then why does pretty much everybody believe in evolution?
Please do enlighten me
This why you DON'T USE anti microbial soaps!!!
Nah this is not the reason. The reason is that we have good bacteria on our hands that we shouldn't get rid of because it's named "bacteria". How would this video be some sort of proof of that?
The video mentions different concentrations of antibiotics,so the better conclusion is do not misuse antibiotics or stop the prescription half-way.
@@ludvig4752 There are good bacteria on our skin? Huh.
@@tempname8263 Yeah I think there is a great wikipedia page about this named "skin flora" read a bit of that and see if I'm connecting with you. I was simply trying to say that not all bacteria is bad.
@@ludvig4752 Oh wow, that's an interesting article. I never thought there are actually symbiots living on our skin as well - I had always thought of skin as of something inert. Thanks.
this is why you need to finish a full course of an antibiotic
Evolution proven, beyond reasonable doubt.
This is merely one of thousands of pieces of evidence.
Yea no lol.
hawk gang rep dat
Mutation complete! Anyone who likes microbiology or is an advocate of antibiotics needs to see this its amazing.
Who else is here because of Coronavirus online school? 🌚