Wow, thanks - I'm a homeowner and just installed a heat pump with the help of my HVAC industry friend. I finally understand what superheat and subcool mean and why they are important. Thank you!
I'm 22 and have been doing a/c work for 4 years, this video has explained a lot and help me have a better understanding in the refrigerant cycle, thank you.
I'm a 30 year and counting elevator and escalator mechanic. I run into HVAC techs on rooftops daily. I've always asked the difference between super heat and sub cooling. That was the best explanation yet! Nice to see a tech who really knows the theory behind his craft! Work safe!
Great and very informative video. I've worked on automotive a/c systems for the past 38 years,but home hvac is a whole different ballgame.Hopefully with gaining knowledge like this it will give me the smarts and confidence to tackle my home a/c unit some day. If I can do it myself there's always money to be saved.
da959 it is somewhat different then cars on a car the compressor changes speed and so does the pressures in a house the pressures are more stable .i have a ton of a.c videos on my channel if you watch them you will see how things work .. and what to look for ..
I’ve been trying to understand this for months now. I’ve read books watched countless videos and after watching this video where it wasn’t over explained it finally clicked with me. Mr. Brooklyn knows how to keep it simple.
Thank you for this! I always understood the basics of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. I know the parts by heart and the basics of how the system works but i never knew the technicalities of everything. Now i feel that i have a much more complete understanding of refrigeration systems. And for the record, i am a refrigeration systems enthusiast and plan to become a technician in the near future. Either in air conditioning systems or commercial fridges and freezers.
been doing refrigeration for 5 years now in the trade and had 4 years of schooling and i can honestly say one of the best simple videos on super heat and subcooling.... good job yo explained it better then all the theory classes taught
I LEARNED that your subcooling is important if the air Handler has a txv, and superheat is important if you have an orifice tube instead of a txv. Didn't know that. Thanks
Thanks for this video and several others I've watched so far. I'm on of the "new guys" and hearing things explained in differing ways helps me get my head wrapped around the concepts and terminology. Keep'em coming!
Hey been working HVAC and plumbing sense 2012 for the most part and have the basics down but that’s why I appreciate your videos bc even the more intricate aspect of the trade you help to break down so I can understand and help us get to the next level…most guys just wanna get in and finish the job so thank you
Steve, I remember when I was in school, my instructor told the class. What would you say if could make this glass of water boil at 50 degrees. Everybody in class was dumbfounded saying yah right, he said I'll bet anyone of you 100 dollars . Well he did it, just by changing pressure. Pressure temperature has a relation he said. If you change pressure, you can also change temperature. Glad I didn't bet him a hundred dollars. He said think od boiling as a state of cooling not heating. Great video Steven this helps all coming up in the trade.
Or not boil in such cases as nuclear reactor cores. I can't remember the exact figures but the water temp was far greater than the sea level boiling point in the primary loop. I was working as an electrician but had been trained in HVAC after a stint in the Navy. The pressure temp relationship immediately caught my attention. Fascinating trade, I'm revisiting it now, way into my retirement years......
Plumber, gasfitter, pipefitter from Canada here. Looking to get into the refrigeratoration trade at 43. I appreciate your little lesson, not sure I'm quite grasping the whole subcooling and superheating concept but overall the order of operation makes sense. Thanks for the video!
I see way too many "old school" guys that believe superheat and subcool are a waste of time. I had one guy tell me he can tell what the system is doing by just grabbing the low side line and seeing what the pressures are. I told him "that's great, you're checking superheat, you're just using your hand as a thermometer." Folks, don't let non-believers tell you superheat and subcooling isn't important. Checking a system and finding 35 degrees of subcooling but 35 degrees of superheat is a quick way to help figure out you have a restriction in your refrigerant line. Good job Steve and keep up the great work.
Thanks Steve. I now have an idea what those terms mean, the begining of understanding. Keep up the stuff for new guys, please. You do a good job of teaching, and don't leave out the the "small" stuff.
Hi Steve thanks for this video I am fresh out of school and the way you explain superheat and subcool is helping me understand it more and more!!! I will look at your video over and over until I can explain it myself. Thanks a lot!!
I didn't know Adam Sandler did HVAC voice overs :-) just kidding bro, thanks for the video, helped me with my refrigeration course. Cheers from Ireland
One thing I learned about most HVAC systems is, the return(s) used are usually too small and not enough of them ! Also that has some effect on filters, especially if the return vents have the filter installed inside them vs. up in the attic or located next to the air handler. I prefer the filters located in the living space return vents.
Sub cooling is the gas tank. If you have a TXV, it show it the system is under charged, just right, or over charged. The outside temperature directly affects a system with a fixed bore metering device. I college, we were told to use ambient + 30 for regular condensing coils; & ambient + 25 for high effeciency condensing coils. So if the outdoor unit has a high efficiency coil in it & its 95 deg outside, with a fixed bore metering device, you should expect a condensing temp of 120 deg Fahrenheit on your high side gages. If your gages show significantly more or less than that, check for dirty coil(s), a dirty air filter, not enough return air, an issue with a fan or a drafty indoor unit (such as a door panel that's fallen off, etc)
Hey Steve I hope your business is thriving and you keep posting videos like this!! I had been having some trouble lately with gauging refrigerant pressures. The charge would look low to me but then I would call for a second opinion and get told it's fine or the exact opposite of what I initially thought until this video. Thanks for putting everything in terms i can understand. I listened to this video probably 3 times on my way to my call and actually found system to have a 40 super heat, in the end sold a brand new system. Please keep doing what your doing cuz I know I'm not the only young tech who you've influenced. Next Level Mamma!!!!
Very good easy to understand, the way you explain it. Looks like air flow is very important in a A/C system. I am not a A/C tech. just a plumber trying to learn via Lavimoniere University Keep up the videos I am thirsty for HVAC knowledge .
Steven, you are indeed helping us new Technicians a great deal by explaining this. I always wondered what defines super heating and sub-cooling since I'm new to the Industry. Thank you for the lecture. I've subscribed to your channel and I look forward to your future videos 10/10.
Very informative and easy to understand ...well put ...thank you for doing these videos. I know there is a lot of work in doing them , but, a lot of younger techs learn from them and probably some older techs as well ...
Super heat and sub cooling was (kinda still is) a mystery to me. I'm NOT a HVAC tech BTW. I'd like to see some "what if" scenarios. Although Steve touched upon a couple, I'd like more detailed info what happens to system to changes. What happens if over charged/undercharged. Poor air flow on either or both evap and cond coils, etc. What I'd like an answer to is "what if" you set the evap coil into a vat of say 45ºF water while running? Nothing else has changed except the outdoor coil went from say 85º ambient temp right down to 45º. Do something similar to the evap coil too. Instead of a typical 80 in 68 out, dump coil into a vat of say 95º water! That's what I'd like to find out!
Great video, Steve. The chart was very useful in explaining the refrigerant cycle, too. I also liked your advice about zero super heat being a symptom of a dirty evaporator/reduced air flow across the evap. I felt that your explanation of superheat, subcooling, and saturation could have been a little more basic. For example, it would have helped if you'd explained that a "saturated liquid" is "saturated with heat" and cannot take one more BTU of heat without starting to boil off into a vapor; similarly, a "saturated vapor" is one that is holding its maximum heat capacity, and if just one BTU is removed, it will begin to condense. All in all, you did a very good job explaining the refrigeration cycle. I look forward to your next video.
This was a great intro lesson; I'm looking forward to a few more where you dive into the theory behind how how it works, like with some of the service calls you have on systems where somebody else did a lousy install and components are not the right size. The video you posted recently about the unit behind a garage with just about everything wrong would be a great example. "ruud condenser unit cleaning /system has issues" ruud condenser unit cleaning /system has issues
Awesome video for newbies like me lol. after few decades I decided to have some sore of certification so I can hang above my bed frame. hee hee living in hot State plp always, need AC. Bravo
007jakel cool go back and watching my hvac videos there is a lot of stuff in there that might help you . good luck stay humble ,and remember every day is a school day .
hey thanks for the video. New in the field and been struggling to grasp it but your video definitely helped. Going to watch it again to pick up more. . thanks again
Good video . I am maintenance tech in an apartments complex. We really dont have the training you have it. We connect the gauges and that's it. This video is a excellent . I have a question. Its better before check super heat or subcooling do we need to clean the coils ? Thanks for the video.
I'm currently in school at metro tech I'm taking both 1000 and 1010 at the moment In 1000 I understand the electrical side completely but in 1010 I'm struggling I understand how superheat and subcooling works I got that down but solving the problems, calculations on paper is being a challenge for me I don't know why I'm struggling so much with this but I am I just wish my brain would stop fighting me
I checked the charge on my goodman heat pumps and one of them had very low subcooling and high superheat. After the unit shut off I waited for the pressures to equalize and they were with in 50 PSI of each other which makes me think there is a problem with the reversing valve.
Great instructions video Steve. I was wondering can I apply the similar method to calculate water cooled heat pumps superheat in the commercial building? If yes, then where would I physically put the thermostats sensor? Thx
![Megan Thee Stallion - Neva Play (feat. RM) [Official Video]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/TpYTyAaTRts/mqdefault.jpg)
All training is relevant even for those who already know. Great job!
Thanks Steve for plain and simple explanation. The picture by itself explains everything. Excellent choice!!
+Allan97501 thanks for the comment
Wow, thanks - I'm a homeowner and just installed a heat pump with the help of my HVAC industry friend. I finally understand what superheat and subcool mean and why they are important. Thank you!
I'm 22 and have been doing a/c work for 4 years, this video has explained a lot and help me have a better understanding in the refrigerant cycle, thank you.
+Jayme Corry thanks for watching
I'm a 30 year and counting elevator and escalator mechanic. I run into HVAC techs on rooftops daily. I've always asked the difference between super heat and sub cooling. That was the best explanation yet! Nice to see a tech who really knows the theory behind his craft! Work safe!
Im an electrician, just getting started in my refrigeration ticket. Thanks for the video, it helps a lot to learn some of this stuff before I start.
Great and very informative video. I've worked on automotive a/c systems for the past 38 years,but home hvac is a whole different ballgame.Hopefully with gaining knowledge like this it will give me the smarts and confidence to tackle my home a/c unit some day. If I can do it myself there's always money to be saved.
da959 it is somewhat different then cars on a car the compressor changes speed and so does the pressures in a house the pressures are more stable .i have a ton of a.c videos on my channel if you watch them you will see how things work .. and what to look for ..
I’ve been trying to understand this for months now. I’ve read books watched countless videos and after watching this video where it wasn’t over explained it finally clicked with me. Mr. Brooklyn knows how to keep it simple.
This guy is the "every man" of You Tube instructional videos. Thanks for posting and explaining in normal language.
+sukit ghoulgul ya i try to teach in normal lingo
Bob Vila got nothing on this guy jk good work mama
Thank you for this! I always understood the basics of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. I know the parts by heart and the basics of how the system works but i never knew the technicalities of everything. Now i feel that i have a much more complete understanding of refrigeration systems. And for the record, i am a refrigeration systems enthusiast and plan to become a technician in the near future. Either in air conditioning systems or commercial fridges and freezers.
been doing refrigeration for 5 years now in the trade and had 4 years of schooling and i can honestly say one of the best simple videos on super heat and subcooling.... good job yo explained it better then all the theory classes taught
steve your videos never get old i can always learn something from them
I LEARNED that your subcooling is important if the air Handler has a txv, and superheat is important if you have an orifice tube instead of a txv. Didn't know that. Thanks
Thanks for this video and several others I've watched so far. I'm on of the "new guys" and hearing things explained in differing ways helps me get my head wrapped around the concepts and terminology. Keep'em coming!
its a good trade to get into good luck with it
Hey been working HVAC and plumbing sense 2012 for the most part and have the basics down but that’s why I appreciate your videos bc even the more intricate aspect of the trade you help to break down so I can understand and help us get to the next level…most guys just wanna get in and finish the job so thank you
Steve, I remember when I was in school, my instructor told the class. What would you say if could make this glass of water boil at 50 degrees. Everybody in class was dumbfounded saying yah right, he said I'll bet anyone of you 100 dollars . Well he did it, just by changing pressure. Pressure temperature has a relation he said. If you change pressure, you can also change temperature. Glad I didn't bet him a hundred dollars. He said think od boiling as a state of cooling not heating. Great video Steven this helps all coming up in the trade.
Robert Weeks thanks for the comment robert
Or not boil in such cases as nuclear reactor cores.
I can't remember the exact figures but the water temp was far greater than the sea level boiling point in the primary loop.
I was working as an electrician but had been trained in HVAC after a stint in the Navy. The pressure temp relationship immediately caught my attention.
Fascinating trade, I'm revisiting it now, way into my retirement years......
Plumber, gasfitter, pipefitter from Canada here. Looking to get into the refrigeratoration trade at 43. I appreciate your little lesson, not sure I'm quite grasping the whole subcooling and superheating concept but overall the order of operation makes sense. Thanks for the video!
I see way too many "old school" guys that believe superheat and subcool are a waste of time. I had one guy tell me he can tell what the system is doing by just grabbing the low side line and seeing what the pressures are. I told him "that's great, you're checking superheat, you're just using your hand as a thermometer."
Folks, don't let non-believers tell you superheat and subcooling isn't important. Checking a system and finding 35 degrees of subcooling but 35 degrees of superheat is a quick way to help figure out you have a restriction in your refrigerant line.
Good job Steve and keep up the great work.
thanks william for watching
Thanks Steve. I now have an idea what those terms mean, the begining of understanding. Keep up the stuff for new guys, please. You do a good job of teaching, and don't leave out the the "small" stuff.
Hi Steve thanks for this video I am fresh out of school and the way you explain superheat and subcool is helping me understand it more and more!!! I will look at your video over and over until I can explain it myself. Thanks a lot!!
good luck with your new career its been good to me over the years
Hey Steve was is the best method for attaining wet bulb and dry bulb? e.g digital meter.. something thats not too expensive
this is what i use www.ebay.com/itm/Fieldpiece-PRH2-Pen-style-Pocket-Digital-Psychrometer-/201612441665?hash=item2ef109b841:g:OwwAAOSwHmhV8IIN
Nicely, visually, shown in a well explained way. Thank you!
Lee Studley thanks for watching
Thanks for this explanation - makes sense to a homeowner.
thanks a million bro. understand it much better now. Im one of the new guys. Thanks for breaking it down and making it much easier to comprehend.
I didn't know Adam Sandler did HVAC voice overs :-) just kidding bro, thanks for the video, helped me with my refrigeration course. Cheers from Ireland
+Chris C good luck with your hvac jobs .
One thing I learned about most HVAC systems is, the return(s) used are usually too small and not enough of them ! Also that has some effect on filters, especially if the return vents have the filter installed inside them vs. up in the attic or located next to the air handler. I prefer the filters located in the living space return vents.
"I Hope you guys don't throw stones at me" Hahaha. Love this guy!
Thanks Steve...Finally starting to understand what high side and low side mean thanks to you...
Sub cooling is the gas tank. If you have a TXV, it show it the system is under charged, just right, or over charged.
The outside temperature directly affects a system with a fixed bore metering device.
I college, we were told to use ambient + 30 for regular condensing coils; & ambient + 25 for high effeciency condensing coils.
So if the outdoor unit has a high efficiency coil in it & its 95 deg outside, with a fixed bore metering device, you should expect a condensing temp of 120 deg Fahrenheit on your high side gages. If your gages show significantly more or less than that, check for dirty coil(s), a dirty air filter, not enough return air, an issue with a fan or a drafty indoor unit (such as a door panel that's fallen off, etc)
Am trying to get into the field with my brother. You've done a very good explanation of how the system works.
Clear explanation on vapor to liquid and vice versa. Helps to understand when you use the test equipment in other a/c videos.
Thank you Steve, this is really good stuff for the new guy. I liked
how you explained it!
One of the best explained refrigerant cycles I've seen, thanks Professor Lav. Lol
thanks phillip
You helped an old guy brush up :) Thanks Steve, great video!
+Don Burton thanks for watching
very helpful... clear explanation. I was sort of sure I knew this idea but you make it plain and clear
looked a long time for a video that explained this. thanks
+Uncharted thanks for watching & commenting
going though school now. Explained it so I could understand it. Thanks steven
Hi Steve! Yeah, this helped me and THANK YOU! I appreciate your sharing of this concept.
Great video you would be suprise how many people don't know this!
thank u Steve for such great information with that simple way of explaining
+Mohamed Badr yamani thanks for the comment
thanks for the great explanation Steve.... so glad i found your channel!
SeudoSmart 527 thanks for the comment brother
Great teacher makes more sense to me now, thanks.
+angelo Blandon thanks for the comment
Hey Steve I hope your business is thriving and you keep posting videos like this!! I had been having some trouble lately with gauging refrigerant pressures. The charge would look low to me but then I would call for a second opinion and get told it's fine or the exact opposite of what I initially thought until this video. Thanks for putting everything in terms i can understand. I listened to this video probably 3 times on my way to my call and actually found system to have a 40 super heat, in the end sold a brand new system. Please keep doing what your doing cuz I know I'm not the only young tech who you've influenced. Next Level Mamma!!!!
+Ryan Shmitons good comment thanks
You should do a video on the hvac circuit s I feel like out of all the people I’ve seen and talked to you you explain the circuits the best
This was great! Just what I needed. Thanks Steve.
Very informative. You put it into terms that are easily understood.
thats what i tryed to do make it easy to understand .for the new guys
Very good easy to understand, the way you explain it. Looks like air flow is very important in a A/C system. I am not a A/C tech. just a plumber trying to learn via Lavimoniere University Keep up the videos I am thirsty for HVAC knowledge .
gerry mcadams thanks for watching
Steven, you are indeed helping us new Technicians a great deal by explaining this. I always wondered what defines super heating and sub-cooling since I'm new to the Industry. Thank you for the lecture. I've subscribed to your channel and I look forward to your future videos 10/10.
Nice Breakdown for new Techs and re-hash something to the Seasoned Techs too. Good Job
Charles McGhee thanks charles
Very informative and easy to understand ...well put ...thank you for doing these videos.
I know there is a lot of work in doing them , but, a lot of younger techs learn from them and probably some older techs as well ...
Thanks! You should have been a teacher. Explanation is simple, right to the point and understandable.
thanks for commenting yuri
very informative tutorials..helped me in my school on understanding superheat and subcooling thermodynamics..
glad i could help
Super heat and sub cooling was (kinda still is) a mystery to me. I'm NOT a HVAC tech BTW. I'd like to see some "what if" scenarios. Although Steve touched upon a couple, I'd like more detailed info what happens to system to changes. What happens if over charged/undercharged. Poor air flow on either or both evap and cond coils, etc. What I'd like an answer to is "what if" you set the evap coil into a vat of say 45ºF water while running? Nothing else has changed except the outdoor coil went from say 85º ambient temp right down to 45º. Do something similar to the evap coil too. Instead of a typical 80 in 68 out, dump coil into a vat of say 95º water! That's what I'd like to find out!
Great job Steve , think I'm going to show this vid to a few coworkers they just can't get the hang of it but this vid will help a lot thanks buddy.
its good for someone just starting out .to get a clue whats going on in a system thanks justin
Good job on the explanation.. I have a much better understanding of the theory. Thanks, Ron N.
Awesome video!!! I'm in school for HVACR. You explained it beautifully and Simply. Thanks for the A+. Make more vids.
Great video, Steve. The chart was very useful in explaining the refrigerant cycle, too. I also liked your advice about zero super heat being a symptom of a dirty evaporator/reduced air flow across the evap. I felt that your explanation of superheat, subcooling, and saturation could have been a little more basic. For example, it would have helped if you'd explained that a "saturated liquid" is "saturated with heat" and cannot take one more BTU of heat without starting to boil off into a vapor; similarly, a "saturated vapor" is one that is holding its maximum heat capacity, and if just one BTU is removed, it will begin to condense. All in all, you did a very good job explaining the refrigeration cycle. I look forward to your next video.
Steve, Very good explanation of sub cooling and super heat. I enjoy your videos and rants Thanks for sharing your knowledge.
thanks sam
This was a great intro lesson; I'm looking forward to a few more where you dive into the theory behind how how it works, like with some of the service calls you have on systems where somebody else did a lousy install and components are not the right size. The video you posted recently about the unit behind a garage with just about everything wrong would be a great example. "ruud condenser unit cleaning /system has issues" ruud condenser unit cleaning /system has issues
ok i will try to explain some of my service stuff as i go and what is happening
Awesome video for newbies like me lol. after few decades I decided to have some sore of certification so I can hang above my bed frame. hee hee living in hot State plp always, need AC. Bravo
+Homework04 thanks for watching
Awesome training video Steven!! Your one hell of a teacher.
thanks brad i try its not easy trying to explain this stuff but wanted to try
thank you that really helped get a better understanding. Keep sharing your knowledge please.
Josh Hdz. thanks for watching
Thanks Steve! You explained that better than my teacher!
thanks jess
hey steve just found your channel. I am currently in school for hvac and im looking forward to learning alot from your channel!
007jakel cool go back and watching my hvac videos there is a lot of stuff in there that might help you . good luck stay humble ,and remember every day is a school day .
thakns, I a new in the field, and it help me a lot, thank you steven
Cesar Cruz thanks for watching
Thank you very much . Your explaination is very practical for the job.
Excellent video Steve, thank you. Now I fully understand
Great video Steve! You explained this subject very well,
Great Lesson Steve!! Very informative! Look forward on the next one.
thanks willie for watching
No problem Steven, looking forward to the next lessons. I have a passion for HVAC Technology and Inverter Technology!
Thanks from australia, good stuff I'm a second year apprentice
Best explanation on RUclips
Grest video and awesome explanation. Thank you very much.
beast Tra thanks for the comment
hey thanks for the video. New in the field and been struggling to grasp it but your video definitely helped. Going to watch it again to pick up more. . thanks again
Great video Steven, "Steve Lavs school of Heating and Cooling". Plain and simple that's how it should be explained. Keep up the good work.
Ray
thanks for the support it was a tough video to do . it can be hard to explain this to someone new ..
I will take all the free knowledge i can get thank you for the great videos
This is very helpful, making me wonder if it's my thermostat, metering device or evaporator blower
Thanks buddy..its very helpful to me to understand super heat and subcooling..hope you do better.
quazi abdul Basith thanks for the comment
Thanks for the video..it helped my understanding of the subject better.
Brandon Waldrop thanks for the comment
Great video looking forward to the next.
thanks mandylee
Im a new guy. i need all the help i can get lol. nice video. smart man!
This was helpful in explaining the terminology, Thanks
Awesome vid Steven can't wait for Part Two.
i might do a series of these isf i get good responce
Great teaching video Steve.
i wanted to do it for a while now i hope it came out ok its a tough one to get a grasp of if your new
Great video, Steve!
Thanks for sharing Steve it was great!!!!!
thanks harry
thank you sir fron india my name zameer..this will help me lot
Nice video sir,great explanation.staysafe.
I'm Just a "joe homeowner" that has an inquisitive mind. Great video.
...after all "good enough for this neighborhood". 😂🤣
That was great Steven, thanks bud! ;)
You have the best diagram on Refrigeration Cycle
i want to thank you for all your videos there gerat
Very good explanation steve
just a basic one for the new guys .was my intent
steven lavimoniere it all starts with the basics.
steven lavimoniere thank for that basic explanation.
Good video . I am maintenance tech in an apartments complex. We really dont have the training you have it. We connect the gauges and that's it. This video is a excellent . I have a question. Its better before check super heat or subcooling do we need to clean the coils ? Thanks for the video.
I'm currently in school at metro tech I'm taking both 1000 and 1010 at the moment In 1000 I understand the electrical side completely but in 1010 I'm struggling I understand how superheat and subcooling works I got that down but solving the problems, calculations on paper is being a challenge for me I don't know why I'm struggling so much with this but I am I just wish my brain would stop fighting me
+Ken Hulsebus just stay with it .. you will get it .there are different ways to skin a cat i always say .
I checked the charge on my goodman heat pumps and one of them had very low subcooling and high superheat. After the unit shut off I waited for the pressures to equalize and they were with in 50 PSI of each other which makes me think there is a problem with the reversing valve.
Thanks Steve, if you ever get the time, can you do some more teaching videos,
very helpful.
maybe i will
You are doing a good job explaining superheat and subcooling.
subcooling-txv-condenser / superheat-orfice-evaporator
Rami Hawari thanks for the comment
Great instructions video Steve. I was wondering can I apply the similar method to calculate water cooled heat pumps superheat in the commercial building? If yes, then where would I physically put the thermostats sensor? Thx
This was a great help. Thanks
+Win Dennis glad i could help
You need an apprentice so you can pass on you vast knowledge. I think it would be good for you and good for who ever you have as an apprentice.
+James Splint i work alone
Have my own business and working alone is the way to go.
Great video thanks Steve.
thanks for watching