Microbiology 69 = Sterilization (Part-08) Sterilization By Radiation Methods | Sterilization Method

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Radiation sterilization: This method involves exposing the packed materials to radiation (UV, X-rays, gamma rays) for sterilization. The main difference between different radiation types is their penetration and hence their effectiveness. UV rays have low penetration and thus are less effective, but it is relatively safe and can be used for small area sterilization. X-rays and gamma rays have far more penetrating power and thus are more effective for sterilization on a large scale. It is, however, more dangerous and thus needs special attention. UV irradiation is routinely used to sterilize the interiors of biological safety cabinets between uses. X-rays are used for sterilizing large packages and pallet loads of medical devices. Gamma radiation is commonly used for the sterilization of disposable medical equipment, such as syringes, needles, cannulas and IV sets, and food. Radiation kills germs that can cause disease and neutralizes other harmful organisms. Sterilization with ionizing radiation inactivates microorganisms very efficiently and, when used for product wrapping, ensures that healthcare products are safe and can be relied upon.
Sources of Radiation
(1) Gamma Radiation
Gamma radiation sterilization is the most popular form of radiation sterilization. Co-60 and, to a lesser extent, Cs-137 serve as radiation sources and undergo decomposition to release high-energy gamma rays. The produced electromagnetic radiation is highly penetrating and can kill contaminating microorganisms. Both radioisotopes are viable sources of radiation due to their high stability and gamma emission properties.
(2) Electron Beam Radiation (E-Beam Radiation)
Sterilization can alternatively be accomplished using electron beam irradiation. High energy electrons capable of inducing biological damage are generated by electron beam accelerators. In most cases, electron energies of ~10 MeV are used, but the exact energies can be tuned to optimize penetration depth and limit the breakdown of the irradiated material.
(3) X-Ray Radiation
Electron beam accelerators will also generate X-rays for sterilization. X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons from the accelerator interact with high atomic number nuclei, such as atoms of tungsten or tantalum. In a process known as Bremsstrahlung, the deceleration of the electron when passing the nucleus results in the release of X-rays. Electron energies of 5-7 MeV are commercially used; the energies of the resultant X-rays lie along a spectrum ranging from zero to the energy of the electron beam.
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