5. CONNECTED LOAD, MAXIMUM DEMAND, DEMAND FACTOR, AVERAGE LOAD OR DEMAND AND LOAD FACTOR

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1. Connected Load :- The sum of the continuous ratings of all electrical equipment connected to the supply system is known as connected load.
2. Maximum Demand :- It is not necessary that all the connected load be switched to a system at a time. The greatest of all “short time interval averaged” (15 minutes or 4 hour or ½ hour) during a given period (a day, a month or a year), on the power station is called the maximum demand. It is sometimes also called as system peak. It is to be clarified here that the maximum demand never means the greatest instantaneous maximum demand but the greatest short time average demand occurring during a long period of time under consideration.
Hence whenever the maximum demand is to be mentioned it is essential to indicate the short interval of time over which averaging has been carried out for the measurement of demand and the period of load under consideration. It is the maximum demand which determines the size and the cost of the installation.
3. Demand Factor :-
The ratio of actual maximum demand on the system to the total rated load connected to the system is called the demand factor. It is always less than unity.
The idea of a demand factor was introduced due to the fact that all the equipment connected to the system will not be worked at a time in practice and the kW or kVA maximum demand of a group of electricity consuming devices will be always less than the sum of the kW or kVA ratings or capacities of these devices.
The minimum capacity of the generating plant must be such as to meet the maximum demand, the value of demand factor, therefore, determines the capacity and hence cost of the power equipment required to serve a given load.
4. Average Load or Demand :-The average load or demand on the power station is the average of loads occurring at the various events. It can also be stated as energy delivered in a given period divided by the number of hours in that period. Depending upon the duration of time period such as a day, a month or a year, we get daily, monthly or annual average load.
5. Load Factor :- The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a certain period of time such as a day or a month or a year is called the load factor. Since average load is always less than the maximum demand, load factor is therefore, always less that, unity.
Load factor may also defined as the ratio of the number of units actually generated in a given period to the number of units which could have been generated had the load or demand remained at the maximum value throughout this period.
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