How do train signals work? The Dutch signaling system

How does Dutch signaling work? What do the different aspects mean? And what do a few of the signs mean that one can find along the side of the track? This video will explain that using animation, photos and video.
Thanks to Train Driver's POV for the beautiful cabin footage: / @traindriverspov
Thanks to Arjan Spoormans and Mark van der Meer for the fantastic photos.
And also thanks to ProRail and Rijkswaterstaat for additional footage.
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Mistakes can be made, of course. I am only human, this video may contain a few errors. Feel free to mention them, but keep it constructive and friendly.