pH meter (Design, Principle, Working)

pH meter:
An electronic device known as a pH metre is used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a solution by measuring the activity level of hydrogen ions present in the sample being tested. A pH metre consists of a voltmeter that is connected to an electrode that is pH-responsive as well as an additional electrode that is used as a reference and does not change when exposed to different pH levels. Typically, the pH-responsive electrode is made of glass, and the reference electrode is a silver-silver chloride electrode. The pH-responsive electrode is used to measure the pH of a solution. On occasion, however, a mercury-mercurous chloride (calomel) electrode is used rather than the standard mercury electrode. When two electrodes are immersed in a solution and an electrical current is passed through the system, a battery is produced. The voltmeter measures the difference in potential between the glass electrode and the reference electrode at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit). This difference in potential is proportional to the amount of hydrogen-ion activity in the solution and equals 59.2 millivolts per pH unit. The glass electrode generates an electric potential (charge) that is proportional to the amount of hydrogen-ion activity in the solution.The operation of the laminar air flow chamber is dependent on the laminar flow of air, as one might surmise from the device's name, which suggests that this is the case. If the motion of the gas molecules can be conceptualised as taking place along a series of straight lines that are oriented in a manner that is perpendicular to one another, then we refer to the flow of air as being laminar. During their journey through space, the molecules of the gas are unable to exchange any kind of information with one another. To achieve this, it makes use of a high-efficiency particulate airflow system, which has the capacity to capture and remove a wide variety of airborne impure particles in order to maintain a clean and sterile environment. This is how it achieves the purpose it set out to do.