Why Do Neutrinos Have Mass? A Small Question with Huge Consequences
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- Опубликовано: 11 июн 2024
- Neutrinos are weird. But all the big unsolved problems in physics are somehow connected to one unsolved mystery: Why do neutrinos have mass?
Hosted by: Stefan Chin
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Sources:
www.symmetrymagazine.org/arti...
www.scientificamerican.com/ar...
phys.org/news/2015-12-nobel-w...
hitoshi.berkeley.edu/neutrino/...
www.nature.com/articles/d4158...
www.quantamagazine.org/how-th...
www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
www.nobelprize.org/prizes/phy...
physics.aps.org/articles/v6/111
www.symmetrymagazine.org/arti...
arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9911364
bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bio...
news.fnal.gov/2012/09/neutrin...
www.nature.com/articles/s4158...
physicstoday.scitation.org/do...
www.hyper-kamiokande.org/en/ne...
www.nobelprize.org/uploads/20...
neutrinos.fnal.gov/mysteries/...
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
inspirehep.net/literature/173...
arxiv.org/abs/0706.2132
www.quantamagazine.org/do-neu...
Image Sources:
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www.istockphoto.com/vector/br...
www.istockphoto.com/vector/up...
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1:09 “....they just really don’t like to interact with stuff...”
I have found my -people- particles
You're surrounded by them though. Somewhere around 100,000,000,000 passing through every square centimeter of your body. You can't escape. They're silently invading your personal space all the time, everywhere. You can't escape them.
Yer a Neutrino, Harry!
same
wrr, interacx infix any nmw, no such thing as lx or not
@@justjessi7026 *PANICKED SCREAMING!*
Omg Scishow you can't just ask particles why they have mass
BAHBAHAHAHA
ah i see u r a person of culture as well
Why not? Is that like asking a woman her age ...or her mass for that matter? (Hmmm....marginally punny.)
They're Catholic?
This comment is so fetch 🤣
My hypothesis: the flavors of the hypothetical high-mass neutrinos was just too delicious and they were all eaten in the early universe.
I’ll buy it.
Write that down... WRITE THAT DOWN
Seems legit 👍
"I'll have a vanilla nutrino please..."
Watch that actually be what we figured out happened. That they were eaten by other particles.
Such a strange universe we live in, I’m reminded of that every day.
yep
There universe is crazier than philosophers and physicists have dreamed of in their -wildest LSD trips- weirdest nightmares!
Matthew Cox "There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable.
There is another theory which states that this has already happened."
- Douglas Adams
The universe isn’t strange, we’re all just woefully ignorant
thank you sponsors for making the un wealthy, broke man, smarter.
i could have worded that a lot better. 🤷♂️
Finally, someone who gets advertising/sponsors.
@@holdmybeer some men just want to watch the world learn. By any means necessary.
Unfortunately this involves capitalism.
particle physics is so confusing; I'm in awe that these scientists have made these discoveries at all. Hats off to you!
Because they're not really particles and the physics is a mess.
thanks....people like you give me inspiration to continue my research
@@alex-cm9fd
Hook us up with a working theory of quantum gravity and I'll buy you champagne.
The Sapien waves, particles, both, neither it’s all the same.
@@KittyBoom360 physics is far from being a mess. There are gaps in our knowledge, but literally every piece of technology you see can trace its roots back to physics. Everything from the design of your bed to GPS would not have been possible without understanding physics.
If we knew everything, we would be gods.
And this is why I like the Old-trinos.
😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
Underrated.
"we know there are 3 flavours of neutrinos"
mmmm blueberry cosmic particles
i prefer blackcurrent
@@girlsdrinkfeck nah watermelon is best
Say beer instead of blueberry and your Homer lol
I think Homer would like beer cosmic particles
@@Retrenorium I never seen water melon as a flavour anywhere
@@girlsdrinkfeck I think it's a regional thing. Lots of water melon flavoured things in Australia for instance.
"We don't allow faster than light neutrinos in here," said the bartender.
A neutrino walks into a bar.
slow down there
Golf Clap
A neutrino walks into an h bar.
A neutrino walks into a bar, manages to miss all the nucleons, and goes out the other end, unaffected by all but the gravity of the bar.
Ha! Love it! LOL!
6:40 "..I'm not drifting off into space right now"
Hmmm debatable
One could say he is drifting into space, earth is just drifting in the same direction and with the same speed as he is.
@Yu Hin TAM not so different from drifting off when seen from a perspective where we can definitely say we're drifting off
Want to go to space?
You are on Earth
Earth is in space
You are in space
Troll science, or big brain science?
@@OtakuUnitedStudio Yes
@@OtakuUnitedStudio
The definition of space is that which is outside our atmosphere.
Earth is in space, humans on Earth, are not. 🤓
I was going to make a neutrino joke but it will just fly through your head.
In one ear and out the other
My thanks for not punning.
OW! I was very unlucky and it caused a transition of a proton into a neutron in the middle of my brain. Very, very unlucky.
And a light year of lead as well.
A trillion neutrinos walk into a bar. One of them says 'ouch'.
Everytime we solve one, another seems to pop up.
Basically the plot of the Scooby Doo franchise.
Basically, management of income for physicists and research institution managers.
"Hey, we were wrong; we found another issue. We have an hypothesis; can we have $1B to research it?
Government: surrr. The serfs will never know. And hey, if they do we'll say it benefits them. I mean, "free energy forever".
@@iloveamerica1966 Hardly. Physicists have fought against every new discovery. There's a reason general relativity and quantum physics are the most tested scientific theories--ever.
The Hydra of science
And I would have my grand unified theory too.....if it werent for you meddling neutrinos
Imagine a creature or society that says, "Okay, we know absolutely everything we need to know."
I think I was 7.
My dad's cousin actually was a part of the team that helped make that discovery that won that Nobel prize. They worked in a salt mine to gather data and whatnot. I'm glad I was able to learn more about what he was able to discover.
You should be so proud of him.
That's Amazing.
Why do neutrinos have mass?
Well, they're terribly religious, you see, and...
Neutrinos are catholic?
@@franknuzzo2576 no, they all believe in the God Particle
But it's the truth. They actually do have mass and they can be detected. They actually exist. Fairly obvious they have nothing to do with religion. ;)
I'd like a tau flavored neutrino with neuon sauce and electron sprinkles.
huge mass or teeny tiny?
What’s a neuon?
I imagine a tau neutrino tastes a little sour, a little sweet, and a little spicy, like a hard candy dipped into Tajin.
@@tylerwebb2495 I think he meant muon.
Tall? Grande?
If I remember correctly, in order for seesaw mechanism to be a viable explanation, neutrino has to be a Majorana particle - it has to be its own anti-particle. This could be confirmed by observing neutrinoless double beta decay and there are several experiments going on in search for that (e.g. GERDA).
I was going to say the exact same thing.
EXO is another attempt at detecting neutrinoless double beta decay. My alma matter had a collab with Stanford on that one. Half-life is currently bounded around 10^25 years.
I remember them explaining they wanted an entire year's worth of the world production of Xenon. Ambitious!
Yeah the SNO+ experiment in Canada is working on trying to discover neutrinoless double beta decay! And I happen to have recently started a working there, nice to see word of this sort of thing getting around :)
Aren't photons also their own anti-particle?
@@jaredf6205 You can think of it that way. But really bosons (like photons) don't have antiparticles, it's not a thing for them (so you can say they are their own antiparticles, but it's a bit like saying your house doesn't have a capital. It doesn't by definition, if that makes sense). Antiparticled are only really defined for fermions, so a majorana fermion would be unique in that sense.
Fascinating as always! It’s amazing how far into the molecular composition of things we have gotten!
Agreed!
Rex Rexy was good
Rex Rexy q
You yup yttr I tyu untold
Quauntum erase much?
"hey can you describe modern particle physics in a sentence"
8:25
We have little idea on what we are doing
We know a lot actually
@@dillong6703 "Science is the process of continually getting less wrong" -- Neil De Grass Tyson, possibly paraphrased. It's amazing to me that we keep coming up with increasingly precise, nuanced models, and, despite their measurable successes, we keep succeeding in finding a hole in the fabric we've woven. Remember Newtonian physics? That stuff was/is beautiful, elegant-- and still is what I'm going to use to examine car crashes and most of trips to the moon. The next time someone comes up with a "Well, that explains everything," the rest of us will look for holes. Our current fabric-- "the standard model"-- is so good the holes are really small. And we keep trying to peer through.
Super well researched! But you might want to be careful with throwing around that neutrinos have "antiparticles", as that's still an open question. A lot of particle physicists think that they might be Majorana fermions, which means that they are their own antiparticle, and if that were the case it would also help explain the mass issue.
this is awesome! thank you for the work yall do!
2:21 "The why is not important here"
*looks at the title of the video* I feel like the "why" is the most important part
"They're too heavy to detect" sounds like a brilliant troll.
Your momma's so right handed neutrino
Damn fat sneaky neutrinos
Excellent overview of some issues in neutrino physics. Many thanks for posting your sources.
I felt like i understood more of this than I expected so YAY and Thumbs up! Keep up this great work:)
A friend of mine was part of the group that performed that neutrino experiment. I was very happy for him when the team won the Nobel Prize. (He doesn't interact much, which may be an effect of hanging around with neutrinos.)
I've always thought of a neutrino as a really tiny point of mass/energy that chipped off of a particle
Wow that was one of the Best Episodes of you guys ever. Well done :)
Excellent explanation, very clear!
I have a freshly made wooden proboscis.
It's my new tree nose.
I guess that helps to discern the flavour of certain subatomic particles.
Could this be connected to dark matter in some way? Just a thought, and congrats on 2pi subs
Ahem... did you mean Tau subs? #TauTeam
I wonder what triggered the formation of matter in the first place
Sterile neutrinos are indeed a candidate for the constituents of dark matter, though the current neutrinos we know of - the very light ones - don't make up enough mass to account for much of dark matter
@@kellivanbrunt9105 So, if these heavier neutrinos do exist in the masses speculated, they could account for it? At least that's my very rudimentary understanding.
Edit: Scratch that. Just read another comment thread here and their behavior doesn't line up.
I am asking myself the same question
Excellent speaking skill, a pleasure to listen.
Fantastic job!
Remember: From antimatter's perspective, YOU'RE antimatter.
When he said matter won out, I was thinking it's a perspective thing.. we can only see what we see but certainly we know things that can't be seen still exist. Who's to say anything "won"? All equations must balance.
Antimatter matters...
@@LordDice1 Well, they got the sign of the damn electric charge wrong. 50/50 chance and Millikan guessed wrong. Extra night of study for physics students for eternity.
[off topic] and if Pluto is not a planet, then Europe is not a continent.
From a certain point of view...
My understanding was that the only reason we know they have mass is because they ossiclate, which means they experience time, which only objects with mass can do.
The most interesting video from SciShow in a long time. 👍😀
Super fascinating and juicy Thx
Seems to me that this has something to do with "dark matter" -- the missing mass of the known universe. I don't know what this is, but something that's hard to detect, but has mass...?
Had the same thought, at a brief google glance, it appears that this is an actual possibility scientists are exploring, but that there are some more quantum effects that make a good number of these models nonviable.
That would raise another question. Why do some galaxies have significantly more or fewer heavy neutrinos?
Nancy Walpole had this thought but figured the scientists that are thinking about this everyday probs already had this idea... and sure enough yup
most of our mass comes from energy
mass is an energy, when energy releases explosion occurs - matter and antimatter make explosion...
“When we try to solve one thing, another pops up.” Essentially me trying to make my bed.
Yes, but they create their income by finding 'another thing'...and another...and another....and another.
I love America And resent seeing it stolen
I see you’re not a fan of knowledge or education. That must be nice.
@@iloveamerica1966 as opposed to what, being content throwing rocks that whatever animal looks killable?
@@kamikeserpentail3778 look at the comment and the username... Probably a far right winger who wants the world to stay in a perpetual state of cultural and technological primitivity, where no changes and discoveries are ever being made.
I've met way too many people who think that, Isaac Asimov was right when he said "Anti-intellectualism has been a constant thread winding its way through our political and cultural life, nurtured by the false notion that democracy means that 'my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge.'"
"Billions of them are passing through you every second"
Thanks, I feel very conscious of everything I'm touching now
LOVE U SCISHOW I DAILY WATCH U . THANKS I LOVE UR SCI VIDEOS .
So would that mean it's possible that "dark matter" is actually the extremely heavy right-handed neutrino creating excess gravity without interacting with anything?
@Bleeding Revenge I had that thought as well. Have you seen "The Invisible Quark" on YT yet? I think you'd get a kick out of it.
This is the first question, that came in my mind! And antineutrinos are the dark energy (the second statement is probably more wrong than the first XD )
Yes, they're called sterile neutrinos. They also don't even experience the Weak interaction, unlike left-handed neutrinos, so they're even harder to detect, energy considerations aside.
It's more likely that extremely heavy neutrinos would decay into other particles.
perhaps but seems to be a far to simple explanation
"The standard model doesn't include gravy"
WHAT?! NO GRAVY?!
... "Next time, remember the gravy! You damn Standard Model!"
This was such an interesting video!
I like learning. Keep up the good work. Keep the science coming.
"What do you think are some of the biggest unsolved problems in physics?"
my response: What the hell is gravity?
Gravity is the evidence of mass.
*The siccness of the thiccness.*
Why is gravity?
_Why_ is gravity.
@@gabriel300010 you beat me by 44 seconds!
" Hot dense soup..."
*Big Bang Theory plays in my head*
Clicked by mistake. Got some juicy food for thought. Thank u sci show
Always look forward to seeing these videos.. keeps me busy during these crazy times. Plus as an added bonus I've learned more about covid-19 from this channel than the us government
My partner: asleep next to me
Me, reading this video's title while laying in bed wide awake: Why DO neutrinos have mass?!
3 flavours - chocolate, mint and vanilla
A man of science
Strawberry
Mass is relative
You guys handle this topic with aplomb. Thank you for your excellent content.
Very good. A lot more content . Understandable
Wait what? I have so many questions... PBS Space Time, get on this!
When they finally figure it out, will it become a weapon.
So intuitive.
One can only hope.
Neutrino bomb?
I imagine somebody's going to figure out a way of concentrating neutrinos in a small area which would make a laser that's deadly to life only.
That's inferred from an article I read about if our sun went supernova we would die from all the neutrinos that go flying through us before we even knew the sun exploded basically frying us but the earth itself would not explode. Maybe badly melted, and largely flattened out along with intense almost nonstop rain for a scale of sun type power.
Calm down Rick
M..morty morty.... *burp* I made a neutrino bomb morty *burp*
I'm looking forward to the next neutrino episode that you promised!
Interesting, thanks
"there are fish swimming down the river. since i am a physicist, i declare that there must be much heavier fish swimming _up_ the river!"
Almost whole community is Curious here...
As someone with auditory processing issues, I appreciate Stefan’s clear enunciation. However, hard-of-hearing viewers would probably benefit a lot from proper closed captioning, especially since his face isn’t always visible for them to lip-read.
Very nice video. I'm almost finishing my physics degree and it's the first time someone explains this well how strange they trully are. Guess I know what to research now in ma own time ...
"Why Do Neutrunos Have Mass ?" I don't suppose I can be first (before watching the video) to say, "Because they're Catholic."
This was really interesting! I’m afraid I got kind of lost - I wish there was a little more about what neutrinos are - like, maybe how they’re different from other particles structurally... I’m not even sure exactly what to ask, I just felt like I needed more explanation about the topic before I could think about the stuff you presented here - but I know it’s a complicated topic... I guess I just need to know more about particle physics in general, so, I’d totally watch if you made more of those episodes!
clear explanation...use of text beside speaker is good.
Yo this is so amazing. Before the 80's we didn't have this much information available to us at the click of a button. And here we are right now learning about the fundamentals of our similar shared perspective of reality. Bomb af.
In Massless Neutrino Rehabilitation chapter of my Time Matters both experiments about neutrino oscillation are revisited and explained that oscillation in time was incorrectly interpreted as "carrying time" or "having mass".
somehow, after all these years, i never once listened to the scishow intro with headphones in. it actually sounds pretty good
I'm not too proud to admit that I have no idea what Stefan was talking about, but I do like the word neutrino :)
One fact I always thought was fascinating is that 99% of the energy released by a supernova is in the form of neutrinos. That’s “gravitational energy”, which I think I understand to mean that 99% of the energy thrown out of the star is in the form of mass as neutrinos with their kinetic energy. That’s in contrast to the amount of energy released as photons or more familiar subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, electrons. Neutrinos are obviously subatomic particles, too, but it surprises me that they contain most of the energy released in a supernova.
“So why didn’t everything blow itself in the very beginning?”
“Nobody knows!”
That’s pretty much how a standard particle physics conversation ends eventually lol.
Wow! That must have been extremely difficult to make accessible to the layman. Thank you.
This should have been a series of maybe 7 videos
I hope we get more updates soon
go go sci show
Super interesting!
I know very little about physics, let alone particle physics, but I feel like neutrinos are connected to dark matter...perhaps even dark energy. Might even be the product of either of those interacting with energy similar to the Sun.
I definitely think learning more about neutrinos would help us understand the expansion of the universe. Hopefully we find out some day soon.
I love how science is like
"Ayt...let's establish a standard and a set of principles....Done? Good. Now let's find ways to break it"
Nice budweiser add
He said 'We don't know' 18times
That alone explains why neutrinos are Badass
Mmmmm. Neutrinos. Sounds like a breakfast cereal for physicists. Light, less filling. They come in flavours too? I'm sold.
Now I have AcappellaScience's parody of "Madness" stuck in my head.
Super-heavy right-handed neutrinos could be dark matter (or at least some of it) since they don't experience any force but gravity.
The idea that they are not fundamental but are akin to hadrons is just utterly mind blowing- but yeah, I could see that making a lot of sense.
Best content
Should do a video on Wakefield accelerators they can do some crazy stuff but on the scale of table top gear
"Neutrinos are weird little particles" is the most exact and complete definition I've ever heard.
10 minutes is not enough for this, I need at least an hour
Check out PBS Spacetime.
6:29 The standard model doesn't explain gravity, but I'm really fond of the explanation that gravity isn't a force but just the consequence of inertial motion within curved spacetime.
7:40 I have been starting to wonder, is it possible that this collective neutrino mass could be part of the solution to the 'dark matter' problem?
Sounds like a job for PBS Spacetime
Nevertheless the you did a great job dissecting a very complicated subject. I learned a few things which is always great and you guys are good at it
The natural first (Occam’s) assumption to explain how or why a particle like a photon (or electron, etc) might behave as an uncertain location particle while also like a polarizable axial or helical wave “packet”, given that everything in the universe from electrons to solar systems are in orbit with something else pulling them into polarizable axial or helical apparent waves depending on the orientation of their orbits as they travel thru space, and given that we know we’re in a sea of undetectable dark matter but don’t know where it’s disbursed, is that they’re in orbit with an undetectable dark matter particle pulling them into polarizable axial or helical apparent waves as they travel where the speed of their orbit determines the wavelength and the diameter is the amplitude which would explain the double slit, uncertainty, etc.
Everything I learned about Neutrinos, I learned from Major Carter on Stargate SG1, The Crystal Skull episode :)
8:25 Stefan kills me.
- do you know what we will discover in our space missions?
- ...no.
- NOBODY DOES!
(Stefan was a bit Bill Nye-style)
Left handed neutrinos come from fusion reactions in the sun. The right handed ones are called anti-neutrinos, and come from fission reactors and are also emitted in radioactive decay.
Okay, so why are heavier particles harder to detect, when the general trend of particle physics discoveries is toward smaller and smaller particles (protons before quarks, etc)? What kind of scale are we talking about? (I believe the last quarks to be discovered were also the most massive; is that for the same reason?)
The implication is that matter is time encapsulated. Time is a variable in the equations that express properties of energy and matter.
I'm sure that this has been something explored by people much smarter than I am, but hearing that right handed neutrinos are hugely massive, but completely undetectable I can't help but draw comparisons to dark matter.
it hurts putting a good spine on something horrible, finally.. thnx....... you all, missing a few but time change and course's end
You completely threw me off referring to types of neutrinos as flavors :P
Asimov's "Counting the Eons" has a very interesting chapter on the subject.
I wonder if gravity and spacetime are opposing forces, but are tightly intertwined... if only we could see the singularity of a black hole.
Who knows if understanding neutrinos would tell us about singularities?
Wow!
How do oscillating neutrinos conserve momentum and energy? Do they slow down when they are in the "muon" phase vs. the "electron" phase?