How did Amsterdam become the Jerusalem of the West? | History of Jewish Amsterdam (1500-2024)
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- Опубликовано: 16 май 2024
- From the second half of the 16th century, exiled Jews from Iberia, particularly from Portugal, started coming to Amsterdam, an up and coming city that had risen from the marshes in the previous centuries. Since then, Amsterdam has become the booming capital of the Netherlands and its erstwhile global empire. Jews have played an important role in Dutch, but particularly in the history of Amsterdam throughout the centuries. Giving the VOC and the Dutch an advantage over their Portuguese adversaries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, allowing for trading opportunities and connections with the Ottoman Empire and other Sephardic Jewish communities across the world, and later became an important part of the fabric of life in the Netherlands.
00:00-01:14 - Intro
01:14-03:18 - Expulsion of Jews From Portugal
03:18-06:40 - Portuguese (Sephardic) Jews in Amsterdam
06:40-8:06 - Baruch Spinoza
08:06-09:50 - Jews and the Portuguese-Dutch Wars
09:50-12:00 - Jews in the Eighteenth Century Netherlands
12:00-13:55 - Ashkenazi Jews in Amsterdam
13:55-15:39 - Jews in the Nineteenth Century Netherlands
15:39-20:35 - The Holocaust in the Netherlands
20:37-23:09 - Jews in the Modern Netherlands
Music Used:
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#netherlands #amsterdam #history
Makum Aleph doesn't mean safe place, It means first place, Aleph being the first letter of the Hebrew language
Hebrew used an alphabetic numeral system, so Aleph is a number and a letter, hence it means either first place or number 1 place.
Well that is interesting.
Thank you for the correction. I thought that was weird at first, your comment makes more sense to me. Now, this comes from a Spanish native speaker, barely familiar with some foreign words outside of the romance languages.
No its about how you had mokum alef (because the alef for amsterdam) and you had mokum resh, rotterdam
@@gsalsamdidn't know that, makes sense why Amsterdam is called that way, considering Hebrew wasn't a spoken language the way Yiddish and ladino were, that they would use Hebrew in such an odd manner.
lol this is a cool idea but it’s wrong Mokum aleph means Mokum-(place/city/safe heaven) Aleph= letter A for Amsterdam. It means A-Safe heaven City there was a similar nickname for Berlin and Rotterdam it’s a Yiddish thing Berlin’s was Beis (the Yiddish pronunciation for bet, בּ) mokum beis Rotterdam was Mokum Reish…
Christian dissenters also went to the Netherlands. The Pilgrims who became famous in North America first settled in Leiden because they could find jobs there they couldn't in Amsterdam.
My Dutch ancestor with a Portuguese wife...... makes for interesting family DNA results, yes? A great thing, those various other connections!
I am assuming that she was also your ancestor?
Yes- and they evidently prospered in New Amsterdam.@@AT-rr2xw
Yes, definitely.@@AT-rr2xw
PORTUGAL CARALHO
It does not have to do with Amsterdam but as a student at the university of Leiden I would like to add the story Cleveringa. He was a professor at the law facutly that gave a protest speech after the Germans ordered that Jews should be fired from university positions. This speech was circulated among students who decided to strike against this new rule. As a result the Germans closed the university and it was only opened again after the war. The university still organizes a lecture every year about freedom and justice that is named after him. If you want to know more about how much the average person knew in the Netherlands I can recomend ''Wij weten niets van hun lot'' which translates as ''we don't know about their fate'' by professor van der Boom. It examines how much the population knew about the Holocaust.
Great video! Really enjoyed it, especially because it is so rare for anyone to discuss Dutch Jewish history outside of the Holocaust, although I certainly understand why that is the case. It is quite a fascinating history that I wish was discussed more, although I might be a little biased as a descendant of both communities in Amsterdam.
There was one thing that bothered me a bit, mainly because it is a common misconception - the Portuguese Jewish Community of Amsterdam did not speak Ladino, a language which developed in the Eastern Sephardic communities, but they did write most records in an old form of Portuguese. You can actually pull them up in the Amsterdam archives under inventory 334 Archief van de Portugees-Israëlietische Gemeente. The Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam's ties to the Jewish communities in the Caribbean had more to do with being a part of the Western Sephardic Diaspora, often called the Hebrew Portuguese Nations (or some language variation of that, like La Nation Juive Portugaise), but these were the communities created by the Jews who went to Portugal after the Spanish Inquisition. These Western Sephardic communities included Amsterdam, London, Hamburg, Livorno, Bayonne, Bordeaux, Jamaica, Surinam, and Curaçao. There were other communities too, but these were the big ones, and they were all closely tied together and settled by basically the same families, so there was a constant flow of people between all of the Portuguese Jewish communities.
I am a descendant of Sephardic Jews who were expelled from Portugal and Spain, the surnames Coronel, Aboab and Holanda are known in the Netherlands and there are many Sephardic Jews descendant from the Netherlands who still have the same surname today.
Abraham Senior Coronel is my 19th grandparent and he has a large familytree that spreads in Netherlands,Spain,Portugal and Americas.
Thank you for covering this. Although I knew most of this information, it was interesting to hear from the perspective of a Dutchman.
Because of the Holocaust, New York City has taken the status of the most important city for Jews outside of Israel from Old Amsterdam, Vilnius, and Thessaloniki
Holocaust and immigration.
What this video fails to mention is that when in ~14th century the Jews were banned from Germany leading to a large increase in jewish people in the Netherlands and Poland. The Netherlands despite being part of Germany at that time had gainned priviligece like religious freedom. There were 2 major outstreams out of the Netherlands by the Jewish population in ~1580 when the Spanish inherited the Netherlands. The Protestants were persucutaded by the Spanish Catholics and the Jewish knew who were next after the Protestants. The second big exodus was when the Netherlands "conquered"/"gloriously revolutionised" England. This invasion led to the stock exchange and central banking in England.--> Which would lead to them becoming an Empire. The Jewish were very involved in these businesses and when the oppurtunity came moved to London. This is also the reason beside New York why there are many Jews in America.
I'm glad to say that almost any video from this channel ends up being super interesting for me. I'm not jewish, but I'm really interested in knowing more about these things, how they overcame or adapted to their political environment and I also find fascinating learning the impact they had in several different areas of western culture, as well as the regions they moved into, oftentimes weird ones at first glance, such as Sri Lanka or China.
this video hits home. According to my mother one of our ancestors was chief rabbi of Amsterdam in the 18th century
Fun fact. In Yugoslav communist party one of the most important members was Mose Pijade. He was one of the leading ideologues of Yugoslav Socialism and he was one of the first to translate Karl Marx to Serbian/Croatian. He was from the merchant family who originally came from Amsterdam to Balkans.
thats not a fun fact. that's horrific.
@@DeEchteZeus Why?
@@user-jl9cg2im5q do you know who karl marx is?
@@DeEchteZeus I have an entire collection of his and Engels works in Serbian language on my shelf along Lenin and many others. I think I know a thing or two about Marx.
It's also important to note that the war in the northern Netherlands, including Amsterdam,where most Jews lived, lasted a year longer than most places. A year where a lot of none Jews died from hunger and poor conditions. The Germans knew this of course, and gave money to snitches.
When you have to choose between your child, and the neighbour,Jewish or not ,you usually choose yours.
It's worth noting that Western Ashkenazim are slightly different to Eastern Ashkenazim. For one, we stopped speaking 'Yiddish' in 1700/1800s (it was replaced with Judeo-German/Jüdischdeutch). We also are generally less orthodox and we are colloquially called Yekkes/Jeckes. The Ashkenazi Jews of The Netherlands generally speaking belong to the broad Yekkish region, rather than the Eastern/Central Ashkenazim. The generally area where Yekkes lived is around the Rhine so Alsace, Northern Switzerland, Baden, Rhineland and Netherlands!!
Quite an intresting video. Just like all the others, I enjoyed watching it!
An american jew, i visited netherlands and was pleasantly surprised how much dutch loved jewish people. I was also surprised to hear about elders of Netherlands would be called Abraham n sarah (more dutch like of course). Kinda nice with the fusion
Dutch people also love to impose their religion.
There is this old tradition wr have when our parents turn 50 where they become an 'Abraham/sara'. There's even these human sized dolls people buy to celebrate the occasion, if you Google Abraham/Sara poppen you'll see it. It's definitely a thing here. My mother wasn't particularly amused because she did not appreciate being reminded she was getting old lol
I believe this status is being lost looking at the most recent opening of a museum.
Unfortunately a big part of the population hates Jews, the Muslim population is in general very unfriendly, and now and left 'actitivist'.
not with all the arab influx lol
interesting video, I didn't know so much about this topic
Among my favourite places in Hamburg are the Jewish Cemetery in Altona and the (still used) Jewish Cemetery in Ohlsdorf.
The tombstones of the sefardim are so beautiful and unique, and I find it fascinating how the listed birthplaces include Amsterdam, Brazil, Copenhagen, London and Antwerpen.
Thankyou, very informative.
Fascinating thank you.
Faaaaaaaaking Intressant Hilbert!!! 🤯= MIND BLOWN
Hello Hilbert. Interesting. I was of the generation of kids who watched Blue Peter in UK, when Anne Frank's dad did a famous interview, that gave this some context.
Now do a video about the Northern Jerusalem - Vilnius or Wilno if it’s easier to pronounce (I am a Lithuanian and trust me, when I recommend using Polish name for the city, our language pronunciations are weird even to the Latvians, especially the softener sound, which to mark we use “i”)
There are more typical Dutch factors that played a role. The municipal administration was excellent, everyone was registered, where they lived, with whom they lived, their family connections and religion. All the way back in time to 1800, and by religious books even back to 1500. So locating and identifying people was easy. The registers became a target for the resistance when they knew how those were abused by the occupation forces.
Also the Calvinistic view that all power comes from God, and everything can only happen by His will alone, be it good or bad, kept many from actively resisting the German occupation. Anything 'illegal' is a sin, you have to obey authority, because it's God's hand at work.
So a large majority behaved like meek sheep, and resistance started slow.
Dude, we sold out a huge part of the ducth Jews. Buggest number (%) in Europe.
Gotta love "Dutch soberness." I'm half Dutch (and Greek), was raised here, I've lived here all my life. I enjoy it here, don't get me wrong. But I just can't stand this resoundly Dutch obsession with bowing to power, procedure, authority, keeping your head down and just playing along. Same with Dutch people's disregard for their own privacy. And it's high pressure situations like these that really show what sort of damage these attitudes can make.
@@schepvogelk5971 We also had by far the most jew saving heroes, and huge numbers of people simply having to keep their mouths shut for years about that new dark haired kid in school. A tenth of the population of Aalten in the rural East were jews in hiding. Imagine the logistics of that, with food being on stamps for example.
Lots of people where called up for transport without even knowing they were 1/4 of 1/8 jewish, the Netherlands had a SS-occupation, not the far less fanatic Wehrmacht. The jews themselves had a false sense safety too and weren't prepared at all. The Februari strike of course indicating that people expected the Nazis to be reasonable and convinced this jew thing was not fitting to the Netherlands.
Too many current Dutch cowardly claiming implicitly they would have stood up against the most cruel and well orgnized totalitarian dictatorship of the millenium, only to get tortured or killed and change absolutely nothing. The thought that their fate in the East couldn't be that bad until the war was over must have been by far the most attractive.
@@schepvogelk5971 As long as you believe it yourself
My great grandfather was part of the communist strike. He lost his job because of it, but he never regretted it.
That’s a shame.
My ancestors are sephardic dutch jews, i can even trace back the line to the 16th century
who is your oldest ancestor? it is not problem to ask
Mine too! We are likely cousins. 😎
The Jewish diaspora is quite amazing
explain?
During the Holocaust the entire population of Niewlande village decidee between them that every family is to hide at least one jew from the prosecution, despite almost no jew living there prior.
So perhaps some of that safe place spirit lived on.
Yiddish also left a large legacy in Dutch. Words like, Mokum, tinnef, temeier, mesjogge, gein, geteisem, slemiel, aggenebbish, bajes, gajes, mazzel, meier, tof, ponem, sjoege, ramsj, smeris, togus and many more.
Unfortunately now it's been taking over by the new 'straaltaal'.
@@schepvogelk5971
Straattaal*(In English, it's called street speak or street slang for slang/vernacular speech in cities)
And those words are still used in Straattaal, it's just that new words are also added.
Gogme, goochem, bijgoochem, gotspe.
Any gabber who knows their stuff knows about the Mokum :D
14:22 - the moment of Frisian is not unappreciated!
The Eastern Dutch countryside did a lot to hide the Jews who fled from the cities. The most beautiful walking route in the Netherlands in 2018 passes by many scars of the war, such as bomb craters, several monuments, German trenches, as well as two so-called onderduikersholen, hiding areas for Jews. The route is called Kerkepaden-Tichelroute around the village of Markelo in Twente. It is relatively unknown and therefore calm, and absolutely beautiful. I've taken friends from the West there and they were surprised to find landscapes like that in their own country, along with the density of historical locations and cosy architecture.
Also search for Twentse Wallen route, which is a shorter route that passes by the best spots of the longer route.
2.bp.blogspot.com/-5TRxSA9CrnA/WmTMklm1SPI/AAAAAAAAQMY/1L_Hk7VydE0gdAgGw-qKyQL7FXPIuwSlgCLcBGAs/s1600/Kaart-Wandeling-11-Markelo-Markeloseberg-vw-.jpg
2.bp.blogspot.com/-5TRxSA9CrnA/WmTMklm1SPI/AAAAAAAAQMY/1L_Hk7VydE0gdAgGw-qKyQL7FXPIuwSlgCLcBGAs/s1600/Kaart-Wandeling-11-Markelo-Markeloseberg-vw-.jpg
I dont know if you care, but my Grand-mother had 1-2 Jews too. The reason they got them was because the neighbour had them too. (both in the east)
@@jemoedermeteensnor88 Ja mensen brachten het beste in elkaar naar boven
My brother and his family (from Israel) are some of the new Jews that moved to Amsterdam. I, funnily enough moved to Portugal.
How interesting
7:05 Rule #1 Never outshine your master.
On that same square stands a church built by jews from iberia, the Moses church. Could you make a video about it and the history of conversion of the jews in amsterdam.
That explains a lot
Many conversos came to the Americas, being disproportionately represented amongst early Spanish and Portuguese settlers.
That would be Brooklyn, sir.
i think most of us who are Amsterdamic (culturally not Geographically) have Jewish (sephardic and Ashkenazi mostly), Roma blood and more. i really need to do a DNA test to see wat kind of blood i have.
(i know i have Roma blood from my paternal Grandma. and Ashkenazi blood form my Maternal great-grandma she was a german jew ore half german jew. who flet Germany in the war' she had a large dislike for her german heritage and refused to speak german)
Was your paterbal grandma roma or of roma decent?
Roma originating from India (centuries ago)dont have a specific reason to be in the Netherlands. But most people forget that Amsterdam was the 8th largest city in the world. Which is weird since it now wouldnt make the top 1000 today. So there were probably some Roma but not a lot.
In Amsterdam, most know of some kind of "joods verleden" Jewish past
but not all understand the significant role they played thanks Hilbert for paying attention to it.
I have market trader friends in Amsterdam who use Yiddish/Amsterdam dialect.I trade in the UK and a lot of Yiddish is in the vocabulary also as well as everyday use .Similarly within the fairground communities this phenomenon exists also.Take cockney rhyming in London slang is heavily used on the markets in UK aswell as by the general public.Have you heard of backslang?
I dont think the average person likes it when you speak a foreign language. But Yiddish seems like a Germanic language, just like Dutch and English are so very understandable to everyone.
Brazil was "won back by the Portuguese" through a local revolt
Pls do video of Jerusalem of the North 😊
Thank you for not shrinking from the subject of Dutch problematic cooperation with the Natzi machine.
I have no clue what was your point was. But the Dutch had a bloody protest when Jews were banned from the work place. This led to safety rules for the Jews (which hurt them in the end) . But if you hate them, the Dutch, Austians and Scandinvian people were seen as equal to the Germans. (Mainly if the war wents right). And the historical connection they had let to an exception.
Jews!
Fun fact, half of the Amsterdam's West Indian Company's slave owners were Jewish. They came from Iberia and played a crucial role during the Dutch trans Atlantic slave trade.
That's no fun at all...
But seriously: this looks intuitively true but I haven't been able to find information about it, specifically regarding the slave trade and plantations in the West (Surinam, Antilles)
Any suggestions?
@DabbertjeDouwe Google this study:
Catia Antunes & Filipa Ribeiro da Silva
AMSTERDAM MERCHANTS IN THE SLAVE TRADE AND AFRICAN COMMERCE, 1580s-1670s
@DabbertjeDouwe look up the following on Google 'Amsterdam Merchants in the Slave Trade and African Commerce, 1580s-1670s'
@@DabbertjeDouwe RUclips keeps deleting my comments to you. But look up Amsterdam Merchants in the Slave Trade and African Commerce, 1580s-1670s.
@@K55365 They weren't deleted, they just weren't visible yet. Happens to me too, don't know whether it's a bug or if there's a reasoning behind it but it's very annoying indeed.
Especially considering that RUclips *does* delete comments. Ugh.
Anyway, thanks a bunch, I'll look into it ☺️
I say "De stad waar ik liever niet kom"
Iemand uit 010 gespot
Maybe the Union of Utrecht didn't anticipate the jews, but the freedom of conscience was a very principal matter: The inside of your skull was yours, it was up to you how to serve god, and by extension your house. If you make a principal legal concept, you know the consequences are not limited to specific groups.
Especially the early part of th 80-years war including the Union of Utrecht and the Dutch DOI of 2 years later are marked by both sophisticated and revolutionary lawyery and fighting the Spanish with legal arguments while fighting them with guns and halberds.
Check de nieuwe "Left laser" podcast. Het is basically een vervolg op dit verhaal.
Does anyone know if jews with the surname Benjamin who lived in Amsterdam in the 17/18th century were originally from Portugal, or had they come from Germany?
Most Portugese Yews probably moved back to Spain.(Where they were expelled from in the first place). It's just human nature.
More likely Ashkenazi, but surnames are only an indication and not definitive. There are abundant records available for Amsterdam, so you could easily build a tree if you already have your ancestry traced back to ancestors living in Amsterdam. Even if the Benjamin family is Ashkenazi, there may be Sephardi ancestry further back on that line. It wasn't uncommon for Sephardim and Ashkenazim in Amsterdam to marry in the 1800s, but for the first few hundred years in Amsterdam it was much rarer and quite scandalous for someone who was Ashkenazi to marry someone who was Sephardi.
@@GeneaVlogger Thank you for your extremely kind and helpful reply; I really do appreciate it.
My great grandfather Benjamin (surname) married my great grandmother Rodrigues (surname) in London in 1883. My Rodrigues great grandmother's parents were both Sephardic (father Rodrigues and mother Costa/da Costa). Through the generations the Costa/da Costa go from London to Portugal. The Rodrigues family line go from London to Amsterdam to Portugal . My Rodrigues ancestry also married the D'aguilar family line in Amsterdam, both of which leads back to Portugal.
My surname is Benjamin. All of my direct Benjamin ancestral line has resided in London to as far back as at least 1788 (the birth of my 4th GreatGrandfather Abraham Benjamin.) The Benjamin line has proven to be really challenging to research. It might be that my 4th Great Grandfather's parents came to London from Amsterdam but I could be wrong.
Anyways, thank you once again. You were very kind to respond.
Blessings upon blessings to you wherever you are, today, each day and always 🙏
@@suchisthismystery2814 I can almost guarantee we are cousins because I also descend from the D'Aguilar family (in a few ways). Your ancestors who went from Amsterdam to London may have been part of the Chuts migration, especially if they worked as a tradesman (cigar rollers, boot lasters, hat makers, etc). For the Sephardic families, pay attention if you find double surnames as many Western Sephardic families kept the double-surnames the same each generation, so it makes it very easy to trace these families.
@@GeneaVlogger How utterly extraordinary is that?
For your reference my D'aguilar ancestry is as follows:-
My 7th great grandparents were, Daniel David Rodrigues (1663 > 1749) and Rachel Aron D'aguilar (1667 > 1730). Daniel and Rachel were both born and died in Amsterdam. Rachel's father was Aron de Isaac D'Aguilar (1600 Braganca, Portugal > 12th or 13th May 1685 Amsterdam). Aron was married to Ribca Imanuel Baruch Sarphatim (1632 Braganca, Portugal > 1684 Amsterdam).
You should collaborate with GeneaVlogger to do a Jewish Dutch video
I like that idea!
amstelledamme 🧐
Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews are still separate groups. The Sephardic Jews consider themselves upper more upper middle class. They still have their own synagogues.
It's ironic how most Portuguese Jews ended up in the Netherlands
Why is it ironic?
because they're not dutch@@gsalsam
@@micahistory great observation, how is that ironic? What makes it specifically irony?
"Most" is an exaggeration, most were "converted"
@@gsalsam It was just before the Dutch war of independence/80 year war. Were the Portugese through the Iberian union lost all there colonies. Brazil was Dutch for about 30 years for example. The irony is about the Portugese losing the status of empire slightly due to this
Before Amsterdam it was Thessaloniki.
Damn you have amsterdam ancestry
Did you get a phone call? hahah 14:10
Are you going to do a video? On the terrace attack in Russia
i dont say amsterdam, i say a'dam
ZOG
Ann frank my favorite
fake
Judaisme is a religion.
Not a race.
Not a country.
Greetz from Mokum.
Jews are a people
what do you think israel is? not a country hmm interesting. and you need a dna test to become citizen of israel
The Americas are quite a mixing of jews as well.. as an American, I find this a good thing.
one thing is for sure, they're not middle eastern
@@Happyfor96 Wait a minute, where did they originally come from then?
As an American you are a fool
@@mykellddepends on what you consider as the middle east. Does this include Egypt?
@@Happyfor96 ?
I thought the Hague was the capital.
Also, please keep in mind that:
Most Germans are not Nazi's.
And most Nazi's are not German.
Kindly refrain from using "German" and "Nazi" interchangeably.
It's a common mistake so, no hard feelings, but please remember.
During WWII, most Germans worked on behalf NSDAP whether they wanted to or not
@@ecurewitz Does that mean we can go around using the two interchangeably?
@@ariebrons7976 If it is in accordance to the time period, I don't see why we shouldn't use it interchangeably.
@@Weda01 But what if people confuse the two?
I agree that if one is an academic, as Hilbert is, one should be very careful of how one uses words. One can have been of German nationality but not a member of the Nazi party. They are not necessarily the same thing. In my opinion, one should never use those words interchangeably, but anyhow.
Geef mij maar Amsterdam dat is mooier dan Parijs ❌❌❌
Ia dat nog steeds zo? Gaat hard achteruit, Parijs trouwens nog harder.
Just because Paris is full of African immigrants
Immigration also plays a role the last decades.
That's un understatement.
Aleph looks semitic or Arabic to me. I don't think it's yiddish
Yiddish uses the hebrew alphabet. Or is that not what you meant?
just say money and diamonds
So our Jewish ancestors lived in Amsterdam and were heavily active in Dutch trading… just like the slave trade… so that makes the claims that Jews were heavily involved the Trans Atlantic slave trade credible knowing that our ancestors also enslaved Christians in Spain and Portugal and were instructed by Muslims to castrate Christian men to serve as eunuchs in Islamic courts since Muslims would be prohibited to castrate men in regions they conquered and controlled in their House of Islam.
That explains why Christians did not trust us…since we chose to help and side with Muslims that used us for many wicked deeds.
It is not wrong to think that we made Jew hatred possible by siding with Muslims and enslave Christian women and children on mass and castrate many men, although mankind is intrinsically sinful and full of hate towards others for whatever reason.
Is it wise that we are more critical towards our own history and not align ourselves to a narrative where we do/did nothing wrong throughout all the ages?!
Or have we fallen so deep into victimhood culture that we can’t do this and turn our history as a tool and weapon to silence, attack, demonitize, censor and villainies critical people?!
Jews served under Christians and under Muslims both, though. As you say, they participated in the slave trade of Africans towards the Americas and towards the Arab world. I don't see why that should antagonize European Christians
That in combination with the Bible could very well have been used to fuel hatred against Jews, sad as that is.
The Dutch Republic was religious tolerant but many guilds remained religion based. Jews often had to rely on new upcoming industries like tobacco, sugar, coffee. The religious tolerance did mean that jews could stay in Dutch settlements when those were captured. Stuyvesant was an antisemite, but he got told off by the WIC board for that and had to accept jews in New Amsterdam (which didn't have much to do with slavery btw).
You can't just broadbrush all christians, not protestants and catholics but also not all protestants. Historian Simon Schama suggest that the leading Dutch protestants had the self image of have carved some garden of Eden out of the North Sea, and being the New Testament's chosen people, making the jews into their Old Testament brother people.
Yad Vashem notes the exceptionally high number of protestant churches involved in the saving and hiding of jews in the Netherlands. Also many catholic churches relatively, but they were of course also influenced by centuries of protestant dominance in everything but the numbers. Also with so many religions living next to eachother, catholics and 423 different denominations of protestantism and several different churches in most villages, a synagogue is just another group that has the wrong way of believing in god. Jews posed the least threat to the own faith.
I don't think there was any significant antisemitism in the Netherlands before the Germans brought it in with tanks, other than interreligious marriage being a problem for the very religious (still many). The Dutch national socialist party, the NSB, was almost a carbon copy of the German Nazi party, but left the antisemitism out entirely and jews could become member, allthough only a few did. This made sense because it was about patriottism and nostalgic Dutch history stuff, so antisemtism did not fit in because of Dutch history. Only shortly before the war when membership numbers had fallen dramatically the NSB changed to antisemitism.
Of course the Nazi propaganda had an effect and more towards the end of the war on younger people, but disappointingly little according to the Germans. If we want to get an idea of the factor antisemitism in the Nazis success in persecution of the jews in the Netherlands, we could compare the gentile Dutch with the Dutch jews themselves, and there wasn't much difference. People do strange things in desperate times, towards the end of the war with the rich Sephardic jews getting more desperate for a way aout too, they even got a frenologist to convince the Nazis that the Sephardic were not the same race as the Azkhenazi that the Nazis were after.
Sarajevo is Jerusalem of Europe
Israel Defence forces ⚔ always no.1✊
Indian profile picture. Shocker LOL
@@Munthasir123 lol
Zios should have colonised Netherlands instead.
Why wouldn't we return to our homeland? Anywhere else would be a colony
@@ronmaximilian6953 Bcoz that isn't your homeland. Which country are your great-grandparents from?
Yo mama
@@ronmaximilian6953 Fun fact: Zios initially wanted to colonise Argentina. Palestine wasn't even considered for a long time.
Zion IS Israel🤦
Jews come from Judea.
Not the Netherlands.
Israel and Judah are our ancestral homeland.
We have no other land even if our land is on fire.
🕎🇮🇱✡️
More reasons to flood Amsterdam!
what
Here you see anti-semitic pathology at full display. They're willing to destroy Amsterdam just to destroy traces of Jews
Yes.
What
(Rubs hands)
🤥
This channel has been a little Jew heavy lately
Not really.
It hasn't, but even if it was, I'm sure you can find the button to unsubscribe if this channel doesn't align with your world view.
GROSS
Yo mama iz a joo
Free Palestine 🇵🇸❤️❤️❤️🇵🇸❤️❤️🇵🇸
Free Israel✡️🇮🇱🕊️🇮🇱🕊️🇮🇱🕎
🇮🇱🇮🇱🇮🇱❤️❤️❤️🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼
Free Palestine from Hamas
Free Palpatine
@@achilles7607
From Zionists.
Couldn't find other nations to attach themselves to, almost sounds like a parasite
Poopoo peepee
I think you missed the exit to 4chan.
Jews made the Netherlands rather rich. We are market dominant minorities
Yeah, like in OT when they came to Egypt during a hunger crisis. Later they became 'victims' >> they had to WORK there... 😂
@@ronmaximilian6953 Jews only enriched themselves
I am a European from Antwerp wkth a life in asia and the us andi want to reply to this video. I am tired of both muslims as well as jews cllaiming our history. This will end up badly for both parties as it always does. It is much more sane to understand European ulture and not try to import ghe third world middle eastern things into it.
These jews are Europeans like you though, how is it more your history than theirs lmao